川东南涪陵地区凉高山组凝析油气藏特征及成因

川东南涪陵地区下侏罗统凉高山组凝析气藏流体性质复杂,多井测试气油比差异大。利用原油色谱质谱、天然气组分、碳同位素、流体包裹体等资料,明确了原油及天然气基本特征,以天然气组分经验计算法及PVT流体相态模拟实验综合确定了气藏性质及相态。在此基础上,探讨凝析气藏特征及成因。结果表明,凉高山组天然气藏主要为无油环凝析气藏,原油及天然气以Ⅱ₂型干酪根成熟阶段生成的原生型凝析油气为主,局部地区可能存在原油裂解气。烃源岩热演化程度及现今压力系统的差异是造成油气藏性质差异的主要原因,成藏时期的相对深埋区与现今相对高压区的叠合区,是下一步勘探的有利目标。     

用黑油模型方法和物质平衡原理处理凝析气藏的相变开采问题

在凝析气藏衰竭式开采中,受凝析气组分、地层多孔介质、温度和压力等因素的影响,会发生PVT相态变化,并呈现双组分特性。为了尽量减少凝析油在储层中析出,保持较高产量、采收率和开采效益,用黑油模型方法和物质平衡原理建立了一套处理凝析气藏相变开采的数学模型,并对实际气藏的主要参数进行了拟合预测,结果与开采计算及实验数据吻合较好。     

高含水致密凝析气藏特殊相态变化

高含水致密凝析气藏具有储层低孔、致密、含水饱和度高的特征,在其开发过程中,当压力降低至露点压力以下,流体会发生复杂的相态变化,析出凝析油,形成油、气、水三相渗流,导致渗流阻力进一步增大。与常规凝析气藏相比,高含水致密凝析气藏开发过程中相态变化具有特殊性:(1)储层含水饱和度较高,水相会影响流体的相态变化;(2)由于储层致密、流体复杂,井底附近渗流阻力较大,压降漏斗陡峭,流体相态表现出强非平衡相态变化特征,这与常规凝析气藏平衡相变特征存在明显差异。基于室内PVT筒实验、长岩心驱替实验及非平衡相态理论,系统研究了高含水致密凝析气藏的相态变化特殊规律。研究结果表明:(1)水相会降低凝析气藏的露点压力,增大反凝析油饱和度;(2)凝析气藏存在"凝析滞后"现象,非平衡相变效应可降低凝析油饱和度;(3)针对受地层水影响较小的气井可增大生产压差采出更多的凝析油。针对特殊相变特征,研究结果可以为高含水致密凝析气藏开发过程中制定合理的生产压差提供依据。     

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对凝析气井在高温高压下取其储层流体称之为ＰＶＴ取样,其目的是通过在室内分析该流体,得到表述储层流体物理和化学性质的参数。在现场中通常不采用井下取样,原因是：井下温度、压力高,作业困难;井筒中自上而下的温度和压力变化,导致凝析油析出,使油气比随井筒变化且规律难循;地面取样安全可靠、施工方便。对如何在地面取ＰＶＴ样作了全面和详细的介绍,包括：取样井的选择;取样前的设备选择;各类取样井的产量调整;取气样的工艺技术要求和注意事项;取液样的工艺技术要求和注意事项;分离器样品的质量检验等。该技术在对塔里木盆地凝析气井地面ＰＶＴ取样时得到广泛的应用,通过ＰＶＴ样品的室内分析,获得油气的摩尔组分、双相偏差系数、流体变化规律、露点压力、压力和体积关系、反凝析液量、反凝析压力、全相图分析等数据与资料,为优化开采方式和制定增产措施,提高油气采收率提供了理论依据。     

雅克拉-大涝坝凝析气田的相态特征

雅克拉-大涝坝凝析气田自投产以来，表现出流体特性复杂多变，生产井普遍产水，产量递减快的特点。通过对雅克拉-大涝坝凝析气田地层流体开展三相（油-气-地层水）相态全分析实验，并结合PVT实验过程的相态数值模拟计算，分析了该区深层高温高压凝析气藏富含气态可凝析液（凝析油和凝析水）的PVT相态特征，研究了地层流体降压过程中析出液量与压力的变化关系，确定了初始凝析压力、最大凝析压力、最大反凝析油、凝析水量、富含气态凝析水凝析油气体系的临界温度和临界凝析温度等特征参数，从而为减少地层污染、进行开发方案的调整提供了依据。     

现代试井分析在牙哈凝析气田的应用

牙哈凝析气田是目前全国最大的采用高压循环注气开发的整装凝析气田。凝析气藏是一种特殊、复杂的气藏,在开采过程中凝析油气体系在地层中的渗流伴随着复杂的相变。与一般气藏相比,凝析气藏中具有许多影响凝析油气渗流的特殊因素,如地层和井简中的流体相变以及地层中油气两相渗流等。因此,凝析气井试井分析有显著的特殊性。围绕凝析气井试井分析的特殊表观现象,以相关基础理论为基础,以解决实际问题的应用研究为目标,在牙哈凝析气田成功地应用了较为完备的凝析气井试井分析技术体系。同时,利用近三年来的多种试井解释成果资料,对该凝析气田的储集层参数、边界识别、气井产能、反凝析的污染效应等进行了分析研究,正确认识了凝析气井及气藏的生产动.态,也为气田下一步开发政策的制定提供了科学依据。     

The Estimation of Fault Displacement by Analyzing Static Reservoir Pressure Data

Faults are geotechnical attributes that modify the internal architecture of reservoir, either as flow-barrier (sealing) or as a passageway for oil and gas to move in and up. Accurate layer representation, layering, and assessment of fault properties have important roles in characterizing reservoirs, especially in dynamic reservoir modeling. Fault displacements are commonly calculated by seismic data. However small displacements are calculated by logging data. Therefore, introducing an alternating calculation method instead of logging interpretation could be very useful for small fault displacements. In this study, integration of pressure, pressure-volume-temperature (PVT), and logging data were collected from two wells in one of southern Iran's carbonate oil reservoirs have been provided important information on the behavior of the fault between them. A typical crude oil fluid sample of the both wells showed clear difference between PVT data and primarily existence of the fault was detected during a 2D customary seismic interpretation. The authors analyze in detail two sets of reservoir pressure data, which are collected from two vertical wells belongs to one reservoir, to present a methodology to interpret faults displacement. In this method by using the generated equations and then comparing them that were concluded from true vertical depth versus pressure of water zones for both wells, fault displacement has been calculated. In the last step, results are confirmed by interpreting the displacement that is taken from the logging data. In some zones, as a result of the operational failures or reservoir fluid viscous effects, measured vertical pressure profile does not correspondent the hydrostatic gradient of the in situ fluid. Hence, an average reservoir's pressure gradient from different zones has been used in the calculations to minimize their effect.     

Experimental studies on constant mass–volume depletion of gas-condensate systems

This paper presents a new empirical model to estimate dew point pressure P_d for gas condensate reservoirs as a function of routinely measured gas analysis and reservoir temperature. The proposed model was developed based on field and laboratory PVT analysis data of 202 gas-condensate fluid samples representing different gas reservoirs and a wide range of gas properties and reservoir temperatures. Statistical error analysis was used to determine the accuracy of the model. The evaluation shows that correlation coefficient, average relative error (ARE), and average absolute relative error (AARE) are 0.9896, ?1.1% and 2.58%, respectively. In addition, results of the proposed model were compared with those published in the literature and ensured its success for capturing the physical trend of gas-condensate systems, and consequently is considered as the most reliable one for the petroleum industry. The accuracy of the model has been also compared to the Soave Redlich Kwong equation of state (SRK-EOS) and the Peng Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS). Gas condensate samples have been used to check the validity of the proposed model against EOS.     

天然气在复杂气藏内渗流问题的新模型及应用

针对形成不同流体区域的气藏、有边水气藏、岩性尖灭气藏及井底存在污染或改善的气藏等情况,建立了考虑井筒相态重分布的复杂气藏的渗流新模型,求出了３种典型外边界条件下的气藏拟压力分布解析解,并绘出了井底压降曲线。给出的气藏无量纲压力表达式及压降曲线,还可适用于凝析气井及井筒带积液的气井。结合实例分析给出了本理论在油田开发中的应用。     

塔里木盆地近临界油气藏相态特征

近临界流体相态变化非常复杂,易挥发油和凝析气的性质相近,常规方法难以判断其是油藏还是气藏。以塔里木盆地塔中1号气田中古43井区和金跃201井2类近临界地层流体为研究对象,通过观测近临界"乳光现象",应用气油比、相图、密度及组分等不同方法对油气藏类型进行判定,综合不同方法对比研究表明:利用测试时流体图像与无因次压力关系曲线法相结合判断近临界流体类型比较准确;塔中1号气田中古43井区属于特高含凝析油凝析气相态特征,金跃201井属于近临界挥发油相态特征。通过注气实验,近临界油气藏出现干气、凝析气、凝析液三相共存的流体特征,造成不同位置的生产井气油比差异较大。     

牙哈凝析气藏二次注气抑制反凝析机理及相态特征

为解决凝析气藏天然气回注率不足,地层压力低于露点压力而出现的反凝析损失等问题,以塔里木盆地牙哈凝析气藏反凝析损失监测井地层流体取样器(MDT)取样为基础,运用高温高压PVT相态实验测试和模拟技术,建立了牙哈凝析气藏二次循环注气抑制反凝析损失机理的相态特征研究方法,对提高牙哈凝析气藏凝析油采出程度的可行性和有效性做出了评价。通过目前地层压力下反凝析油和剩余凝析气体系的实验室再现,分别测定了其色谱组成、相态特征和p-丁相态图;分别针对反凝析油和地层剩余凝析气,开展了注气增溶膨胀实验、多次接触抽提实验和注气抽提实验,对地层剩余平衡凝析气还开展了加注干气传质扩散过程非平衡相态行为实验;分析了二次循环注气抑制反凝析损失、降低其反凝析油饱和度、使凝析油产生相态反转的相行为机理;给出了二次循环注气开发时应尽量使其注气压力高于露点压力的建议,当注入0.82 PV时,凝析油累积采出程度将提高13.55%。该研究成果为牙哈凝析气藏的增产提供了重要技术支撑。     

致密多孔介质中凝析气定容衰竭实验及相态特征

凝析气藏衰竭开发方案的制定依赖于PVT相态实验,而常规PVT相态实验忽略了多孔介质对凝析气相态的影响,导致实验结果与实际存在偏差。基于常规PVT定容衰竭实验原理,建立了致密多孔介质中凝析气定容衰竭模拟装置及实验方法,模拟研究了凝析气在裂缝性致密储层中的衰竭开发动态,分析了衰竭速度及多孔介质的作用对凝析气藏开发效果的影响,明确了致密多孔介质中凝析气相态特征。研究结果表明,衰竭速度是影响凝析气藏开发的主要原因,天然气采收率随衰竭速度的增快而降低,但凝析油采收率则表现出相反规律;致密多孔介质中凝析气的露点压力比PVT筒中的测量值提高9.42%。此外,裂缝能够有效增大泄油面积,减小渗流阻力,提高天然气和凝析油采收率。     

致密多孔介质中凝析气定容衰竭实验及相态特征

凝析气藏衰竭开发方案的制定依赖于PVT相态实验,而常规PVT相态实验忽略了多孔介质对凝析气相态的影响,导致实验结果与实际存在偏差。基于常规PVT定容衰竭实验原理,建立了致密多孔介质中凝析气定容衰竭模拟装置及实验方法,模拟研究了凝析气在裂缝性致密储层中的衰竭开发动态,分析了衰竭速度及多孔介质的作用对凝析气藏开发效果的影响,明确了致密多孔介质中凝析气相态特征。研究结果表明,衰竭速度是影响凝析气藏开发的主要原因,天然气采收率随衰竭速度的增快而降低,但凝析油采收率则表现出相反规律;致密多孔介质中凝析气的露点压力比PVT筒中的测量值提高9.42%。此外,裂缝能够有效增大泄油面积,减小渗流阻力,提高天然气和凝析油采收率。     

Application of the PR-EOS with C7+ Splitting to Model Fluid Properties in a Large Two-Phase Petroleum Reservoir

The use of equations of state (EOS) to model fluid properties is necessary in order to have an internally consistent set of PVT properties, which is essential, especially, when it is desired to use compositional simulators to model two-phase reservoirs. In this article, the 3-parameter Peng-Robinson equation of state along with single carbon number (SCN) splitting of the C₇₊ fraction are used to model a major onshore reservoir in Abu Dhabi that has horizontal and vertical fluid properties variations. Extensive screening and checking of PVT data of the field was necessary to develop this model. Also, extensive verification of the developed model was accomplished by comparing its results to data external to the model. Results of this article indicate the capability of using multiple well PVT analysis within the three-parameter Peng-Robinson EOS to model complex two-phase reservoirs such as this one. We describe the process of building up the model and the challenges involved in performing this task, which include proper selection of representative experimental data to build the model, along with extensive screening and data quality these data, and the model verification so that we have the confidence that one EOS model that can predict the reservoir fluid PVT properties.     

柴达木盆地南八仙油气田油气相态特征

柴达木盆地南八仙油气田发育两套含油气层系：深层的E₃¹油气藏和浅层的N₂²-N₁油气藏。7个样品的油、气高压物性实验结果揭示了凝析油气藏的相态特征和相态分布规律。浅层油气藏属于饱和烃类体系，油气藏类型包括油藏、油环凝析气藏、凝析气顶油藏和凝析气藏；深层油气藏属于未饱和烃类体系，油气藏类型包括湿气藏、凝析气藏和油藏。研究表明，由于深、浅气藏流体组分及温度、压力条件不同，烃类相态也就不同。深入了解地下流体相态特征并确定油气藏类型对于高效合理地开发油气藏、提高油、气采收率具有重要的意义。     

An investigation of different gas injection scenarios as enhanced condensate recovery method in a naturally fractured gas-condensate reservoir

In gas condensate reservoirs, when the bottom hole pressure falls below the dew point pressure condensates are formed. This causes hydrocarbon liquid saturation around the well bore region. This phenomenon is called condensate blockage or condensate banking. Condensate recovery reduction due to condensate banking near the well bore region is an important problem in gas condensate reservoirs. The common method to prevent the condensate banking is gas cycling (reinjection of produced dry gas) into the reservoir that can contribute to the condensate vaporization, thus increasing the condensate recovery factor. The objective of this study was to find a suitable replacement for gas cycling. For this purpose, an investigation on the effects of injection of different types of gases (CO₂, N₂, and C₁) on enhance condensate recovery factor and pressure maintenance were performed. This research was done on one of the Iranian gas condensate reservoirs through a compositional simulator. The two-parameter Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS) and Lohrenz-Bray-Clark correlation were used to model reservoir fluid properties through regression on the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) experimental data. A fracture network was distributed over the reservoir, so a dual porosity/dual permeability model was selected for better evaluation of the fracture system. Then, various scenarios of natural depletion and CO₂, N₂, C₁, and gas cycling injection were studied. The results showed that CO₂ injection scenario being associated with the highest efficiency compared to that of other gases.     

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相态恢复理论目前已成为开发相态理论中的重要组成部分，相态恢复是推算原始相态特征的重要手段。柯克亚西七二带油环凝析气藏早期由于放喷失控，未取得有代表性的流体样品,因此原始相态很难确定。文章采用相态恢复的方法对气顶和油环进行相态恢复研究，推算出原始条件下气顶和油环的相态特征，对目前气顶和油环PVT测试进行拟合和相平衡检验，认为原始条件下气顶和油环仍是处于相平衡的。相态恢复研究为柯克亚西七二带油环凝析气藏开发分析提供了基础数据，同时对同类型油气藏的开发也具有指导意义。     

Application of the PR-EOS with C7+ Splitting to Model Fluid Properties in a Large Two-Phase Petroleum Reservoir

Abstract

The use of equations of state (EOS) to model fluid properties is necessary in order to have an internally consistent set of PVT properties, which is essential, especially, when it is desired to use compositional simulators to model two-phase reservoirs. In this article, the 3-parameter Peng-Robinson equation of state along with single carbon number (SCN) splitting of the C₇₊ fraction are used to model a major onshore reservoir in Abu Dhabi that has horizontal and vertical fluid properties variations. Extensive screening and checking of PVT data of the field was necessary to develop this model. Also, extensive verification of the developed model was accomplished by comparing its results to data external to the model. Results of this article indicate the capability of using multiple well PVT analysis within the three-parameter Peng-Robinson EOS to model complex two-phase reservoirs such as this one. We describe the process of building up the model and the challenges involved in performing this task, which include proper selection of representative experimental data to build the model, along with extensive screening and data quality these data, and the model verification so that we have the confidence that one EOS model that can predict the reservoir fluid PVT properties.     

雅克拉气藏沙15井K￤层地下流体相态分析

对塔北隆起带雅克拉气藏沙１５井流体组成、ＰＶＴ性质作了全面分析并与典型油气井流体进行比较。综合评价认为，雅克拉气藏沙１５井Ｋ层地下流体相态为凝析气，不在井油环。     

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反凝析污染对凝析气井的伤害是凝析气藏开发中遇到的一个非常重要的问题,它将降低凝析气井产能,导致凝析油采收率的下降。而影响凝析气藏开发的另一项主要因素是非达西流,它将造成凝析气藏近井地区的凝析油析出、孔道堵塞、渗透率降低。文章针对上述两大问题进行了深入的研究,给出了利用实验定量测定反凝析污染程度的方法;同时结合某具体凝析气田数据,使用油藏工程方法研究了紊流对其影响的程度,利用数值模拟方法模拟了在不同紊流系数下该凝析气田开发方案。通过指标对比分析,得出了气井的非达西效应对凝析气藏开发效果的影响程度和定量研究反凝析污染和非达西流影响程度的方法,为合理开发凝析气藏提供了理论参考。