Three-dimensional stochastic seepage field for embankment engineering

Owing to the complexity of get-engineering seepage problems influenced by different random factors, three-dimensional simulation and analysis of the stochastic seepage field plays an important role in engineering applications. A three-dimensional anisotropic heterogeneous steady random seepage model was developed on the basis of the finite element method. A statistical analysis of the distribution characteristics of soil parameters sampled from the main embankment of the Yangtze River in the Southern Jingzhou zone of China was conducted. The Kolomogorov-Smimov test verified the statistical hypothesis that the permeability coefficient tensor has a Gaussian distribution. With the help of numerical analysis of the stochastic seepage field using the developed model, various statistical and random characteristics of the stochastic seepage field of the main embankment of the Yangtze River in the Southern Jingzhou zone of China were investigated. The model was also examined with statistical testing. Through the introduction of random variation of the upstream and downstream water levels into the model, the effects of the boundary randomness due to variation of the downstream and upstream water levels on the variation of simulated results presented with a vector series of the random seepage field were analyzed. Furthermore, the combined influence of the variation of the soil permeability coefficient and such seepage resistance measures as the cut-off wall and relief ditch on the hydraulic head distribution was analyzed and compared with the results obtained by determinate analysis. Meanwhile, sensitivities of the hydraulic gradient and downstream exit height to the variation of boundary water level were studied. The validity of the simulated results was verified by stochastic testing and measured data. The developed model provides more detail and a full stochastic algorithm to characterize and analyze three-dimensional stochastic seepage field problems.     

水工建筑物渗流管涌的Monte-Carlo模拟

渗流管涌曾导致一些水利工程失事，给国民经济带来巨大损失。因此，渗流管渗的研究不仅有理论意义，而且有很大的实用价值。首先分析渗流管涌发生和发展的机理。给出了管涌的数学模型：铅直流土的台萨基模型、斜坡流土的谢斯塔可夫模型以及渗流冲刷的曹敦侣模型。在此基础上，用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ法模拟渗流管涌的发生和发展。孔隙介质的渗流特性考虑服从给定概率分布的随机变量。随机模拟给出管涌发展的形象，同时还可求得在一定条件下，渗流管涌导致管涌破坏的机率。模拟结果表明：渗流管涌发生后，是否会发展到渗流破坏，不仅与相对渗径长度有关，而且还取决于绝对渗径长度。随机模拟的结果能很好地与实验室试验结果相印证。     

基于土料参数时变特性的土石坝渗透破坏概率动态分析方法

为更真实地反映土石坝渗透破坏发展的随机与时变特性,采用干湿循环土工试验与渗透系数反演等手段,从土料参数变异性及时变性角度来表征土石坝动态渗透破坏概率。将RBF神经网络和LHS法相融合对随机抽样方法进行改进,克服了传统Monte Carlo随机抽样法计算量过大的缺陷,对比证明了该改进方法的准确性与高效性。将该改进方法应用于某土石坝渗透破坏概率动态分析,计算结果表明,该土石坝渗透破坏概率总体较高并呈现逐年增大趋势,需要进行除险加固处理。     

水工钢闸门主梁模糊失效概率计算方法研究

为合理计算水工钢闸门主梁模糊失效概率,分别将主梁相对变形当作一个随机变量及三个变量的组合,采用积分法、当量随机化方法及蒙特卡罗法进行了计算。当相对变形为一个随机量时,采用积分法及当量随机化方法计算,两者的差别在于积分法用隶属函数描述模糊限值,当量随机化方法是将模糊限值当量作为一个随机量。当相对变形看作三个变量的组合时采用蒙特卡罗法进行计算,该方法考虑了三个变量的分布特性,更符合实际情况,模糊限值也用随机量表示。计算表明,积分法与当量随机化方法结果相近,验证了当量随机化方法的精度;蒙特卡罗法结果与相对变形服从正态分布时、用当量随机化方法计算的结果接近,故主梁相对变形服从正态分布更为合理。三种计算方法中,当量随机化方法计算失效概率相较于其它方法有计算过程简便,效率高的优点。     

坝址区渗流场模拟的可靠性分析

本文针对坝址区渗流场模拟结果的可靠性问题，简要介绍了渗流随机模拟方法，以拉西瓦坝址区为例，采用条件模拟的顺序指示模拟方法，对岩体渗透系数作了大量模拟，建立了描述三维渗流场的数值模拟模型，进行了渗流场的100次模拟，并进一步对渗流模拟的结果作了统计分析。结果表明，渗透系数的条件模拟很好地表征了坝址区岩体渗透性特征，渗流随机模拟可定量分析模拟结果的可靠性，可为重大工程设计提供切实可行的依据。     

考虑水流温度影响的三维岩体裂隙网络非稳定渗流场数值分析

水流温度对裂隙岩体中渗流场分布规律的影响是岩体水力学研究的热点问题。在分析水流温度对裂隙水流影响机理的基础上,建立了考虑水流温度影响的岩体裂隙渗流场数学模型,采用有限元法对其进行数值求解。研究结果表明：考虑水流温度影响较不考虑水流温度影响的渗流场水头值普遍偏高;水流温度对渗透系数的影响在水流温度影响渗流场分布的过程中起主导作用;裂隙宽度越大,水流温度对裂隙渗流场的影响越明显。     

Stochastic back analysis of permeability coefficient using generalized Bayesian method

Owing to the fact that the conventional deterministic back analysis of the permeability coefficient cannot reflect the uncertainties of parameters, including the hydraulic head at the boundary, the permeability coefficient and measured hydraulic head, a stochastic back analysis taking consideration of uncertainties of parameters was performed using the generalized Bayesian method. Based on the stochastic finite element method （SFEM） for a seepage field, the variable metric algorithm and the generalized Bayesian method, formulas for stochastic back analysis of the permeability coefficient were derived. A case study of seepage analysis of a sluice foundation was performed to illustrate the proposed method. The results indicate that, with the generalized Bayesian method that considers the uncertainties of measured hydraulic head, the permeability coefficient and the hydraulic head at the boundary, both the mean and standard deviation of the permeability coefficient can be obtained and the standard deviation is less than that obtained by the conventional Bayesian method. Therefore, the present method is valid and applicable.     

渗透系数空间变异性对堤基渗透稳定影响的数值模拟

土性参数变异性较大是堤防工程风险管理面临的问题之一。在分析土体渗透系数空间变异性的基础上,通过随机数值模拟研究了堤防渗流场统计特征和堤基渗透稳定性。将土体渗透系数作为随机场,采用转动带法进行随机抽样模拟,通过蒙特卡罗方法分析渗流场分布,并计算堤基渗透失稳概率,结合堤防工程进行了计算分析。结果表明,渗透系数的空间变异性对渗流场有较大影响,随渗透系数和临界比降的变异性增大,容易造成局部渗流集中,堤基渗透失稳概率增大。     

A Stochastic Optimization Approach in the Design of an Aquifer Remediation under Hydrogeologic Uncertainty

A stochastic optimization approach is presented for the remediation design of a contaminated aquifer with limited hydrogeologic information. Stochastic simulation using the Monte Carlo technique, produces a series of equally probable realisations of the spatially varying random hydraulic conductivity field. The stochastic flow and transport simulation model is coupled, using the response matrix approach, with a nonlinear optimization algorithm. The whole process is integrated into an algorithm which is effectively applied in the case study of the Kalamaria aquifer, Chalkidiki, Greece. The stochastic optimization procedure is followed by a reliability analysis, giving useful information to the decision makers concerning the effectiveness of the optimal results.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的混凝土坝渗流性态区间综合评价

针对混凝土坝渗流性态评价过程中专家单值打分主观性较强等问题,采用区间评分的形式,引入权重因子表征专家评价水平差异,利用区间概率分布函数描述专家意见分歧程度,提出了基于区间宽度的主观权重修正方法,在此基础上利用蒙特卡罗模拟法进行渗流性态综合评价。采用该方法对某混凝土坝7号坝段的渗流性态进行了综合评价,评价等级隶属于基本正常及以上的概率为99.9%,评价结果为基本正常,与实际运行情况相符,表明基于蒙特卡罗模拟的区间评价法应用于混凝土坝渗流性态评价是可行的,可用于不确定性高、单值赋分难度大的工程评价。     

广义Bayes法在裂隙岩体渗透系数随机反演中的应用

工程中由于存在各种随机因素,采用确定性的渗流分析方法进行渗透系数的反演必然会导致结果的不确定性.本文基于渗流场的随机有限元分析方法,结合变尺度优化算法和广义Bayes法,建立了一种渗透系数的随机反演方法,推导了详细的计算公式.该方法不仅考虑量测水头、渗透系数的随机性,还考虑了边界水头的随机性,不仅可以获得渗透系数的均值反演结果,还可以得到标准差的反演结果.最后将该法应用于重力坝坝基渗流算例分析中,以渗流有限元正分析计算结果作为"假想"的实测点水头值,通过随机反演,同时获得渗透系数均值与标准差的反演结果,将输入信息与反演结果对比分析,验证了渗透系数和标准差反演结果的正确性.     

STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF WATER FLOW IN HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA

A stochastic model for saturated-unsaturated flow is developed based on the combination of the KarhunenLoeve expansion of the input random soil properties with a perturbation method. The saturated hydraulic conductivity ks(x) is assumed to be log-normal random functions, expressed by f(x). f(x) is decomposed as infinite series in a set of orthogonal normal random variables by the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion and the pressure head is expand as polynomial chaos with the same set of orthogonal random variables. With these expansions, the stochastic saturated-unsaturated flow equation and the corresponding initial and boundary conditions are represented by a series of deterministic partial differential equations which can be solved subsequently by a suitable numerical method. Some examples are given to show the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method.     

基于抽水试验的渗流问题摄动随机反演方法

针对地下水渗流随机参数反演问题，在正演随机模拟方法的基础上，结合非平稳随机过程变量的一阶Taylor展开式和随机参数的摄动方程，讨论了多随机参数反演问题，提出了基于抽水试验的渗流问题摄动随机反演方法，给出一阶均值反演准则，得到多随机变量的均值和方差的近似表示方法。该方法在计算均值时采用改进的遗传算法，在计算方差时采用分组统计的方法。最后给出了一个基于Thies模型反演导水系数和贮水系数的例子，计算结果表明，该方法可以较好的求取参数的均值，近似地求取参数方差。     

STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF UNSATURATED FLOW WITH THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

Stochastic approaches are useful to quantitatively describe transport behavior over large temporal and spatial scales while accounting for the influence of small-scale variabilities. Numerous solutions have been developed for unsatu-rated soil water flow based on the lognormal distribution of soil hydraulic conductivity. To our knowledge, no available stochastic solutions for unsaturated flow have been derived on the basis of the normal distribution of hydraulic conductivity. In this paper, stochastic solutions were developed for unsaturated flow by assuming the normal distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K,). Under the assumption that soil hydraulic properties are second-order stationary, analytical expressions for capillary tension head variance (σh2) and effective hydraulic conductivity (Kii*) in stratified soils were derived using the perturbation method. The dependence of σh2 and K," on soil variability and mean flow variables (the mean capillary tension head and its temporal and sp     

冰塞渗流阻力特性的实验研究

冰塞引起的上下游水位变化与内部水流阻力有关,其堆积演变形成的固液多孔介质中存在渗流问题,且渗流阻力对上下游水头压力具有一定影响。本研究基于实验室冰水力学模型实验,通过设定不同的水力条件,获取不同冰塞剖面形状及沿冰塞剖面累积方向冰盖下流速分布,采用非达西渗流理论对冰塞内渗流阻力进行率定,获得了渗流阻力能量损失的变化特征。结果表明,渗流阻力能量损失占总能量损失的比例为11%～21%,冰厚较大位置可达到42%,沿冰塞累积方向,渗流能量损失占比与冰厚和水深之比呈典型的正相关。渗流流量为河道内重要的槽蓄水量,孔隙率在0.39～0.51之间,冰厚与水深之比在0.6～1.4之间时,渗流流量占总流量的9%～26%。渗流流量的变化受孔隙率、冰塞结构及水力特征等共同影响,冰颗粒均匀且随机堆积情况下,冰塞厚度越厚,冰体排列越紧密,孔隙率和渗流系数越小,流体通过多孔介质的比表面积越大,渗流能量损失也越多。本研究进一步明晰了冰塞阻力机理及渗流阻力在冰塞中的重要性,为受凌汛灾害困扰流域解决实际问题提供理论科学依据。     

渗透系数空间相关性对渗流场统计特征影响分析

渗透系数的空间变异性是影响渗流场不确定性的重要因素。将渗透系数作为各向同性对数正态平稳随机场,通过数值模拟研究渗透系数空间相关性对渗流场统计特征的影响。选取了3种具有代表性的相关函数模型,即指数模型、高斯模型和球状模型,分别以渗透系数的相关距离和变异系数为变化因子对水头方差作敏感性分析。结果表明,渗透系数相关函数模型的选取、相关距离和变异系数的取值对水头方差具有较大影响。     

龙滩碾压混凝土坝稳定渗流场与稳定温度场耦合分析

渗流通过参与热量传递与交换影响温度分析，温度通过改变介质渗透系数和温度势梯度引起水流运动来影响渗流场，两者相互作用最终达到珠渗流场和温度场,应用混凝土坝渗流场和温度场耦合分析的数字模型，进行了龙滩碾压混凝土重力坝稳定渗流场和稳定温度场的耦合分析，结果表明，耦合作用使龙滩坝稳定温度场温度普遍降低，稳定渗流场水头普遍升高。     

节点流量和水损系数的不确定性对供水管网水力特性的影响

供水管网的节点用水量和水损系数具有明显的不确定性,为研究节点用水量和水损系数的不确定性对供水管网水力特性的影响,提出了在假定他们的随机变化服从正态分布的条件下,采用蒙特卡罗随机抽样法,对所获的每组节点用水量和水损系数的抽样值,应用稳态的水力模型计算相应的节点测压管水头和管段流量,得出节点测压管水头和管段流量的统计值的计算方法。文中给出了该算法在两管网中的应用。     

KL展开在渗流场随机分析中的初步应用

在水力特性参数空间变异性的影响下,渗流场具有一定程度的不确定性。分析了随机场KL展开的特点,阐述KLME渗流随机分析方法的基本原理,发现利用KL展开的均方收敛性和摄动方法的渐进收敛性,并将随机偏微分方程转化为递推的确定性偏微分方程组求解,提高了计算效率;对非饱和渗流场进行随机数值模拟,考虑了非饱和渗透函数的参数场之间不相关、正相关和负相关3种情形,分析表明参数场之间的互相关性对渗流场的统计特征具有较大影响。     

Seepage simulation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams based on generalized equivalent continuum model

This research focused on the three-dimensional (3D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock mass was used for equivalent continuous seepage field analysis based on the improved node virtual flow method. Using a high CFRD as an example, the generalized equivalent continuum range was determined, and a finite element model was established based on the terrain and geological conditions, as well as structural face characteristics of the dam area. The equivalent seepage coefficients of different material zones or positions in the dam foundation were calculated with the Snow model or inverse analysis. Then, the 3D seepage field in the dam area was calculated under the normal water storage conditions, and the corresponding water head distribution, seepage flow, seepage gradient, and seepage characteristics in the dam area were analyzed. The results show that the generalized equivalent continuum model can effectively simulate overall seepage patterns of the CFRD under complex hydraulic conditions and provide a reference for seepage analysis of similar CFRDs.