CAVITATION CONTROL BY AERATION AND ITS COMPRESSIBLE CHARACTERISTICS

1. INTRODUCTION So far a lot of high dams that are greater than 100 m in height have been constructed in China. And many super high dams over 200 m in height, such as those at the Ertan and Longtan Hydropower Stations, were completed or are under construc…     

掺气坎(槽)射流空腔长度的计算

从分析掺气坎(槽)射流微分水体受力的力学关系出发，考虑了空腔内负压及运动液体所受离心惯性力的影响，建立起射流水舌下缘液体质点运动轨迹的微分方程．提出一种通过物理力学概念求解射流空腔长度的计算方法，并分析了空腔内负压、挑角等水力参数对射流空腔长度的影响．计算结果与试验值吻合良好。     

Flow induced structural vibration and sound radiation of a hydrofoil with a cavity

The structural vibration and the sound radiation induced by the flow over a cavity on a hydrofoil are investigated experimentally and numerically. The large eddy simulation(LES) is adopted to calculate the flow field and the pressure fluctuation characteristics. A coupled finite element method/boundary element method approach is used to analyze the hydrofoil vibration and the structure-borne noise. The flow noise is calculated using an acoustic analogy by considering the surface pressure fluctuations as the dipole sources. A hollow hydrofoil with an orifice supported by four cylinder rods is constructed for the experiments. Modal tests are performed to obtain the natural frequencies of the hydrofoil in air and water. The vibro-acoustic experiments are carried out in the water tunnel at various free stream velocities with the orifice open and closed. A pressure transducer is used to measure the pressure fluctuations behind the downstream edge of the orifice. The triaxial accelerometers mounted on the side walls are used to measure the vibrational response of the hydrofoil. Furthermore, a hydrophone located in a box, filled with water is used to measure the sound radiation. The structure-borne noise and the flow noise are identified by their frequency properties. Reasonable agreements are observed between the numerical predictions and the experimental measurements.     

近底水平圆柱振荡绕流的三维数值模拟

在Honji和Sarpkaya等人的实验研究中发现，绕圆柱的振荡流并不是简单的二维流动，而是存在复杂的三维流态。本文用有限元方法求解原始变量的Navier-Stokes方程，模拟了Re数为392、Kc数为2时正弦振荡流绕平面附近圆柱的流动。分析了三维流场结构的特点，并分析了平面边界对尾流结构的影响。     

Scour around submarine pipes due to high-amplitude transient waves

Estimation of scour dimensions below submarine pipelines is a vital step in designing offshore infrastructure. Extreme events like tsunami waves produce strong erosive forces below the underwater pipes, apt to create scour holes, jeopardizing the safety of the structure. Despite the importance of this issue, previous studies have mainly focused on steady flow cases, and the scour pattern below submarine pipes induced by high-amplitude transient waves has rarely been investigated. This paper reports the results of 40 experimental runs on transient wave-induced scour below a model pipe in a laboratory flume under a variety of initial conditions. The variables included the bed particle size and gradation,initial water depth, wave height, and slope of the bed layer. Waves were generated by a sudden release of water from a sluice gate, installed in the middle of the flume. A pressure transducer data acquisition system was used to record the wave heights at different time steps. The results indicate that, with a shallower initial depth of flow, the scour depth is relatively large. It was also found that there exists a direct correlation between the induced wave height and the size of the scour hole. It was observed that, in clear water conditions, the size of the scour hole in coarse sediments is smaller, while in live-bed conditions, larger scour holes are created in coarser sediments. It was also observed that at high wave amplitudes, the live-bed conditions are dominant, and consequently the bed elevation is altered.     

导墙结构的流激振动研究

以三峡水利枢纽溢流坝段与厂房坝段之间的导墙流激振动问题为背景，总结了导墙结构的脉动压力的幅频特征，计算分析了其流激振动响应，并与水弹性模型试验成果进行比较，探讨了三峡导墙流激振动的主振源，最后对导墙结构特征与流激振动安全性的关系进行了讨论，结果对类似工程有参考价值.     

引黄输水管道穿河段河势演变与水流动力学特性

河势演变和水流的动力学特性,对水利工程安全和穿越管道的防护设计具有重要意义。本文结合不同洪水流量时的河势演变,给出了不同水流的水面差值,横向垂线流速分布,环流的环量和环流间的诱导速度;分析了水流及其动力学特性产生的横向与纵向作用力,动量和动量矩的作用,可能出现的绕流升力和压差阻力等,为类似研究与工程设计提供一个范例。     

河堤内非稳定渗流的实测与分析

在长期洪水渗透的作用下，堤防内的浸润线上升并到达背水坡脚，这会引起堤防内的孔隙水压力上升和非饱和状态土的强度下降，经常由此而导致堤防发生塌陷和滑动破坏。本文通过原尺寸堤防的洪水渗透试验对堤防内洪水渗透的过程和特征进行了观测，并通过对大型河堤长期洪水渗透试验的饱和-非饱和渗流的有限元解析，研究了洪水渗透的过程和特征，分析了各种条件对河堤内渗流的影响。     

高含沙泄洪水流的荷载特性试验研究

高含沙水流特性已有较多研究,但主要针对河道中的高含沙渐变水流开展的,而对高含沙河流高坝枢纽泄洪水流荷载特性的研究较少,本文开展了孔板消能工高含沙水流的时均压力和脉动压力特性研究。试验共研究了含沙量从0至300 kg/m~3,流速从1.78 m/s至3.73 m/s,共28组不同工况。结果表明:高含沙泄洪水流的时均和脉动压力的沿程分布规律与清水相同,但幅值变化规律存在差异,相同流速条件下时均压力幅值随含沙量的增加而增加,而脉动压力幅值受含沙量和流速条件的双重影响,随含沙量的增加呈现出先增加后减小的趋势;脉动压力概率密度分布符合正态;频率分布范围受水流条件影响随流速的增加而增加,其中低频分量随含沙量的增加而增加。根据试验结果,提出了高含沙泄洪水流荷载计算的修正方法,该方法对于高含沙枢纽的工程设计有重要参考价值。     

FLOW PATTERN AND PRESSURE LOSS OF OIL-WATER TWO-PHASE FLOW IN HORIZONTAL STEEL PIPE

Experimental Study on oil-water two-phase flow patterns and pressure loss was conducted on a horizontal steel pipe loop with 26. 1mm inner diameter and 30m total length. The working fluids are white oil, diesel oil and tap water. Several instruments, including a new type of liquidprobe are successfully integrated to identify 7 different flow patterns. The characteristics of the flow patterns and the transition process were observed and depicted in this paper.Investigation revealed that the pressure loss was mainly depended on the flow paiterns.     

我国闸坝类泄流结构脉动压力谱密度特征研究综述

随着高水头、大流量泄流结构的兴建,高速泄洪水流产生的脉动荷载对泄流结构的安全影响巨大,特别是高速泄流诱发泄流结构振动问题尤为突出。在前人研究的基础上对我国闸坝等泄流结构上的脉动荷载谱密度特征进行了分析总结,总体上,脉动压力荷载的谱密度基本类型主要分为4种,其与水流的流态和泄流结构型式存在对应关系,闸坝泄流结构的脉动压力谱密度均属于4种基本类型中的一种或某几种的组合。从分析总结作用于导墙、闸门、闸墩上的脉动压力谱密度来看,其均属于窄带噪声谱。文章可供类似泄洪建筑物脉动压力研究参考。     

饱和砂土流固耦合细观数值模型及其在液化分析中的应用

在饱和砂土连续力学模型的基础上,建立了一个饱和砂土固相颗粒和液相流体耦合的细观力学模型,固相颗粒采用离散元的颗粒流理论模拟,液相流体通过求解平均Navier-stokes方程的计算流体动力学技术计算。该细观模型用二维渗流问题进行了验证,并将其应用于饱和砂土的液化分析。数值模拟结果显示,采用的模型可以描述从低雷诺流到高雷诺流范围很大的流体运动。液化分析表明：液化首先在试样的表层产生,接着向深部发展;而超孔隙水压力则从底部开始消散,然后逐渐向上发展,直至完全消散。砂土液化过程中土体孔隙率不断变化,渗透系数也随之改变。     

混流式水轮机尾水管非定常流动模拟及不规则压力脉动预测

混流式水轮机尾水管内螺旋形涡带引起的压力脉动是造成混流式水轮机组振动的主要根源之一,严重威胁机组的安全运行.本文基于CFD技术对一大型混流式水轮机尾水管压力脉动进行了数字化预测,文中首先对该水轮机在典型偏工况下尾水管的内流进行了长时间非定常计算,然后详细讨论该工况下尾水管内死水域与涡带的运动规律,并预测了尾水管的不规则压力脉动,最后对压力脉动预测值进行了分析,结果表明其波形、频率、相位与实际基本一致,证明文中压力脉动的预测方法是可行的.     

应用激光轨迹仪量测水工模型表面流场

原用于观测船模航迹线的激光轨迹仪，经研究开发应用于水工模型表面流场及地形量测，已获得成功。该仪器在微机控制下，每次可同时观测３个浮标的运动轨迹，及时计算并绘出流线圈与沿线纵横流速。经在三峡、高坝洲、凌津滩等枢纽模型上试用，证明该系统测试范围广，精度较高，能迅速获得观测成果，较少受时间、场地的限制。文中介绍了该系统的设计思想，“位移比较判别法”的原理，浮标制作方法以及测试步骤，并探讨了进一步改进的方     

水轮机活动导叶关闭过程中导水机构内动态流场数值模拟研究

水力机组在暂态过程中诱发的强瞬变流是一种复杂的非定常湍流,对机组安全稳定运行具有重要影响。为了探索水轮机活动导叶动态调节动作诱发叶后强瞬变流对机组暂态特性的影响,本文应用模拟流固耦合动态效应较好的浸入边界法和大涡模拟技术来处理该类强非线性动边界流体动力学问题。首先,精细模拟槽道内两级线性排列动静叶栅动态绕流叶后压力和尾迹结构分布,由于受到固定导叶和活动导叶动静干涉的影响,其下游流场表现出复杂的非定常流动特征。随后完成了水轮机导水机构两级非线性环列叶栅动态绕流的模拟,展现了水轮机导叶调节运动的关闭过程。该方法可用于水轮机流道内多级翼型叶栅绕流的精细模拟,为研究水轮机调节振荡对机组暂态性能的影响提供有益的参考,对耦合上游管道系统水力暂态和水轮机三维暂态效应的研究也有指导意义。     

An integral calculation approach for numerical simulation of cavitating flow around a marine propeller behind the ship hull

In this paper, the unsteady cavitating turbulent flow around a marine propeller is simulated based on the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) with emphasis on the hull-propeller interaction by an integral calculation approach, which means the propeller and hull are treated as a whole when the cavitating flow is calculated. The whole calculational domain is split to an inner rotating domain containing a propeller and an outer domain containing a hull. And the two split sections are connected together in ANSYS CFX by using the GGI interfaces and the transient rotor stator frame change/mixing model. The alternate rotation model is employed for the advection term in the momentum equations in order to reduce the numerical error. Comparison of predictions with measurements shows that the propeller thrust coefficient can be predicted satisfactorily. The unsteady cavitating flow around the propeller behind the ship hull wake shows quasi-periodic features including cavity inception, growth and shrinking. These features are effectively reproduced in the simulations which compare well to available experimental data. In addition, significant pressure fluctuations on the ship hull surface induced by the unsteady propeller cavitation are compared with experimental data at monitoring points on the hull surface. The predicted amplitudes of the first components corresponding to the first blade passing frequencies match well with the experimental data. The maximum error between the predictions and the experimental data for the pressure pulsations is around 8%, which is acceptable in most engineering applications.     

OPERATOR-SPLITTING METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF CAVITATION IN LIQUID-LUBRICATED HERRINGBONE GROOVED JOURNAL BEARING

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水平旋转内消能泄水道的流态序列、分区特性及临界条件

本文给出竖井进流水平旋转内消能泄水道的基本流态序列、过渡特性及临界水力条件。这种泄水道的流态可根据空腔环流内的气体压强、空腔直径和通气孔的通气量的变化规律分为淹没流流态、吸允流流态和自由流流态；空腔环流形成的水力条件为(H-h)／h大于2．5或Fr大于0．46；各流态转变过程中有明显的过渡段性质；在不同的流态分区内物理量的变化规律是不同的。     

黏土结合水起始剪切力对非达西渗流的影响

黏土结合水对黏土的流变、膨胀以及渗透等有显著影响,了解黏土结合水性质变化对黏土研究具有重要意义。基于黏土双电层理论,由黏土微电场推导黏土结合水抗剪强度与结合水到黏土颗粒距离的函数关系,并以此解释黏土非达西渗流的机理。结果表明:黏土结合水具有类似非牛顿液体性质,双电层中每一处结合水存在"起始剪切力",当水压力超过结合水的"起始剪切力"时,结合水将发生移动;黏土非达西渗流存在起始水力梯度,且起始水力梯度与结合水的"起始剪切力"呈线性关系;当黏土开始发生渗流时,结合水在孔隙中流速呈曲线分布,流量与水力梯度呈非线性关系,黏土渗流特征曲线出现下凹型非线性曲线。     

恒定有压扩散流中的局部非稳态流动试验研究

试验研究了恒定二元水平有压扩散流中的局部非稳态流动现象。利用壁面丝线流动显示技术观测了局部非稳态流动现象,给出了发生局部非稳态流动的临界扩散角;利用三维点流速仪对局部非稳态流动的流速进行了数据采集,通过功率频谱分析和互相关分析,得出了非稳态流动的基本特征;探讨了局部非稳态流动的成因和条件。