The suggestion of the standardized finite element model through the experimental verifications of various railway vehicle structures made of sandwich composites

In this study, a standardized finite element model for the carbody structures of various railway vehicles made of sandwich composites was suggested. The standardized finite element model for composite carbody structures was introduced and proposed by comparing the results of real structural tests under vertical, compressive, twisting load and natural frequency tests of various railway vehicles. The results showed that the quadratic shell element was suitable to model the reinforced metal frame used to improve the flexural stiffness of sandwich panels compared to beam elements, and layered shells and solid elements were recommended to model the skin and honeycomb core of sandwich panels compared to sandwich shell elements. Also, the proposed standard finite element model has the merit of being applied to crashworthiness analysis just by minor modifications, such as contact conditions and constraint equations.     

复合材料起落架舱门结构优化设计

基于有限元软件ANSYS建立复合材料起落架舱门参数化有限元模型,基于三明治夹芯板理论将蜂窝芯层等效为均质的厚度不变的层板,以蜂窝夹芯高度与复合材料面板各铺层厚度为设计变量,以铺层板、蜂窝夹芯的强度,结构稳定性以及结构刚度为约束函数,以结构质量最轻为目标函数,基于ANSYS优化模块首先选择零阶法进行优化得到粗略解,其次选择一阶梯度优化法进一步对夹层结构进行优化设计,得到最优蜂窝芯子厚度、蒙皮各铺层厚度.     

穿孔对平纹编织面板蜂窝夹芯结构侧向压缩性能的影响

建立平纹编织面板蜂窝夹芯结构的渐进损伤分析模型来分别研究无损伤面板和单侧面板含穿孔损伤的蜂窝夹芯结构的侧向压缩性能,并将该结果与试验结果进行对照,以验证所建立模型的正确性。考虑到模型具有高度的材料非线性,选用ABAQUS/Explicit求解器进行蜂窝夹芯结构准静态侧向压缩性能的模拟,通过编写VUMAT子程序,分别设置面板和芯子的失效准则及刚度退化模型,选用内聚力模型模拟胶层,完成侧向压缩下蜂窝夹芯结构的渐进损伤分析。研究结果表明：无损伤面板的蜂窝夹芯结构侧向压缩强度受面板的屈曲行为控制,含穿孔损伤的蜂窝夹芯结构侧向压缩强度受含穿孔侧面板基体的抗压缩能力控制,且穿孔损伤会严重降低蜂窝夹芯结构的侧向压缩强度。     

Study on Rollover Index and Stability for a Triaxle Bus

Vehicle rollover, and its resulting fatalities, is an actively researched topic especially for multi-axle vehicles in the field of vehicle dynamics and control. This paper first presents a new rollover index for a triaxle bus to accurately evaluate its rollover possibility and then discusses the influence laws of the vehicle rollover dynamics to explore the mechanism of its stability. First, a six degree of freedom rollover model of the triaxle bus is developed, including lateral, yaw, roll motion of the sprung mass of the front/rear axle, and roll motion of the unsprung mass of the front/rear axle. Next, some key parameters of the vehicle rollover model are identified. A new rollover index is deduced according to the basics of vehicle dynamics, to predict vehicle rollover risk for the triaxle bus, which is verified by TruckSim. Furthermore, the influence laws of vehicle rollover dynamics by vehicle parameters and road parameters are discussed based on the simulation results. More importantly, the results show that the new method of modeling can precisely describe the rollover dynamics of the studied bus, and the proposed new index can e ectively evaluate the rollover possibility. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis to improve anti-rollover ability for triaxle buses.     

Maximizing structure performances of a sandwich panel with hybrid composite skins using particle swarm optimization algorithm

A sandwich panel, composed of hybrid laminate skins of AL (aluminum)-CFRP-GFRP and aluminum honeycomb core, was optimized for maximizing the structural performance. Stacking sequence of the three different materials comprising the hybrid laminate skins and individual ply angles are taken as design variables in the present optimization problem. Synergizing a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm method with a specially developed FEM program enables one to optimally decide the design variables and thereby significantly improve the sandwich performance. The present technique applying PSO to a hybrid sandwich in conjunction with FEA has extended the application area of optimization with a complex honeycomb sandwich that is not possible by the conventional method.     

Evaluation of material properties and internal damage within CFRP and CFRP/Al sandwich panels due to impact loading

In the present paper, damage development within Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates and CFRP/Aluminum (Al) honeycomb core sandwich panels by impact loading was evaluated, and change in material properties due to the damage development was investigated. Falling weight impact tests, 3-point bending tests and cross-sectional observation were carried out. As results, it is found that falling rate of bending elastic modulus due to internal damage in the laminate only is lower than that in the upper face-sheet of the sandwich panel, and that difference in the falling rate between them becomes maximum at the impact energy of 5.1 J. As a result of investigating the relationship between reduction in bending elastic modulus and internal damage development, the reduction is caused by delamination within CFRP laminates mainly. Since total length of cracks in CFRP/Al honeycomb core sandwich panels is smaller than that in the laminates only, the sandwich panels have high impact tolerance because of absorption of impact energy by damaging Al honeycomb core.     

Rollover crashworthiness analysis and optimization of bus frame for conceptual design

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - At the conceptual design stage, utilizing the detailed model to determine the rollover crashworthiness of bus structure would need long design cycle....     

复合材料蜂窝夹层板低速冲击损伤模拟及实验研究

复合材料蜂窝夹层板因其良好的力学特性及质量轻等优点在工程中得到了广泛应用,但其抗冲击能力较差。本文研究了复合材料蜂窝夹层板受低速冲击后的变形和损伤情况,采用光滑粒子动力学结合有限元数值模拟方法分析了复合材料蜂窝夹层板受不同能量冲击后的响应,并通过试验和模拟计算结果对比分析,给出了不同冲击能量下复合材料蜂窝夹层板的位移和损伤。研究结果表明:给出的复合材料蜂窝夹层板冲击数值模型能够合理的模拟低速冲击行为,能为工程中复合材料蜂窝夹层板结构受冲击损伤的测定提供参考依据。     

Crashworthiness analysis on alternative square honeycomb structure under axial loading

Hexagonal metal honeycomb is widely used in energy absorption field for its special construction. However, many other metal honeycomb structures also show good energy absorption characteristics. Currently, most of the researches focus on hexagonal honeycomb, while few are performed into different honeycomb structures. Therefore, a new alternative square honeycomb is developed to expand the non-hexagonal metal honeycomb applications in the energy absorption fields with the aim of designing low mass and low volume energy absorbers. The finite element model of alternative square honeycomb is built to analyze its specific energy absorption property. As the diversity of honeycomb structure, the parameterized metal honeycomb finite element analysis program is conducted based on PCL language. That program can automatically create finite element model. Numerical results show that with the same foil thickness and cell length of metal honeycomb, the alternative square has better specific energy absorption than hexagonal honeycomb. Using response surface method, the mathematical formulas of honeycomb crashworthiness properties are obtained and optimization is done to get the maximum specific energy absorption property honeycomb. Optimal results demonstrate that to absorb same energy, alternative square honeycomb can save 10% volume of buffer structure than hexagonal honeycomb can do. This research is significant in providing technical support in the extended application of different honeycomb used as crashworthiness structures, and is absolutely essential in low volume and low mass energy absorber design.     

基于碰撞仿真对小客车的结构改进

利用非线性动力显式有限元方法，建立了一个详细的小客车整车有限元模型，进行了小客车正面碰撞刚性墙的仿真。仿真结果表明这个小客车初始设计的耐撞性不足，某些零件的能量吸收特性和变形模式不合理。基于仿真结果。对小客车的前部进行了重新设计以改进其耐撞性。对改进后的小客车的有限元分析结果表明，小客车的碰撞性能有了很大改善。     

基于管内填充方法的客车侧翻安全性改进研究

按照欧洲ECE R66法规,建立了客车整车有限元模型,利用LS_DYNA软件模拟了客车侧翻时车身的动态响应。针对原车身结构侧翻存在的问题,提出了基于管内填充方法的结构改进方案,并进行了仿真分析和试验验证。仿真及试验结果表明,在适当位置的矩形钢管内填充石蜡、松香或环氧树脂与木屑及固化剂的混合物,都可使车身上部结构刚度提高。考虑到高温时的稳定性,环氧树脂与木屑及固化剂的混合物效果更佳。改进后的客车车身骨架在侧翻时没有与乘员生存空间发生相互穿透,满足法规要求。     

蜂窝芯结构力学特性的实验与仿真研究

负泊松比蜂窝芯结构具有独特的力学性能,有着良好的应用前景,蜂窝芯结构弹性模量的研究是夹层结构设计的基础。文章对蜂窝芯结构模型进行力学性能实验以及ANSYS仿真分析研究,结果表明蜂窝芯结构的弹性模量都是随着t／b的增大而增大,且与理论计算值为同一个数量级,为蜂窝芯结构的工程实用化研究奠定了基础。     

Dynamic response of aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to hypervelocity impact by porous volcanic rock projectile

The dynamic response and damage behavior of aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels (HC/SPs) subjected to hypervelocity impact by volcanic rock projectiles were investigated by hypervelocity impact tests and hydrocode simulations. The experiments were conducted using a two stage light gas gun and the results showed that the failure modes in HC/SPs subjected to hypervelocity impact by volcanic rock projectiles mainly took forms of front-face denting and circular perforation, honeycomb core collapsing and rapture, rear-face petal-ling and perforation etc. A 3D discrete configuration of the porous volcanic rock projectiles was set up. The hypervelocity impact behavior of the HC/SPs was investigated through hydrocode modeling, within a Lagrange-SPH coupling method in LS-DYNA solver. It was found that the dynamic response and failure modes in the HC/SPs were significantly influenced by the impact location and the impact velocity of the volcanic rock projectile.

     

Investigation of low velocity impact behaviors of honeycomb sandwich composites

Honeycomb sandwich composites are used as significant structural members in advanced engineering applications. Thus, it is critical to determine how they behave under impact loading, in addition to other loads. In this study, low velocity impact loading behaviors of honeycomb sandwich composites were experimentally investigated. Almost all of the design parameters of honeycomb sandwich composites were investigated. The results indicated that the core thickness of honeycomb had no effect on the strength of the composite, and the parameter influencing the impact behavior of the specimen the most was the face sheet thickness. When the face sheet thickness of the specimen was increased, the most apparent strength increase was observed in the models using carbon fiber-reinforced composite face sheets. For all face sheet types subject to impact energy of 10 Joules, the upper face sheets of 0.5 mm-thick specimens were perforated.     

铝蜂窝夹芯板低速动态冲击响应研究

为研究不同结构参数对质量相同、强度不同的两种铝蜂窝夹芯板低速动态冲击响应的影响，建立了铝蜂窝夹芯板受半球型落锤低速冲击的数值模型，并将有限元计算结果与试验结果进行对比，检验了模型的可靠性。在此基础上，对比研究了不同上下铝板厚度和不同蜂窝芯壁厚对两种铝蜂窝夹芯板在低速冲击下吸能效果的影响。结果表明：在质量相同的情况下，强度小、高度大的夹芯板在低速冲击下力-位移曲线更易出现双峰模式，增加蜂窝芯壁厚或是上下铝板厚度都会使第一次的峰值力增加，第二次峰值力降低；强度小、高度大的夹芯板蜂窝芯在低速冲击中吸能占比更多，强度大、高度小的则是上层铝板吸收的能量更多，前者的质量、体积比吸能更高；铝蜂窝夹芯板质量比吸能和体积比吸能与壁厚边长比、板厚芯高比均呈幂次关系。     

基于灰色预测的驾驶员-汽车系统侧翻预测

为了保证高速行车安全性,研究了基于预瞄-预测模型的汽车侧翻评价指标估计问题,提出了一种基于预瞄-预测驾驶员模型的侧翻预测方法。以高重心汽车为研究对象,建立了三自由度汽车模型和预瞄驾驶员模型;基于预瞄-跟随理论和灰色预测理论,搭建了预瞄-预测驾驶员模型;根据汽车侧翻的机理提出了能反映侧翻情况的指标--横向载荷转移率,并在此基础上提出了汽车侧翻指标估计-预测模型;基于主动转向控制策略和汽车侧翻指标估计-预测模型构建了汽车侧翻预测系统,并进行了不同工况下的仿真分析,从而验证了侧翻预测系统的有效性。     

汽车静态最大侧倾稳定角及其影响因素敏感度分析

为更加准确地求解汽车静态最大侧倾稳定角，建立了综合考虑悬架组合角刚度和轮胎垂直刚度的汽车静态侧翻模型。应用该模型，对某型号客车的静态最大侧倾稳定角进行了计算，将求解结果和其他侧翻模型以及试验数据对比，结果表明该模型计算结果和试验数据很接近。利用该模型，还进行了侧倾稳定角主要影响因素的敏感度分析。     

汽车静态最大侧倾稳定角及其影响因素敏感度分析

为更加准确地求解汽车静态最大侧倾稳定角,建立了综合考虑悬架组合角刚度和轮胎垂直刚度的汽车静态侧翻模型。应用该模型,对某型号客车的静态最大侧倾稳定角进行了计算,将求解结果和其他侧翻模型以及试验数据对比,结果表明该模型计算结果和试验数据很接近。利用该模型,还进行了侧倾稳定角主要影响因素的敏感度分析。     

民机地板以下结构参数变化对复合材料机身适坠性能的影响研究

为了确保乘员在可生存事故中存活,民机结构必须具备适坠特性。复合材料结构坠撞后的材料破坏形式与常规的金属材料破坏有所不同,复合材料民机的适坠性设计需要对地板以下结构参数变化对复合材料机身适坠特性的影响进行深入的评估。这里对某金属材料民机典型机身结构通过刚度等代设计得到复合材料机身简化模型,利用LS-DYNA3D建立了1/4缩比动力学仿真模型,利用该模型考察了行李舱支柱位置、角度、刚度及行李舱高度变化对复合材料机身适坠性能的影响。仿真结果表明地板以下结构参数变化对复合材料机身和金属机身坠撞响应的影响是不同的,考察的参数中行李舱支柱角度、刚度是影响坠撞响应的关键因素。     

基于空间收缩回归的汽车耐撞性优化

选择汽车正面碰撞耐撞性为优化目标,结合最优拉丁超立方样本点设计、RBF模型以及NSGA-Ⅱ多目标优化对设计变量进行优化。为了加快目标值收敛速度并寻求可能存在的初始设计域之外的最优解,引入空间收缩回归法在迭代过程中对设计域进行动态更新。优化迭代过程最终收敛到一组最优解,使得在未增加车身总质量的条件下提升了车身正面碰撞耐撞性。通过与有限元模型计算结果进行对比分析,验证了该方法具有收敛速度快和寻优精度高的特点。