导叶开度对混流式水轮机压力脉动特性及流动诱导噪声的影响

为研究导叶开度对混流式水轮机压力脉动特性及流动诱导噪声的影响,应用CFD和LMS Virtual Lab软件分别对混流式水轮机在三种导叶开度下进行非定常流场和声场数值计算。结果表明:混流式水轮机内压力脉动主要受到叶片通过频率(108.33Hz)以及低频脉动(4.15Hz)的影响;随着导叶开度的增大,叶频对转轮进口和蜗壳内压力脉动的影响逐渐增加;外场噪声的分布与混流式水轮机的几何轮廓相吻合;尾水管弯肘段有助于减弱混流式水轮机流动噪声声压;导叶开度越大,混流式水轮机辐射出的外场噪声声压值越大,偶极子特性越明显。研究结果可为混流式水轮机组的稳定运行及流动诱导噪声的控制提供参考。     

弹性多孔介质中一维孔隙压力的生成

考虑到弹性多孔介质的渗透系数依赖于孔隙改变的特点，给出渗流耦合问题的基本方程；用初始层校正法求出了一维孔隙压力生成的摄动解；实例计算表明渗流的非线性对孔隙压力分布模式有明显影响。最后介绍了测量孔隙压力生成过程中流出试佯的非稳定流量，确定弹性多孔介质渗透系数的方法，测试时间大大小于传统的稳定渗流方法。     

Calculating the thermally stressed state of the high and medium pressure rotors of a T-250/300-240 turbine in the labyrinth seal zone

The temperature and thermally stressed state of the high and medium pressure rotors of the T-250/300-240 district heating steam turbine are calculated, taking into account the concentration of stresses in the neighborhood of the thermal grooves in labyrinth seals. “Critical” zones in the turbine rotors, within which thermal stresses limit the rate of startup, are determined. Some practices for reducing the temperature stresses are suggested. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 1, pp. 32–37 (2008).     

在岩缝中脉动压力传播机理探讨

高坝下游挑跌水流在基岩缝隙内引起较强的压力动是造成基岩破坏的重要因素，本文根据脉动压力波的瞬变特征，利用瞬变流模型，论述了压力波在缝隙中的传播特性和瞬时上举力的成因，并提出计算可能最大上举力的方法。     

某水电站大坝扬压力统计回归分析

影响坝基扬压力大小的因素众多,如上、下游水位、排水系统、降雨及渗透作用等。综合某流域的水电站工程概况及气候特征和地形条件,采用逐步回归的方法建立统计模型来分析水位分量、温度分量和时效分量对扬压力的影响,得到各测点扬压力的极值、年变化率、年变幅和回归值、时效因子等图表。通过计算分析,运用该模型分析实测资料,其分析结果与实...     

汇集集箱静压分布参数Ch值的确定方法

本文借助汇集集箱微元控制体动量方程中Ｃｈ值与动量交换系数Ｋ的关系及三通中直管局部阻力系数的表达式，导出了汇集集箱静压分布参数Ｃｈ值的表达式：Ｃｈｉ＝１－（０．５５ｗｉ＋ｗｉ＋１）／（ｗｉ＋ｗｉ＋１），还得到均匀汇集时Ｃｈｅｉ的表达式：Ｃｈｅｉ＝（０．４５－０．４５ｘｉ／Ｌ）／（２－１／ｎ－２ｘｉ／Ｌ）。     

压力管道中有压气囊运动的试验研究

为探讨压力管道中滞留气囊运动引起压力振荡的影响因素,更全面地表征气囊运动的瞬态效应,区别于以往简单管道系统末端的无压气囊运动试验,以较为复杂的试验管道系统的有压气囊为研究对象,探讨了不同流量和不同气囊体积条件下气囊运动引起的升压规律。试验结果表明：管道系统流量及气囊体积这两个单因素与气囊通过末端阀门产生的最大升压均不成线性关系,而是成上凸形抛物线关系;末端阀门的开度、气体排出引起的水体流速梯度变化、剩余气囊的缓冲作用三者共同决定最大升压值。     

掺气水流脉动压力作用下板的随机响应

本文采用试验与数值计算相结合的方法研究了掺气水流作用下板的振动问题。在研究中，首先对掺气水流作用下的板进行了线模态识别，确定了流弹系统的模态参数。并根据实测的脉动压力，利用相干尺度的概念在节点上聚合连续随机荷重，然后对板进行了有限元分析，并与实测结果相对比。研究的结果表明:利用相干尺度来分析连续随机荷重的耦合是可行的，同时，掺气水流对于弹性系统的附加质量很小，小于原连续水流附加质量的10％。     

The influences of typhoon‐induced mixing in a shallow lake

Vertical mixing affects the vertical transport of biochemical materials and modifies the characteristics of basin‐scale internal waves in subtropical, subalpine Yang Yuan Lake (YYL), in the north central region of Taiwan. Vertical mixing in YYL is generally caused by typhoons (strong winds and heavy rainfalls) during the spring, summer and early fall, or by cooling of the water column during late fall and winter. Vertical mixing caused by typhoons significantly affects internal thermal dynamics and biochemical processes, with basin‐scale internal waves enhanced before complete mixing occurs, and temporal variations of water temperature dramatically changing after typhoon events. This study quantitatively determines when the complete mixing (defined as homogenous temperature in a water column) occurs on the basis of the balance between kinetic energy and potential energy and also shows what meteorological conditions contribute to the vertical mixing. Data on water column thermal profiles and meteorological variables were collected by a wireless, instrumented buoy in the deepest location of YYL and from a nearby meteorological station, from spring 2004 to summer 2006. This study also investigated how a physical process (internal waves) is affected by the mixing associated with typhoons. Signal processing and a two‐layer model of the water column are used to understand the characteristics of basin‐scale internal waves.     

直立方桩上涌潮压力动态测试及分析研究

本文首先介绍了钱塘江涌潮特性及涌潮压力的现场动态测试,通过对测试数据的分析,揭示了直立方桩上涌潮压力的部分规律.然后采用涌潮冲击力、Morison波浪力及迎流面与背流面静水压力差三者相互叠加的方法计算直立方桩上的涌潮压力.通过计算结果与实测结果对比,基本一致,说明用此半经验半理论公式预测涌潮压力是可行的.最后在实测数据的基础上用此方法反演出方桩的冲击系数Cs,对实际工程中涌潮压力的计算有一定的参考意义。     

用二维瞬变流方程分析缝面层中脉动压力传播规律

本文利用二维瞬变流方程探讨了高坝岩块底 部或水垫塘底板块底部脉动压力波的传播规律，并提出计算可能最大脉动上举力的方法和公式。     

先进的高压旋喷注浆技术在小浪底基础工程中的应用

文章叙述了高压喷射注浆技术在发展及其原理，及我国应用该技术的现状。文中介绍了小浪底水利工程大坝基础防渗、老虎嘴封堵、固壁、堵漏和提高基础承载力的成功实践，分析了单排桩成墙技术，先进的施工机械的工效，及大流量、大压力、稳定性浆液注浆等方法，取得较好效果。     

底流钢膜消力池底板上表面脉动压力试验

为确保消力池防护结构在水流冲击下的安全,探索一种新的钢膜消力池防护结构,即在消力池传统的不透水混凝土底板上部铺设一层均匀开孔的薄钢板。基于某底流消力池模型试验,研究了铺设均匀开孔钢膜对不透水底板上表面脉动压力分布规律的影响。试验结果表明:铺设均匀开孔的钢膜后,对于消力池前端旋滚区,脉动压力强度系数减小、概率密度函数基本满足正态分布,但幅值范围更加集中;纵向各点的相关性降低、空间积分尺度下降,涡旋保持性降低;脉动压力主频基本不变,但脉动能量集中的频带变窄。与透水底板比较,钢膜消力池防护结构可以有效减小作用在消力池前端底板上表面的脉动荷载,初步表明这种结构具有一定的可行性。     

离心泵蜗壳内压力脉动特性数值分析

为揭示离心泵蜗壳流道内的压力脉动变化规律,采用雷诺时均方法(RANS),对3种工况下的离心泵内部三维非定常湍流流场进行数值计算,分析同一蜗壳断面不同位置以及沿蜗壳周向不同点的压力脉动特性。结果表明:蜗壳流道内具有非常明显的压力脉动,在各种工况下压力脉动的主频均是叶片通过频率;同一蜗壳断面上的压力脉动从蜗壳底部到蜗壳背面先减小后增大,蜗壳底部监测点的高频脉动成分较多;沿蜗壳周向,随着圆周角的增大,压力脉动减弱,隔舌附近压力脉动幅度最大,且高频脉动成分明显增加。     

引水隧洞压力钢管安装及洞内运输

随着我国水利、水电建设的快速发展,技术逐渐的成熟,引水隧洞压力钢管大力应用于水利、水电建设中。但是引水隧洞压力钢管大部分都是在洞内埋设,由于现在吊装的方法不完善,安装现场的场地、环境也不能满足施工的需要,影响施工安全的因素也很多,怎样顺利实现压力钢管的运输以及安装,需采取一些安全可靠、科学、合理的施工方法。本文较为详细地介绍了九甸峡水利枢纽压力钢管洞内安装及运输情况,重点介绍了斜管段钢管运输方式,并阐述了洞内运输的安全措施。     

水利工程模型试验的压强和总力测量系统

介绍了最新研制成功的水利工程模型试验的压强和总力测量系统,重点介绍了该测量系统在传感器、接口电路和计算机测量控制等方面所进行的设计、研究与改进。     

Numerical predictions of pressure pulses in a Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes

Previous experimental and numerical analyses of the pressure pulse characteristics in a Francis turbine are extended here by using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the shear stress transport （SST） turbulence model to model the unsteady flow within the entire flow passage of a large Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes at the rated rotational speed. The S-curve characteristics are analyzed by a combined use of the model test and the steady state simulation with the aligned guide vane firstly. Four misaligned guide vanes with two different openings are chosen to analyze the influence of pressure pulses in the turbine. The characteristics of the dominant unsteady flow frequencies in different parts of the pump turbine for various misaligned guide vane openings are investigated in detail. The predicted hydraulic performance and the pressure fluctuations show that the misaligned guide vanes reduce the relative pressure fluctuation amplitudes in the stationary part of the flow passage, but not the runner blades. The misaligned guide vanes have changed the low frequencies in the entire flow passage with the change of the pulse amplitudes mainly due to changes in the rotor-stator interaction and the low frequency vortex rope flow behavior.     

有限水深船舶水压场的实验研究

对航行船舶在水底引起的压力分布进行了系统实验研究，分析了压力系数峰值大小、位置等参数的变化规律，总结出了亚临界航速和超临界航速条件下的船舶水压场分布特征。     

Experimental investigations of transient pressure variations in a high head model Francis turbine during start-up and shutdown

Penetration of the power generated using wind and solar energy to electrical grid network causing several incidents of the grid tripping, power outage, and frequency drooping. This has increased restart （star-stop） cycles of the hydroelectric turbines significantly since grid connected hydroelectric turbines are widely used to manage critical conditions of the grid. Each cycle induces significant stresses due to unsteady pressure loading on the runner blades. The presented work investigates the pressure loading to a high head （ He = 377 m, De = 1.78 m） Francis turbine during start-stop. The measurements were carried out on a scaled model turbine （HM = 12.5 m, DM = 0.349 m）. Total four operating points were considered. At each operating point, three schemes of guide vanes opening and three schemes of guide vanes closing were investigated. The results show that total head variation is up to 9% during start-stop of the turbine. On the runner blade, the maximum pressure amplitudes are about 14 kPa and 16 kPa from the instantaneous mean value of 121 kPa during rapid start-up and shutdown, respectively, which are about 1.5 times larger than that of the slow start-up and shutdown. Moreover, the maximum pressure fluctuations are given at the blade trailing edge.