The manufacture of particleboards using mixture of reed (surface?layer) and commercial species (middle layer)

This research was conducted to investigate the suitability of reed (Arundo donax) as a substitute for wood in laboratory made 3-layer particleboard in order to supplement the supply of raw material for the Iranian particleboard industries. The ratio of the mixture of reed and wood particles were 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60, respectively, in the surface and middle layers. Press temperatures were chosen at two levels of 165 and 185?°C. Three levels of urea formaldehyde resin were selected for the surface layers, namely: 8, 10, and 12 percent. The experimental panels were tested for their mechanical strength including modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding (IB) and physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) according to the procedure in DIN 68763. In general, the results show that reed has a positive effect on the mechanical and physical properties of boards. In this research, the treatment with 40% reed, 12% resin in the surface layers and a 185?°C press temperature has resulted in an optimum reed board product.     

Heterogeneous reduction of PuO₂ with Fe(II): importance of the Fe(III) reaction product

Heterogeneous reduction of actinides in higher, more soluble oxidation states to lower, more insoluble oxidation states by reductants such as Fe(II) has been the subject of intensive study for more than two decades. However, Fe(II)-induced reduction of sparingly soluble Pu(IV) to the more soluble lower oxidation state Pu(III) has been much less studied, even though such reactions can potentially increase the mobility of Pu in the subsurface. Thermodynamic calculations are presented that show how differences in the free energy of various possible solid-phase Fe(III) reaction products can greatly influence aqueous Pu(III) concentrations resulting from reduction of PuO?(am) by Fe(II). We present the first experimental evidence that reduction of PuO?(am) to Pu(III) by Fe(II) was enhanced when the Fe(III) mineral goethite was spiked into the reaction. The effect of goethite on reduction of Pu(IV) was demonstrated by measuring the time dependence of total aqueous Pu concentration, its oxidation state, and system pe/pH. We also re-evaluated established protocols for determining Pu(III) {[Pu(III) + Pu(IV)] - Pu(IV)} by using thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in toluene extractions; the study showed that it is important to eliminate dissolved oxygen from the TTA solutions for accurate determinations. More broadly, this study highlights the importance of the Fe(III) reaction product in actinide reduction rate and extent by Fe(II).     

Role of general stress-response alternative sigma factors σ(S) (RpoS) and σ(B) (SigB) in bacterial heat resistance as a function of treatment medium pH

This investigation aimed to determine the role of general stress-response alternative sigma factors σ^S (RpoS) and σ^B (SigB) in heat resistance and the occurrence of sublethal injuries in cell envelopes of stationary-phase Escherichia coli BJ4 and Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e cells, respectively, as a function of treatment medium pH. Given that microbial death followed first-order inactivation kinetics (R² > 0.95) the traditional D_T and z values were used to describe the heat inactivation kinetics.Influence of rpoS deletion was constant at every treatment temperature and pH, making a ΔrpoS deletion mutant strain approximately 5.5 times more heat sensitive than its parental strain for every studied condition. Furthermore, the influence of the pH of the treatment medium on the reduction of the heat resistance of E. coli was also constant and independent of the treatment temperature (average z value = 4.9 °C) in both parental and mutant strains.L. monocytogenes EGD-e z values obtained at pH 7.0 and 5.5 were not significantly different (p > 0.05) in either parental or the ?sigB deletion mutant strains (average z value = 4.8 °C). Nevertheless, at pH 4.0 the z value was higher (z = 8.4 °C), indicating that heat resistance of both L. monocytogenes strains was less dependent on temperature at pH 4.0. At both pH 5.5 and 7.0 the influence of sigB deletion was constant and independent of the treatment temperature, decreasing L. monocytogenes heat resistance approximately 2.5 times. In contrast, the absence of sigB did not decrease the heat resistance of L. monocytogenes at pH 4.0.The role of RpoS in protecting cell envelopes was more important in E. coli (4 times) than SigB in L. monocytogenes (1.5 times). Moreover, the role of σ^S in increasing heat resistance seems more relevant in enhancing the intrinsic resilience of the cytoplasmic membrane, and to a lesser extent, outer membrane resilience.Knowledge of environmental conditions related to the activation of alternative sigma factors σ^S and σ^B and their effects on heat resistance would help us to avoid and/or identify situations that increase bacterial stress resistance. Therefore, more efficient food preservation processes might be designed.     

Properties of furfurylated wood (Pinus?pinaster)

Sapwood samples of Pinus pinaster wood were treated with a?70% furfuryl alcohol mixture. Weight percent gain (WPG), equilibrium moisture content, dimensional stability, MOE, bending strength, hardness, density and durability were determined. WPG was on average 38%. Equilibrium moisture content decreased more than?40%. Dimensional stability increased reaching an ASE of?45%. MOE was little affected by the treatment but bending strength increased by about?6%. Hardness increased by about?50%, and density by?37%. Mass loss due to Postia placenta and Coniophora puteana decreased by?96% and?86%, respectively. Furfurylation of Pinus pinaster wood shows an interesting potential to improve the wood quality for solid timber products.     

9.The Determination of Grade(2)

When lifting the sample from the table preparatory to classing,one hand, with the fin-ger spread slightly apart,is placed on the top side of the cotton sample.The sample isheld lightly in the hand and turned so that the other side of the sample may be clasped withthe free hand and brought to a position slightly below the shoulders and about 15 to 20inches from the eyes.This position is usually,best for classing purposes.The cotton sa-mple should be inspected for color,leaf,and preparation while it is on the table and asit is being picked up.     

Introduction of the National Shoe Industry Bases of China(2) Quanzhou

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Physiological Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)—A Review

Marine lipids have long been documented to be the major source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3). Both EPA and DHA have been documented to have significant influence on biochemical and physiological changes in the body. Although these long chain PUFA exert positive influences on human nutrition and health, there are also some controversies pertaining to the functioning of these n-3 PUFAs including the extent of their requirement by the body. As marine lipids have been thoroughly reviewed often, the present review mainly focuses on works related to physiological effects of EPA and DHA.     

Properties of (Ni-P)–SnO2 (nanometer) electroless composite coating on PET fabrics

The preceding parts of this series detailed a theoretical analysis to predict fabric tensile behaviour, the measurement and mathematical representations of the fibre-orientation angle and curl factor, which are the two principal parameters involved in the treatment, and a complete list of variables essential for computations and procedures to determine their values. This paper presents a comparison of the predicted stress–strain curves, constructed from the computer calculations, and the experimental ones for the nine commercial fabrics studied. After the individual remarks concerning the outcome for each fabric, possible reasons for the discrepancies encountered between the theoretical and experimental curves and the validity of some assumptions made in the analysis are discussed.     

HPLC determination of oxalic acid using tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence—application to the analysis of spinach

The chemiluminescence (CL) of Ru(phen)₃²⁺ was applied to HPLC determination of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid was separated by a C₁₈ reverse-phase column with a mobile phase of 0.02 mol/l NH₄Ac. The eluted oxalic acid was mixed with 0.25 mol/l Ru(phen)₃²⁺ and 2.0 mmol/l Ce(SO₄)₂ in 0.08 mol/l H₂SO₄, and then pass through a modified luminometer used as a detector. The reaction of Ce(IV) oxidized Ru(phen)₃²⁺ and oxalic acid emitted light. The detection limit was 6.2×10⁻⁶ mol/l for oxalic acid at a S/N ratio of 3, the relative standard deviation for 5 replicate injections of 1×10⁻³ mol/l oxalic acid standard was calculated as 5.6%, and the linear calibration range was 1×10⁻⁵ to 4×10⁻³ mol/l. The method was successfully applied to determination of oxalic acid in spinach. ©     

Indigo dyeing of polyester (PET) – pH effects

Polyester (polyethylene terephthalate [PET]) fabric was dyed with indigo dye through an exhaust technique at different pH values. At different pH values, different forms of the indigo existed in the solution, each one having different substantivity for the fibre. The non‐ionic form had the highest substantivity for polyester. The fibres could best be dyed in the acidic pH range. Chemistry of the dyebath as well as fibre was considered to explain the effect of pH on colour strength. The results suggest that hydrogen bonding is the main reason for the exhaustion of dye onto the polyester fibre. Hydrogen bonding is formed between the hydroxyl group of the leuco vat acid and the ester and aromatic ring of the PET fibre.     

Overview of the Development of Chinese Printing Material Industry in 2015(Ⅰ)

正Based on the currently available data,Chinese printing material industry presented a development trend of slow growth in 2015.Paper In the first two years of 12th Five-Year Plan,the average     

Introduction of the National Shoe Industry Bases of China(3)——Chengdu

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Comparison tests of hydroxylpropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on retrogradation of rice amylose

Retarding effect of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the retrogradation of rice amylose was compared and studied. Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) revealed that the degree of amylose retrogradation was reduced more by HPβ-CD than by β-CD. HPβ-CD preferentially interacted with amylose to form the potential amylose-HPβ-CD complex and lessened the stored amylose decrease in molecular weight (Mw). Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) detected the potential complex formation as well. DSC data was analyzed using Avrami equation. Results showed that HPβ-CD significantly decreased the constant rate (k) and increased the Avrami exponent (n). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of retrograded amylose were further analyzed. It indicated that HPβ-CD caused an existence of intermediate type (V + B) and retarded the transformation from V- to B-type during the storage of the prepared amylose sample.     

A Comparison of War Iconography in the Archaeological Textiles of Paracas-Topará (in Southern Peru) and in the Weavings of Ayllu Qaqachaka (Bolivia) Today

Abstract

Drawing on some observations by Anne Paul concerning the iconography of textile borders in cloth from archaeological sites in Paracas-Topará (southern Peru), and her suggestion that these acted as “markers of the sacred,” we examine some ethnographic contexts in highland Bolivia that also concern borders: the final moment of the wayñu dance each year, and the finishing of textile and field borders. In each case, we propose that the object is to control certain spirits believed to dwell within these borders, so that they finish their creative task there. Finally, we examine the relation between the so-called “war of the ayllus” in Bolivia (in 2000), which produced dramatic changes in regional aesthetics, and textile structures postwar, in which images from textile borders came to occupy the central space of woven cloth. We explain these changes through a theory concerning the war dynamics that occur between the borders and centers of modern territories in conflict, and the way that local populations understand these, which might also have archaeological significance in the case of Paracas-Topará.     

Investigation of the levels of N(τ)-methylhistidine in a range of pork and chicken meats

Protein bound N(τ)-methylhistidine (N-MeHis) has been suggested as an index for the estimation of muscle (meat) protein in meat and meat products. This paper examines the level of N-MeHis in a range of five pork and two chicken prime cuts together with five other pork and one chicken manufacturing cuts of meat. It is shown that whilst similar levels are present in the prime cuts there is a considerable variation in those found in the other cuts. The average N-MeHis level, expressed as μg/g fat-free connective tissue-free (FFCF) meat, was 116 for pork, 116 for chicken breast and 129 for chicken leg. From the other pork cuts investigated, only two gave levels similar to that for prime pork whilst the rest were all considerably lower. Chicken MRM gave an N-MeHis level 75% of that for (combined) leg and breast meat. Since all these meat cuts are regarded as legitimate meat materials in the UK, there would appear to be serious drawbacks to the use of N-MeHis as a quantitative index of lean meat.