纳秒激光加工2.5维Cf/SiC复合材料的烧蚀孔洞特征

针对新型材料2.5维碳纤维增强陶瓷基（Cf/SiC）复合材料采用传统机械加工难以去除加工的问题，采用纳秒激光烧蚀2.5维Cf/SiC复合材料，烧蚀后采用扫描电子显微镜观察其烧蚀孔洞形貌特征，并分析其烧蚀去除机制，讨论激光加工参数对烧蚀孔径的影响。研究表明，Cf/SiC复合材料的激光烧蚀区域出现烧蚀孔洞、重凝、纤维断口、末端气胀，以及长轴与纤维方向一致的椭圆形材料性能变化区域等烧蚀现象；激光烧蚀Cf/SiC复合材料过程中存在氧化的化学变化现象；烧蚀产生的孔径随烧蚀功率的增加和烧蚀时间的延长而增大，烧蚀时间和烧蚀功率均较大时，可能存在烧蚀孔洞被重凝材料堵塞或部分堵塞的情况。计算出纳秒激光的束腰半径为223 μm，纳秒激光烧蚀Cf/SiC复合材料的烧蚀阈值为0.32 J/cm2。     

An artificial neural network approach for the control of the laser milling process

Laser milling (LM) can be classified as a layer manufacturing process in which the material is removed by a laser beam by means of the ablation mechanism. It is a laser machining process which uses a laser beam to produce 3D shapes into a wide variety of materials. It is also known as laser ablation. It shows clear advantages versus the traditional milling such as the unlimited choice of materials, the direct use of computer-aided design structure data, the high geometric flexibility, and the touchless tool. LM requires the selection of optimal machining parameters for the job. Unlike the mechanical milling and the mechanical incision, the depth of the single removed layer is chosen at the beginning as input parameter of the process. In LM, the ablated depth depends from the process parameters such as laser power, scan speed, pulse duration, and pulse frequency. This work aims to develop an algorithm that can predict the parameters necessary to execute the material removal with a preset ablation depth. Using the results of an experimental campaign, the laser milling process was modeled by means of a back-propagation artificial neural network. Then, an iterative algorithm, based on the previous trained neural network, permitted to calculate the scanning velocity and pulse frequency that approached for the best the preset ablation depth. The developed approach represents a mean for the rational selection of laser ablation process parameters. It can be performed in an intuitive manner since it uses simple artificial intelligence like the artificial neural network.     

Analysis of shrinkage and warpage in an injection-molded part with a thin shell feature using the response surface methodology

This paper presents a systematic methodology to analyze the shrinkage and warpage in an injection-molded part with a thin shell feature during the injection molding process. The systematic experimental design based on the response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to identify the effects of machining parameters on the performance of shrinkage and warpage. The experiment plan adopts the centered central composite design (CCD). The quadratic model of RSM associated sequential approximation optimization (SAO) method is used to find the optimum value of machining parameters. One real case study in the injection molding process of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) cell phone shell has been performed to verify the proposed optimum procedure. The mold temperature (M _T), packing time (P _t), packing pressure (P _P) and cooling time (C _t) in the packing stage are considered as machining parameters. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and conducting confirmation experiments demonstrate that the quadratic models of the shrinkage and warpage are fairly well fitted with the experimental values. The individual influences of all machining parameters on the shrinkage and warpage have been analyzed and predicted by the obtained mathematical models. For the manufacture of PC/ABS cell phone shell, the values of shrinkage and warpage present the reduction of 37.8 and 53.9%, respectively, using this optimal procedure.     

Ablation drilling of invar alloy using ultrashort pulsed laser

Drilling a hole in Invar alloy is accomplished by using a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser. However, this process has a few problems, such as heat effect and poor edge quality. Therefore, the ablation properties of the Invar alloy were investigated by using an ultrashort pulsed laser, which is a regenerative amplifier Ti:sapphire laser with a 1 kHz repetition rate, a 184 fs pulse duration, and a 785 nm wavelength. To study the ablation characteristics of the Invar alloy, we measured the ablation shape, width, and ablated depth at the energy fluence of a single pulse. The optimal condition for hole drilling is a z-axis transfer depth of 4 μm, a circular feed rate of 0.2 mm/s, and a pulse energy of 26.4 μJ. A fine circular hole without burrs and thermal damage were obtained under the optimal processing conditions. The ultrashort pulsed laser system is an excellent tool for micro-hole drilling in Invar alloys without heat effects and poor edge quality.     

Statistical Description of Debris Particle Size Distribution in Electrical Discharge Machining

Gap debris as discharge product is closely related to machining process in electrical discharge machining(EDM). A lot of recent researches have focused on the relationship among debris size, surfaces texture, remove rate, and machining stability. The study on statistical distribution of debris size contributes to the research, but it is still superficial currently. In order to obtain the distribution law of the debris particle size, laser particle size analyzer(LPSA) combined with scanning electron microsco...     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢箔的飞秒激光烧蚀

利用飞秒激光对厚度为20 μm的0Cr18Ni9不锈钢箔进行了表面烧蚀、微细切割等试验,并研究了不锈钢箔的烧蚀特性。首先,根据烧蚀区域的直径和脉冲能量的关系,得到了0Cr18Ni9不锈钢箔的单脉冲烧蚀阈值,并估算了飞秒激光的束腰半径。然后,对飞秒激光切割不锈钢箔的边缘进行金相观察并测试了切割试件的电阻率,以确定飞秒激光切割对不锈钢箔的热影响。最后,对切割试件进行X射线衍射分析(XRD),以确定飞秒激光切割对不锈钢箔物相组成的影响。实验结果表明:飞秒激光的束腰半径为10.416 μm;厚度为20 μm的0Cr18Ni9不锈钢箔的单脉冲烧蚀阈值为0.455 J/cm²;飞秒激光切割后试件的金相组织处于回复阶段,因此金相组织不会产生明显变化;飞秒激光切割后不锈钢箔的物相组成没有变化,但物相的相对含量发生了改变。     

数控机床误差补偿技术及应用热误差补偿技术

热变形误差是影响机床定位精度的重要因素之一。文章在分析多体系统基本变换的基础上,建立了计及几何误差,载荷误差和热变形误差的机床空间综合误差计算模型。对ＸＨＦＡ２４２０加工中心的丝杠和滑枕系统的热变形误差进行了计算和补偿,实验结果表明热误差补偿量达６５％以上。     

On surface damage during machining of AISI 4340 STEEL

The effect of cutting speed and wear land length on the surface damage produced during machining of quenched and tempered AISI 4340 steel under dry, orthogonal conditions was determined. Machined test pieces were examined with a scanning electron and optical microscope. Surface roughness was determined with a profilometer.The results of the investigation show that during machining considerable surface damage is produced; the intensity of which decreases with an increase in cutting speed and wear land length. It was found that the surface damage existed in a wide variety of forms which included chatter marks perpendicular to the direction of relative work-tool motion, long straight grooves parallel to the direction of work-tool motion, large cavities, workpiece debris, tool debris, plastic deformation, cracks, microcracks and voids. The results are interpreted in terms of the type of chip produced during machining and the interaction between the tool nose region and work piece. It is shown that scanning electron microscopy is more indicative of the true condition of the surface than surface roughness measurements.     

Experimental research on the optimization of precision electrochemical machining feed mode of diamond-hole grille

Underwater laser machining process is a promising method to cut materials with less thermal damage. A variation of underwater technique is overflow-assisted laser ablation. This process can introduce a higher thermal convection and more uniform water layer than the typical underwater method. Such characteristics can encourage the damage-free fabrication and also stabilize the laser ablation in water. In this study, cut profile and temperature distribution of workpiece induced by the overflow technique were investigated. Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) used as a work sample was grooved by a nanosecond pulse laser under different overflow conditions. The effects of laser power, laser repetition rate, and water flow velocity were experimentally and numerically examined. A clean and smooth cut surface can be fabricated when the overflow technique was used. Microcracks and porosities found on the laser-ablated area were also addressed in this study. The temperature field of titanium alloy under the different ablation conditions was simulated by using the finite difference computation. The transient heat conduction model was implemented together with the enthalpy method and temperature-dependent material properties. By using the developed model, the groove depths obtained from the experiment and simulation were in a good agreement.     

Static and Dynamic Slider Air-Bearing Behavior in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Under Thermal Flying Height Control and Laser System-Induced Protrusion

The air bearing’s response to regions of elevated temperature on its bounding surfaces (the slider and disk) may be an important consideration in the head–disk interface design of heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) systems. We implement the general non-isothermal molecular gas lubrication equation into an iterative static solver and dynamic air-bearing solver to evaluate the effect of localized heating of the air-bearing surface (ABS) due to the near-field transducer (NFT). The heat-dissipating components in our simplified HAMR design are the NFT, laser diode, and thermal flying height control (TFC) heater. We investigate the effect of each HAMR slider component on ABS temperature and thermal deformation and the slider’s flying height. The NFT induces a localized thermal spot and protrusion on the larger TFC bulge, and it is the location of maximum temperature. This ABS temperature profile alters the air-bearing pressure distribution, increasing the pressure at the hot NFT location compared with predictions of an isothermal air-bearing solver, so that the center of the pressure acting on the ABS is slightly closer to the trailing edge, thereby decreasing the pitch angle and increasing the minimum flying height. Other researchers have shown that the NFT’s thermal response time may be much faster than its protrusion response time (Xu et al. in IEEE Trans Magn 48:3280–3283, 2012). The slider’s dynamic response to a time-varying NFT thermal spot on the ABS while the combined TFC and NFT induced thermal protrusion remains constant is investigated with our dynamic air-bearing solver. We simulate the slider’s step response to a suddenly applied ABS temperature profile and a pulsed temperature profile that represents laser-on over data zones and laser-off over servo zones. The sudden (step) or rapid (pulse) increase in ABS temperature induces a sudden or rapid increase in pressure at the NFT location, thereby exciting the air bearing’s first pitch mode. For the slider design and simulation conditions used here, the result of the pitch mode excitation is to alter the position of the center of pressure in the slider’s length direction, thereby changing the pitch moment. In response, the pitch angle and minimum flying height change. The step response decays after approximately 0.15 ms. Because the laser duty cycle is much shorter than this response time, a periodic disturbance is predicted for the center of pressure coordinate, pitch angle, and minimum flying height. The peak-to-peak minimum flying height modulations are relatively small (only up to 0.126 nm); more significantly, the time-averaged minimum flying height increases 0.5 nm for the NFT that reached 208 °C compared to simulations of the isothermal ABS at ambient temperature.     

高速立式加工中心主轴箱热态分析

高速立式加工中心在加工过程中产生的热效应对机床加工精度的影响日益凸显.XH714B高速立式加工中心在高速加工过程中会出现主轴轴线热偏转现象,机床行业俗称为“闷头”,影响了机械加工表面的完整性,降低了粗糙度.主轴箱作为加工中心的重要热源,为了解决立式加工中心出现“闷头”现象的主要原因,对主轴箱的热态分析就显得尤为重要,采用有限元方法建立了XH714B高速立式加工中心主轴箱热态特性分析模型,分析计算了主轴箱在额定转速下的稳态热特性.与传统观点“滚动轴承为主轴主要热源”不同,提出主轴电动机的热损耗是导致机床主轴轴线在y-z平面内发生偏转的主要原因.     

分析机械加工工艺对零件加工精度的影响

随着我国社会经济的持续发展,机械加工产业对推动社会生产力的发展做出了重要贡献。而零件加工是机械加工中十分重要的内容,在现代系统越来越复杂、零部件精度越来越高的情况下,市场对机械加工工艺提出了更高的要求。文章阐述了机械加工工艺和零件加工精度之间的关系,从受力变形、热变形以及几何误差等角度,分析了机械加工工艺对零件加工精度的具体影响,针对这些影响因素提出了一些提高零件加工精度的建议。     

Design and implementation of a system for laser assisted milling of advanced materials

Laser assisted machining is an effective method to machine advanced materials with the added benefits of longer tool life and increased material removal rates. While extensive studies have investigated the machining properties for laser assisted milling(LAML), few attempts have been made to extend LAML to machining parts with complex geometric features. A methodology for continuous path machining for LAML is developed by integration of a rotary and movable table into an ordinary milling machine with a laser beam system. The machining strategy and processing path are investigated to determine alignment of the machining path with the laser spot. In order to keep the material removal temperatures above the softening temperature of silicon nitride, the transformation is coordinated and the temperature interpolated, establishing a transient thermal model. The temperatures of the laser center and cutting zone are also carefully controlled to achieve optimal machining results and avoid thermal damage. These experiments indicate that the system results in no surface damage as well as good surface roughness, validating the application of this machining strategy and thermal model in the development of a new LAML system for continuous path processing of silicon nitride. The proposed approach can be easily applied in LAML system to achieve continuous processing and improve efficiency in laser assisted machining.     

激光切割机结构优化及几何精度分析研究

以加工幅面为720 mm×600 mm的激光切割机为研究对象,利用有限元方法对其进行整体结构刚度分析;建立激光切割机几何误差模型,结合激光干涉仪测试切割机动、静态下激光切割机导轨直线度、角度误差及运动速度等数据,对其几何精度和定位精度进行了分析研究.研究结果表明:利用有限元对切割机进行的结构优化改进,可有效减小激光切割...     

切向气流作用下激光辐照对尼龙材料的热烧蚀规律

为了研究切向气流对激光毁伤低慢小目标的影响,采用仿真分析和实验相结合的方法研究了在激光辐照典型低慢小目标材料尼龙66过程中切向气流对激光烧蚀作用的影响。建立了激光烧蚀尼龙的简化物理模型,利用红外热像仪分别研究了1.5s和4s两个时刻激光辐照下尼龙材料的温度场分布和烧蚀形貌,并与无气流条件下的结果进行对比。实验表明,切向气流对激光烧蚀尼龙材料过程的影响主要分两个阶段,在辐照前段时间切向气流减缓了激光辐照下尼龙66材料的温升,抑制了激光对尼龙材料的烧蚀作用;但随着温度的升高,热分解产物增多使激光屏蔽作用增强,切向气流减轻了目标材料表面热分解产物对激光的衰减,并为尼龙材料的氧化烧蚀提供更多氧气,促进了烧蚀作用。最后对切向气流下激光烧蚀尼龙的过程进行了ANSYS仿真,实验结果和仿真结果基本一致,从而验证了理论的可靠性。     

Decrease in laser ablation threshold for epithelial tissue microsurgery in a living Drosophila embryo during dorsal closure

In this work, we use a two‐photon fluorescence microscope for combined imaging and laser tissue ablation of a living Drosophila Melanogaster embryo. By using tightly focused near‐infrared femtosecond pulses at MHz repetition rate and of sub‐nanojoule energy we are able to produce microsurgery on the epithelial tissue within a Drosophila embryo at the final stages of its embryonic development. Ablation was performed on labelled and unlabelled embryos during and after dorsal closure. We observed that ablation of GFP‐labelled tissue required lower energy deposition than unlabelled tissue ensuring that the tissue ablation is mediated by multiphoton absorption of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). In addition, the energy deposition to produce ablation is further decreased during dorsal closure. These results show the presence of additional tensile forces on the tissue during dorsal closure. Furthermore, an increased activity of actin near the laser wounds was observed as the tissue heals.     

Ultrafast laser micromachining of 3C-SiC thin films for MEMS device fabrication

Femtosecond pulsed laser (800 nm, 120 fs) micromachining of thin films of 3C-SiC (β-SiC) semiconductor deposited on silicon substrate was investigated as a function of pulse energy (0.5 μJ to 750 μJ). The purpose is to establish suitable laser parametric regime for the fabrication of high accuracy, high spatial resolution and thin diaphragms for high-temperature MEMS pressure sensor applications. Etch rate, ablation threshold and quality of micromachined features were evaluated. The governing ablation mechanisms, such as thermal vaporization, phase explosion, Coulomb explosion and photomechanical fragmentation, were correlated with the effects of pulse energy. The results show that the etch rate is higher and the ablation threshold is lower than those obtained with nanosecond pulsed excimer laser ablation, suggesting femtosecond laser’s potential for rapid manufacturing. In addition, the etch rates were substantially higher than those achievable in various reactive ion and electrochemical etching methods. Excellent quality of machined features with little collateral thermal damage was obtained in the pulse energy range (1–10 μJ). The leading material removal mechanisms under these conditions were photomechanical fragmentation, ultrafast melting and vaporization. At very low pulse energies (<1 μJ), nanoscale material removal has occurred with the formation of nanoparticles that is attributed to Coulomb explosion mechanism. The effect of assist gas on the process performance at low and high energy fluences is also presented.     

Investigating and removing the re-sticky debris on tungsten carbide in electrical discharge machining

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is an excellent method to machine tungsten carbide with high hardness and high toughness. However, debris from this material produced by EDM re-sticking on the workpiece surface remarkably affects working efficiency and dimension precision. Therefore, this study investigated the re-sticky phenomenon of tungsten carbide and how to reduce the debris re-sticking on the workpiece surface. In general, the polarity in EDM depended on the different electrical parameters of the machine input and the different materials of the tool electrode. The first item of investigation observed the re-sticky position of the debris to study the effect of different polarities during the EDM process. Next, the tool electrode was set at different conditions without rotation and with a 200 rpm rotational speed to evaluate the rotating effect in EDM. Finally, different lift distances of the electrode and different shapes of electrode with rotation were utilized to investigate the improvement for reducing debris re-sticking on the machining surface. The results showed that only negative polarity in EDM could cause the re-sticky phenomenon on tungsten carbide. On the other hand, debris would notably re-stick on any machining position when the tool electrode was not rotated in EDM. Besides, debris significantly stuck on the center of the working area with rotation of the electrode. Additionally, a larger lift distance of the tool electrode could reduce debris re-sticking on the working surface, but this process would decrease material removal rate in EDM. In the end, a special shaped design of the tool electrode resulted in the re-sticky debris completely vanishing, when the electrode width was 0.6 times the diameter of this cylindrical electrode.     

Study of high-efficiency electrical discharge machining-induced ablation machining of titanium alloy TC4 using a multi-function electrode

Aimed at overcoming the low efficiency of electrical discharge machining (EDM), and taking advantage of the characteristic that most metals can burn in oxygen, a new high-efficiency process is put forward: EDM-induced ablation machining (EDM-IAM) using multi-function electrode technology. EDM-IAM injects oxygen and dielectric fluid into the processing area through a dedicated channel of a multi-function electrode. The chemical energy caused by the reaction of metal and oxygen can much improve the material removal efficiency. To study the factors affecting the efficiency of the process, the ablation machining of a titanium alloy (TC4) using a multi-function electrode was carried out; analysis of the worked surface was done with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and discharge waveforms. The results show that the substances of the worked surface are mainly TiO, TiO_1.2, TiO₂, and smaller amounts of Ti₃O and other titanium oxides. Violent oxidation combustion reaction occurs during the ablation machining process. The processing efficiency of ablation machining can reach 347.7 mm³/min, which is 58.7 times that of normal EDM for the same processing conditions. The main reasons for the high material removal rate are the higher utilization rate of electric spark discharge energy, consumption of material by ablation, melting effect of combustion heat on the workpiece material, and forced chip removal effect by local explosion.     

Case study: A comparison of error sources in high-speed milling

This paper describes a case study devised to quantify the relative contributions of geometric, thermal, contouring, and cutting force errors to machined part dimensional errors. Measurements were performed to independently evaluate the: (1) quasi-static geometric errors using the laser ball bar; (2) variations in geometric errors due to thermal effects; (3) spindle thermal growth errors using a capacitance gage nest; (4) two-dimensional contouring errors using a grid plate encoder; and (5) surface location error due to (stable) forced vibrations during cutting. The effects of the first three error components were related to part dimensions using a homogeneous transformation matrix approach integrated into a Monte Carlo simulation. A comparison of the individual influences of these error sources showed that the cutting force error was dominant for the high-speed machining center/tool-holder combination selected for this study.