基于RANS方程的海堤越浪数值模拟

基于FLUENT商业化软件,以RANS方程为控制方程,基于有限体积法,采用k-epsilon湍流模型,运用一种“解析松弛”方法实现了适用于VOF方法的数值源造波技术。在该数值波浪水槽中对规则波在不可渗透简单斜坡堤上越浪过程进行了数值模拟,将越浪量计算值同物理实验结果及基于非线性浅水方程的数值结果进行了比对。结果表明：该数值模型能够较好地复演海堤越浪过程,同基于非线性浅水方程的数值结果相比,能更有效地模拟含有强烈卷吸、射流和破碎的海堤越浪问题。     

孤立波翻越防波堤流动的湍流数值模拟

应用湍流数学模型和流体体积法模拟孤立波翻越防波堤的流动和自由表面变化。数模成功地再现了波浪涌顶和喷射、射流入水、自由表面破碎和漩涡产生等复杂流动过程,并获得了孤立波翻越防波堤时的压力分布。     

数值模拟波浪翻越直立方柱

本文应用ＶＯＦ方法研究了孤立波翻越直立方柱流动的全过程。用人工压缩法和差分法求解二维Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，用施主－受主法求解流体体积函数控制方程。通过数值计算得到了孤立波翻越直立方柱的流场和压力值，并成功地模拟出波浪涌顶，水柱喷射，冲击和界面破碎的过程。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL OVERTOPPING AGAINST SEAWALLS ARMORED WITH ARTIFICIAL UNITS IN REGULAR WAVES

A new mathematical model for the overtopping against seawalls armored with artificial units in regular waves was established. The 2-D numerical wave flume, based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the standard k-ε turbulence model, was developed to simulate the turbulent flows with the free surface, in which the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method was used to handle the large deformation of the free surface and the relaxation approach of combined wave generation and absorbing was implemented. In order to consider the effects of energy dissipation due to the armors on a slope seawall, a porous media model was proposed and implemented in the numerical wave flume. A series of physical model experiments were carried out in the same condition of the numerical simulation to determine the drag coefficient in the porous media model in terms of the overtopping discharge. Compared the computational value of overtopping over the seawall with the experimental data, the values of the effective drag coefficient was calibrated for the layers of blocks at different locations along the seawalls.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOLITARY WAVE RUN-UP AND OVER-TOPPING USING BOUSSINESQ-TYPE MODEL

In this article,the use of a high-order Boussinesq-type model and sets of laboratory experiments in a large scale flume of breaking solitary waves climbing up slopes with two inclinations are presented to study the shoreline behavior of breaking and non-breaking solitary waves on plane slopes.The scale effect on run-up height is briefly discussed.The model simulation capability is well validated against the available laboratory data and present experiments.Then,serial numerical tests are conducted to study the shoreline motion correlated with the effects of beach slope and wave nonlinearity for breaking and non-breaking waves.The empirical formula proposed by Hsiao et al.for predicting the maximum run-up height of a breaking solitary wave on plane slopes with a wide range of slope inclinations is confirmed to be cautious.Furthermore,solitary waves impacting and overtopping an impermeable sloping seawall at various water depths are investigated.Laboratory data of run-up height,shoreline motion,free surface elevation and overtopping discharge are presented.Comparisons of run-up,run-down,shoreline trajectory and wave overtopping discharge are made.A fairly good agreement is seen between numerical results and experimental data.It elucidates that the present depth-integrated model can be used as an efficient tool for predicting a wide spectrum of coastal problems.     

Numerical study of wave overtopping on sea-dikes with crown-walls

Models based on non-linear shallow water (NLSW) and Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations are applied to investigate the characteristics of wave overtopping on sea-dikes with low vertical crown-walls. Wave overtopping experiments of both regular and irregular waves were carried out to validate the models. Thanks to pragmatic wall schematization approaches a simple NLSW model can effectively be applied to predict the right wave overtopping discharges for cases of relatively low walls. The process of the wave–wall interaction is both experimentally and numerically examined using a RANS model, which gives more insight into the wall influence on wave overtopping. Also, the RANS model is found to reliably predict average wave overtopping discharges and maximum green overtopping depths, whilst seriously under-estimate maximum splash heights.     

应对超高水位的海堤加高方案波浪模型试验研究

通过对波浪越浪量、波压力等要素的测定与分析,对超高水位及相应台风大浪下的海堤加高方案进行了初步探索。试验实例表明,在堤顶内侧设置一定高度的挡墙可挡住越浪水体下部的楔形连片水体,从而有效减少作用于海堤背坡的越浪量,该例中堤顶内侧挡墙的实测最大越浪压力达到148.8 kPa,作用位置可在挡墙底部或近底部。     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECTS OF THE BETA TOPOGRAPHY ON SURFACE FLOWS IN A ROTATING ANNULUS SUBJECT TO RADIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT

1.INTRODUCTIONLaboratory experi ments for rotating and strat-ified flows play ani mportant role in understandingthe large-scale effects in the Earth’s at mosphereand ocean[1-2].It is known that the beta effect,ortheβ-effect,is of great significance for many fowphenomena in geophysical fluid,such as the Leewaves due to large-scale topography and thewestwardintensification in the ocean[3].The longwave inthe at mosphereis generally regarded as theRossby wave,but a disputed opinion[4]was p…     

波浪作用下双孔射流压强特性试验研究

管道污水向海排放是一种典型的射流运动形式。在射流前行的过程中,波浪所引起的水体往复运动明显制约了射流的形成与发展,射流与波浪的相互作用的研究相对较少。利用数字压力传感器对波浪作用下双孔射流进行物理模型试验研究,分析波浪作用下双孔射流横断面压强分布及轴线衰减规律。试验结果表明:波浪条件下双孔射流横断面压强分布规律与静水条件相似,但是波浪条件下的射流压强大于静水条件下的射流压强,波周期越大,压强峰值增加越大;双孔射流的发展经历了单孔主导、双孔射流间的吸附和混掺、合并等过程;单孔主导区,射流压强分布与静水条件相似;吸附和掺混区,各孔衰减呈现出差异,第1孔与单孔射流类似,第2孔压强衰减较第1孔小,合并区双孔射流已为一股射流,其水动力特性与单孔射流类似;波浪对双孔射流的混掺合并有促进影响,随着周期的增大这种促进作用有增强的趋势,波周期的增大也使得射流合并断面提早出现。表明波周期对射流压强特性有显著影响。     

AN EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF A SOLITARY WAVE IMPINGE-MENT,RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING ON A SEAWALL

A sequence of laboratory experiments using solitary waves was performed to model the effect of leading form of three types of tsunamis(a bore,an impinging wave and an overtopping wave)on a seawall on a sloping beach.The wave evolution process,impinging pressure along the seawall surface,total overtopping discharge behind the seawall and the maximum run-up height on the rear slope were measured and compared.Laboratory data were employed to re-examine relevant empirical formulae in the literature.The effect of the presence of the seawall in reducing maximum run-up height using the present setup was briefly discussed.The present data can be used for calibrating numerical and mathematical models.     

A 3-D numerical study of solitary wave interaction with vertical cylinders using a parallelised particle-in-cell solver

This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the interaction between solitary waves and vertical circular cylinders. This is achieved via process based numerical modelling using the parallel particle-in-cell based incompressible flow solver PICIN. The numerical model solves the Navier-Stokes equations for free-surface flows and incorporates a Cartesian cut cell method for fluid-structure interaction. Solitary waves are generated using a piston-type wave paddle. The PICIN model is first validated using a test case that involves solitary wave scattering by a single vertical cylinder. Comparisons between the present results and experimental data show good agreement for the free surface elevations around the cylinder and the horizontal wave force on the cylinder. The model is then employed to investigate solitary wave interaction with a group of eleven vertical cylinders. The wave run-up and wave forces on the cylinders are discussed.     

The effect of free surface on cloud cavitating flow around a blunt body

In this study, the effect of the free surface on the cloud cavitating flow around a blunt body is investigated based on the water tank experiment and the CFD method. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data, and the mesh independence of the methods is verified. The cavity evolution process includes the cavity growth, the re-entrant jet, the cavity shedding, and the collapse, which can all be observed from the water tank experiment. The effects of the free surface on the cavity length, the thickness, and the cavity evolution period are analyzed by comparing the difference between the cavitating flows on the upper and lower sides of the body. This study also examines the effect of the distance between the free surface and the model through a series of water tank experiments and numerical simulations. The cavity stability and asymmetry, as well as the thickness and the velocity of the re-entrant jet inside the cavity, which varies with the submerged depth, are discussed with consideration of the effect of the free surface. The effect of the free surface on the cavitating flow around the blunt body is enhanced with the decrease of the submerged depth.     

AN INTEGRAL EQUATION DESCRIBING RIDING WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER OF FINITE DEPTH

1 .　INTRODUCTIONSmall scalewavessuperposedonlarge scalewavesarecalled“ridingwaves” .Small scalewavesonoceansurfacehasaroused greatinterestwiththegreatimprovementofprecisionofmeasuringinstrumentsusedinthefieldofremotesensing .Thisstudyaimsatunderstandingthemotionofthelarge scalewavesandtheenergyexchangebetweenairandseathroughsomeinformationofsmall scalewaves .Henyeyetal .[2 ] derivedthemotione quationtothefirstorderofridingwavesbyusingacanonicalHamiltonianformulationandassumingsmallwave…     

Risk and uncertainty analysis for dam overtopping – Case study: The Doroudzan Dam,Iran

There is a growing tendency to assess the safety levels of existing dams by using mathematical and statistical methods. In this study, the application of risk and uncertainty analysis to dam overtopping is presented for Doroudzan Reservoir located at the south part of Iran. The main objective of the overtopping analysis of dams is estimating the height of water in the reservoir under various inflows and comparing the computed results with the dam crest elevation. Hence, the main steps of this study include univariate flood frequency analysis of annual maximum inflows to estimate the peak flows in various return periods, generate inflow hydrographs based on the estimated peak flows, and route the hydrographs through the reservoir to compute the maximum height of the water in reservoir. In this study, the spillway discharge coefficient, quantile of peak flows, and initial water surface level are subject to uncertainty, and the Monte-Carlo simulation (MCS) and Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) are applied to perform the uncertainty analysis. In addition to inflows, the effect of different wind speeds on the probability of overtopping has been considered. The results demonstrated that both increasing water level and wind speed have significant impact on the risk of overflowing.     

不同护坡条件下波浪溢流海堤内坡水动力特征

波浪溢流指强风暴潮引起堤前水位超过堤顶,海堤受到的越浪与溢流联合作用。波浪溢流一旦发生,极易引起大范围的海堤内坡侵蚀乃至溃堤,产生灾难性后果。基于1:1的大型水槽试验,分析了波浪溢流过程中不同海堤内坡护坡条件下(碾压混凝土、铰接式护坡砖和高性能加筋草皮)海堤内坡水力学特征;建立了相应的内坡平均水深和平均流速计算模型,计算结果表明波浪溢流过程中海堤内坡上的波高分布仍符合瑞利分布,并分析了内坡上的特征波高和特征峰值水深之间的换算关系;提出了波浪溢流过程中海堤内坡上的均方根波高和波速经验计算式。     

突发洪水时山区中小水库漫坝风险的极大熵分析

水库漫坝事故是大坝失事的常见情形,分析水库漫坝的风险在水库漫坝预测中十分重要。基于突发洪水时水库漫坝风险的特征分析,定义一种水库漫坝极限状态函数,构建突发洪水漫坝极限状态风险的极大熵模型,以确定漫坝风险的概率密度函数。采用BP神经网络方法,对水库漫坝极限状态函数进行拟合,结合二次四阶矩法计算水库漫坝风险的概率密度函数,给出求解水库漫坝风险概率的算法步骤,进一步计算出水库漫坝风险的概率值,为水库漫坝的预测和防范提供科学依据。最后,通过一座山区小型水库实例计算分析,表明这种极大熵法的结果与其他分析方法的结果非常接近,且计算效率较高。     

三孤立波的斜坡爬高特征

该文采用推板式造波机和改进的Goring造波方法在波浪水槽中生成了由三个等波高孤立波组成的波列,首先在坡度为1/10的斜坡上进行了多个孤立波连续爬高的实验研究。实验测量了等波高双孤立波和三孤立波在等水深波浪水槽中传播和在斜坡上的爬高过程,给出了沿程多点浪高仪测量的波面时间序列和高速摄像记录的水线在斜坡上爬高与回落过程影像。分析了来波相对波高和无量纲波峰间距对每个孤立波爬高放大系数的影响。在基于RANS方程和VOF方法的数值波浪水槽中,模拟了三孤立波爬高过程,给出了最大爬高与破碎特征。实验和数值模拟结果表明,孤立波在斜坡上回落时会产生强劲的回流水流,该反向流动导致后随孤立波破碎,消耗波动能量,使得后随孤立波的爬高放大系数明显小于没有回落水流影响的首个孤立波的爬高放大系数。当孤立的波峰间较大时,若来波相对波高较小,后两个的孤立波爬高基本相同;若来波相对波高较大时,第三个孤立波的爬高大于第二个孤立波的爬高。     

EFFECT OF ESCAPE DEVICE FOR SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNEL （SFT） ON HYDRODYNAMIC LOADS APPLIED TO SFT

This paper presents a potential approach to settle the problem of surviving major safety accidents in Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) that detachable emergency escape devices are set up outside SFT. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology is used to investigate the effect of emergency escape devices on the hydrodynamic load acting on SFT in uniform and oscillatory flows and water waves by numerical test. The governing equations, i.e., the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and standard turbulence equations, are solved by the Finite Volume Method (FVM). Analytic solutions for the Airy wave are applied to set boundary conditions to generate water wave. The VOF method is used to trace the free surface. In uniform flow, hydrodynamic loads, applied to SFT with emergency escape device, reduce obviously. But, in oscillatory flow, it has little influence on hydrodynamic loads acting on SFT. Horizontal and vertical wave loads of SFT magnify to some extend due to emergency escape devices so that the influence of emergency escape devices on hydrodynamic loads of SFT should be taken into consideration when designed.     

ANALYTIC SOLUTION FOR WAVE DIFFRACTION OF A SUBMERGED HOLLOW SPHERE WITH AN OPENING HOLE

An investigation is carried out on the interaction of surface waves with a submerged sphere having an opening hole in finite-depth water in this article. Based on the linear wave theory, the method of multipole expansions is used to obtain the fluid velocity potential in the form of double series of the associated Legendre functions with the unknown coefficients of an infinite set. In terms of the body surface boundary condition and the matching condition between the inner and outer flows at the hole, the complex matrix equations for the coefficients of the series are established. The infinite sets of matrix equations are solved by truncating the series at a finite number. The hydrodynamic pressure on the structure surface and the exciting forces acting on the structure are graphically presented. The dynamic pressure on the wave front surface of the sphere varies slightly with angle of opening hole increasing, while that on the wave back surface does obviously. When the angles of opening hole are increasing, the absolute values of the complex exciting forces tend to fall as a whole.     

区间分析在漫坝风险评判中的应用

运用区间分析理论,在综合考虑起调水位、洪水、风浪、坝顶高程等方面不确定性的基础上,建立土坝漫坝风险模型,给出漫坝风险区间和风险度计算方法,并对风险度[0,1]采用5级制划分,为漫坝风险评判提供依据。实例工程计算结果表明,区间分析法是漫坝风险评判中行之有效的方法。