奥氏体化温度对51CrV4钢组织及疲劳性能的影响北大核心CSCD

利用拉-拉疲劳试验方法对比研究了51CrV4钢不同奥氏体化温度下试样的疲劳性能,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对其微观组织变化和疲劳断口进行了分析。结果表明,当奥氏体化温度由850℃升高至900℃后,疲劳强度由840 MPa增加到883 MPa,疲劳断口表面二次裂纹数量增多,且主裂纹扩展路径更曲折,裂纹扩展速率降低。且随着奥氏体化温度的升高,组织中合金渗碳体得到细化,部分碳和合金元素从大尺寸合金渗碳体中回溶到基体中,增加了固溶强化,强度和硬度分别增加约32 MPa和20HV。通过分析发现,合金渗碳体细化及碳和合金元素的回溶是疲劳性能改善的主要因素。     

奥氏体化温度对51CrV4钢组织及疲劳性能的影响

利用拉-拉疲劳试验方法对比研究了51CrV4钢不同奥氏体化温度下试样的疲劳性能,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对其微观组织变化和疲劳断口进行了分析。结果表明,当奥氏体化温度由850℃升高至900℃后,疲劳强度由840 MPa增加到883 MPa,疲劳断口表面二次裂纹数量增多,且主裂纹扩展路径更曲折,裂纹扩展速率降低。且随着奥氏体化温度的升高,组织中合金渗碳体得到细化,部分碳和合金元素从大尺寸合金渗碳体中回溶到基体中,增加了固溶强化,强度和硬度分别增加约32 MPa和20HV。通过分析发现,合金渗碳体细化及碳和合金元素的回溶是疲劳性能改善的主要因素。     

粉末高温合金FGH97疲劳裂纹扩展行为

测定不同晶粒尺寸、γ'相以及不同Hf含量的粉末高温合金FGH97在650℃高温条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并将其与FGH95和FGH96两代粉末合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行对比.用定量分析的方法对FGH97合金在疲劳断裂各个阶段的行为特征进行分析.较大晶粒尺寸的FGH97合金具有较低的裂纹扩展速率,合理的二次和三次γ'相匹配析出,可以获得较高的疲劳寿命;Hf元素的添加使合金的整体疲劳寿命增大;FGH97合金与FGH95和FGH96相比,具有较高的疲劳裂纹萌生抗力,更低的高温疲劳裂纹扩展速率.      

Mg含量对Al-4.8Cu-xMg-1.0Ag合金组织与力学性能的影响

通过对显微硬度与疲劳裂纹扩展速率的测试以及扫描电镜和透射电镜观察等实验手段,研究Mg含量对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金时效析出过程与力学性能的影响.结果表明:随着Mg含量的上升,合金的时效响应速率加快,而硬度则先上升后下降,在Cu/Mg质量比接近6时,合金硬度最高;Mg含量的提高可为主要析出相Ω相提供更多的形核位置,使得...     

2E12和2524铝合金微观组织与疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜以及疲劳性能测试等手段,研究了国产2E12-T3和进口2524-T3合金薄板微观组织和疲劳裂纹扩展性能.结果表明,国产2E12-T3与进口2524-T3合金化学成分相近,在显微组织方面,2E12-T3合金晶粒相对于进口2524-T3合金的纤维状晶粒组织明显细小、均匀,发生了更大程度的再结晶,两者基体内均分布有少量粗大Al2CuMg相和富Fe相,2E12-T3晶内存在略多的中等尺寸Al20Cu2Mn3棒状粒子;在力学性能方面,国产2E12-T3合金抗拉强度、屈服强度和疲劳裂纹扩展速率都明显高于进口2524-T3铝合金,疲劳断口皆呈典型3个区域,裂纹萌生区,前者较平坦而后者相对粗糙,裂纹扩展区皆有明显的疲劳辉纹,辉纹间距分别为0.65和0.35 μ,瞬断区,后者具有数量更多、尺寸更小的韧窝.着眼于材料的组织特征,导致2E12-T3和2524-T3铝合金力学性能差异的主要原因可能是由于两者的晶粒组织特征不同.     

7475-T7351铝合金抗疲劳性能研究

采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验、轴向加载疲劳试验、疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验等疲劳性能测试方法,研究了7475-T7351铝合金厚板的疲劳性能.并通过透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了该合金的显微组织和疲劳断口形貌.结果表明:7475-T7351铝合金具有良好的耐疲劳损伤性能,光滑试样(Kt=1)在室温旋转弯曲和高温轴向加载条件下的疲劳极限分别为180.0和345.0 MPa,缺口试样(Kt=2.2)在室温旋转弯曲加载条件下的疲劳极限为91.9 MPa;合金厚板材料在高温下缺口敏感性有所降低;国产材料裂纹扩展速率随应力比增加而增大,裂纹扩展门槛值减小;国产7475铝合金与进口材料在裂纹稳定扩展阶段裂纹扩展行为基本相当;在近门槛值附近不同应力比下的裂纹扩展门槛值略有差别.     

GH4169合金高温疲劳裂纹扩展的微观损伤机制

空气环境对高温合金在高温下的损伤行为有显著影响.为了研究标准热处理态GH4169合金在高温疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的微观损伤机制,在空气环境中进行650℃、初始应力强度因子幅ΔK=30 MPa·m1/2和应力比R=0.05的低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验.使用扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱(EDS)对试样的断口、外表面和剖面进行观察和分析.实验结果表明:疲劳主裂纹以沿晶方式萌生并扩展,随后沿晶二次裂纹出现,并且其数量和长度沿主裂纹方向逐渐增加,进入快速扩展阶段后,断口呈现韧窝组织形貌;在裂纹扩展过程中,δ相与基体的界面发生氧化,使得沿晶二次裂纹沿界面扩展并产生偏折,从而起到阻碍二次裂纹扩展的作用;试样外表面的主裂纹周围出现晶界氧化损伤区,其尺寸和晶界开裂程度沿主裂纹扩展方向逐渐增大.      

Er对Al-Mg合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

以纯度为99.7%的工业纯铝、99.9%的工业纯镁和Al-10%Er的中间合金为原料,采用铸锭冶金法制备3种不同名义成分的目标合金,研究稀土元素Er对Al-Mg合金显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明：Er明显地降低了合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率。当Er的添加量（质量分数）为0.4%和1%时挤压态Al-Mg合金的抗拉强度（σb）分别下降82 MPa和40 MPa,屈服强度（σ0.2）分别下降13 MPa和11 MPa,伸长率（δ）分别下降11.3%和4.5%。显微组织分析表明,添加Er在基体中形成粗大的含Er和Mg的结晶相导致Mg在铝基体中的固溶度下降,从而减少了溶质原子与位错的交互作用,导致合金的屈服强度降低。在变形过程中,粗大的含Er和Mg的结晶相由于应力集中在较低的应力下发生断裂而形成微裂纹,微裂纹以较快的速率扩展至基体晶界,形成一种典型的韧脆混合断裂,使合金的抗拉强度和伸长率减小。     

固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢组织与疲劳裂纹扩展规律的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EDS能谱分析和力学性能测试等方法,研究了固溶处理对2205双相不锈钢显微组织与疲劳裂纹扩展规律的影响。结果表明：与原始热轧态相比,在950~1150℃范围固溶处理的试样的疲劳裂纹门槛值显著提高,稳态裂纹扩展速率均有所减小。在950℃固溶处理时,组织中析出少量的σ相,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率显著降低;随着固溶温度的升高,组织中α相含量逐渐增加,σ相溶解,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率的变化呈现为先增大后减小的趋势;当固溶温度达到1150℃时,组织中α相含量最高且两相组织明显粗化,试样的稳态裂纹扩展速率达到最小,呈现出最高的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力。固溶处理引起σ相的析出与溶解、α相含量的增加及组织粗化是引起2205双相不锈钢试样疲劳裂纹扩展性能非单调变化的原因。     

Al-4.9Zn-1.6Mg-0.4Mn-0.1Zr-xEr合金时效行为研究

采用金相(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)及能谱分析(EDS)、硬度测试的方法研究了单级与双级时效热处理制度对Al-4.9Zn-1.6Mg-0.4Mn-0.1Zr-xEr合金板材硬度和显微组织的影响.结果表明,添加Er元素后合金中形成了纳米级的A13(Zr,Er)相,可以强烈地钉扎位错,细化再结晶晶粒.无论单级时效还是双级时效,Er元素的添加均可以提高合金的硬度,加快合金的时效硬化速率,使合金达到硬度峰值的时间缩短,但Er含量对提高合金硬度的影响不大.同时,晶界处出现的第二相颗粒析出带得到消除,合金中存在明显的沉淀无析出带.此外,Er元素可以促进Zn,Mg元素的固溶,而析出的A13(Zr,Er)颗粒又可以促进MgZn2相的析出.     

AB5型与AB3.5型贮氢合金的电化学性能对比研究

为了对比研究AB5型与AB3.5型贮氢合金的电化学及动力学特性,以AB5型MlNi3.68Mn0.32Co0.73Al0.27和AB3.5型Ml0.80Mg0.20 （NiMnAlCu）3.6、La0.6 Mg0.4 Ni3.5为研究对象.采用XRD分析了合金的相结构,利用电化学方法测试合金的电化学及动力学特性.结果发现,MlNi3.68 Mn0.32Co0.73Al0.27合金由单相LaNi5相组成,而Ml0.80Mg0.20（NiMnAlCu）3.6、La0.6Mg0.4Ni3.5均有LaNi5相和La2Ni7相组成.AB3.5型合金的放电容量、荷电保持率以及动力学特性高于AB5型合金.     

Fracture behavior of thixoformed 357-T5 Al alloys

The effects of microstructural features on the fracture behaviors, including impact, high-cycle fatigue, fatigue crack propagation, and stress corrosion cracking, of thixoformed 357-T5 (Al-7 pct Si-0.6 pct Mg) alloy were examined. The resistance to impact and high-cycle fatigue of thixoformed 357-T5 tended to improve greatly with increasing volume fraction of primary α. An almost threefold increase in impact energy value was, for example, o served with increasing volume fraction of primary α from 59 to 70 pct. The improvement in both impact and fatigue properties of thixoformed 357-T5 with increasing volume fraction of primary α in the present study appears to be related to the magnitude of stress concentration at the interface between primary α and eutectic phase, by which the fracture process is largely influenced. The higher volume fraction of primary α was also beneficial for improving the resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in 3.5 pct NaCl solution. The in-situ slow strain rate test results of thix oformed 357-T5 in air and 3.5 pct NaCl solution at various applied potential values demonstrated that the percent change in tesile elongation with exposure decreased linearly with increasing volume fraction of primary α within the range studied in the present study. Based on the fractographic and micrographic observations, the mechanism associated with the beneficial effect of high volume fraction of primary α in thixoformed 375-T5 alloy was discussed.     

The effect of aging on the hydrogen-assisted fatigue cracking of a precipitation-hardened Al-Li-Zr alloy

The corrosion fatigue behavior of an Al-2.5 pct Li-0.12 pct Zr alloy has been studied as a function of heat treatment by performing smooth specimen fatigue life experiments on differently aged alloys in dry air and humid nitrogen. Results indicated that aging decreased the fatigue life of the Al-Li-Zr alloy in dry air. However, exposure to water vapor reduced the fatigue resistance of the underaged (UA) alloys but increased the fatigue life of the overaged alloys (OA) alloys. Hydrogen precharging experiments (either exposure to moist air or cathodic charging in HC1 solutions) followed by fatigue testing in dry air confirmed that the UA alloys were susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement and that the OA alloys were insensitive to a hydrogen effect. The experimental results suggest that the susceptibility of the Al-Li-Zr alloy to hydrogen-assisted fracture is essentially related to the effectiveness of hydrogen transport to the region ahead of the crack tip, which is controlled by the microstructure of the alloy. Environmental and aging effects which influence the fatigue characteristics of the studied alloy are discussed.     

Effect of strontium modification on near- threshold fatigue crack growth in an Al-Si-Cu die cast alloy

The effects of strontium modification on microstructure and fatigue properties in a die cast com-mercial aluminum-silicon alloy are demonstrated. Strontium additions of 0.010 and 0.018 wt pct drastically change the morphology of the eutectic silicon. The influence of these microstructural changes on fatigue properties is evaluated through fatigue crack growth testing. Examination of the fracture surfaces and the crack path establish distinct fatigue fracture modes for the modified and unmodified eutectic structures. Changes in fracture mode and crack path are correlated to the mi-crostructure changes. A higher energy fracture mode and increased crack path tortuosity explain the observed improvement in fatigue properties for the modified alloys. Strontium modified alloys exhibit a 10 to 20 pct higher fatigue crack growth threshold compared to an unmodified alloy for testing at a load ratio of 0.5. No difference was observed for testing at a load ratio of 0.1. Formerly Research Project Engineer, Briggs & Stratton Corporation, Milwaukee, WI 53222     

Fracture behavior of thixoformed 357-T5 Al alloys

The effects of microstructural features on the fracture behaviors, including impact, high-cycle fatigue, fatigue crack propagation, and stress corrosion cracking, of thixoformed 357-T5 (Al-7 pct Si-0.6 pct Mg) alloy were examined. The resistance to impact and high-cycle fatigue of thixoformed 357-T5 tended to improve greatly with increasing volume fraction of primary α. An almost threefold increase in impact energy value was, for example, observed with increasing volume fraction of primary α from 59 to 70 pct. The improvement in both impact and fatigue properties of thixoformed 357-T5 with increasing volume fraction of primary α in the present study appears to be related to the magnitude of stress concentration at the interface between primary α and eutectic phase, by which the fracture process is largely influenced. The higher volume fraction of primary α was also beneficial for improving the resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in 3.5 pct NaCl solution. The in-situ slow strain rate test results of thixoformed 357-T5 in air and 3.5 pct NaCl solution at various applied potential values demonstrated that the percent change in tensile elongation with exposure decreased linearly with increasing volume fraction of primary α within the range studied in the present study. Based on the fractographic and micrographic observations, the mechanism associated with the beneficial effect of high volume fraction of primary α in thixoformed 357-T5 alloy was discussed.     

Microstructural effects on the tensile and fracture behavior of aluminum casting alloys A356/357

The tensile properties and fracture behavior of cast aluminum alloys A356 and A357 strongly depend on secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), Mg content, and, in particular, the size and shape of eutectic silicon particles and Fe-rich intermetallics. In the unmodified alloys, increasing the cooling rate during solidification refines both the dendrites and eutectic particles and increases ductility. Strontium modification reduces the size and aspect ratio of the eutectic silicon particles, leading to a fairly constant particle size and aspect ratio over the range of SDAS studied. In comparison with the unmodified alloys, the Sr-modified alloys show higher ductility, particularly the A356 alloy, but slightly lower yield strength. In the microstructures with large SDAS (>50 μm), the ductility of the Sr-modified alloys does not continuously decrease with SDAS as it does in the unmodified alloy. Increasing Mg content increases both the matrix strength and eutectic particle size. This decreases ductility in both the Sr-modified and unmodified alloys. The A356/357 alloys with large and elongated particles show higher strain hardening and, thus, have a higher damage accumulation rate by particle cracking. Compared to A356, the increased volume fraction and size of the Fe-rich intermetallics (π phase) in the A357 alloy are responsible for the lower ductility, especially in the Sr-modified alloy. In alloys with large SDAS (>50 μm), final fracture occurs along the cell boundaries, and the fracture mode is transgranular. In the small SDAS (<30 μm) alloys, final fracture tends to concentrate along grain boundaries. The transition from transgranular to intergranular fracture mode is accompanied by an increase in the ductility of the alloys.     

制备工艺对La_(0.80)Mg_(0.20)Ni_(3.75)合金电极性能的影响

采用中频感应真空熔炼(IM)和放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺制备La0.80Mg0.20Ni3.75合金。XRD分析表明,这两种工艺制备的合金均含有LaNi5和(La,Mg)2Ni7主相,而中频感应真空熔炼法制备的合金(IMLa合金)还含有(La,Mg)Ni3相,放电等离子烧结法制备的合金(SPSLa合金)还含有Ni及La2Mg17相。电化学性能测试结果表明,作为镍氢电池负极材料,IMLa合金的放电容量、损耗角及极限电流密度均较大;而SPSLa合金的循环性能较好,这归因于SPSLa合金晶粒细小,组织均匀,Ni和La2Mg17相弥散分布,可减弱其电极脱落程度。     

An investigation of the fracture and fatigue crack growth behavior of forged damage-tolerant niobium aluminide intermetallics

The results of a recent study of the effects of ternary alloying with Ti on the fatigue and fracture behavior of a new class of forged damage-tolerant niobium aluminide (Nb₃Al-xTi) intermetallics are presented in this article. The alloys studied have the following nominal compositions: Nb-15Al-10Ti (10Ti alloy), Nb-15Al-25Ti (25Ti alloy), and Nb-15Al-40Ti (40Ti alloy). All compositions are quoted in atomic percentages unless stated otherwise. The 10Ti and 25Ti alloys exhibit fracture toughness levels between 10 and 20 MPa√m at room temperature. Fracture in these alloys occurs by brittle cleavage fracture modes. In contrast, a ductile dimpled fracture mode is observed at room-temperature for the alloy containing 40 at. pct Ti. The 40Ti alloy also exhibits exceptional combinations of room-temperature strength (695 to 904 MPa), ductility (4 to 30 pct), fracture toughness (40 to 100 MPa√m), and fatigue crack growth resistance (comparable to Ti-6Al-4V, monolithic Nb, and inconnel 718). The implications of the results are discussed for potential structural applications of the 40Ti alloy in the intermediate-temperature (∼700 °C to 750 °C) regime.