Cuprous hydrometallurgy Party VI. Activation of chalcopyrite by reduction with copper and solutions of copper(I) salts

Chalcopyrite is reduced by solutions of copper(I) sulfate and copper(I) chloride to chalcocite (Cu₂S) and bornite (Cu₅FeS₄) whilst the iron reports to the solution. Factors which affect the rate and efficiency of reduction are examined. The reaction is rapid on fresh surfaces of chalcopyrite but slows markedly as a film of chalcocite or bornite forms. The reduction in the presence of copper metal goes to completion and gives a material which is more readily leached by oxidising agents than is chalcopyrite. Thus 99% of the copper in the reduced chalcopyrite is leached when copper(II) sulfate in aqueous acetonitrile is the oxidising agent, whereas only 30% of the copper is leached from pure chalcopyrite under similar conditions. Concentrated solutions of copper(I) salts are less effective in reducing CuFeS₂ in a heterogeneous solid-liquid reaction than is copper metal in a “galvanic” solid-solid reaction. Solutions of copper(II) sulfate plus concentrated copper(I) sulfate in dilute acetonitrile (4 M) containing copper sheets are an effective reductant for chalcopyrite.     

The leaching of copper from sulphur activated chalcopyrite with cupric sulphate in nitrile-water mixtures

If chalcopyrite is roasted with sulphur at 400–450°C pyrite and idaite or bornite are produced. Bornite plus pyrite are also prepared by roasting a 1:1 mixture of chalcopyrite and covellite. These copper-iron sulphides were leached with acidified aqueous cupric sulphate solutions containing acetonitrile or hydracrylonitrile and the results are compared with leaching with acidified cupric chloride in brine. The nitrile route has the advantage of a less corrosive sulphate medium for subsequent copper recovery processes.Bornite appears to be the most attractive product from the roasting of sulphur and chalcopyrite because much of its copper can be readily leached. Iron reports to the solution only in the latter stages of extraction. Up to 80% of the copper in this bornite is leached with CuSO₄/RCN/H₂O at 60°C. Copper is recovered from the resulting cuprous sulphate solution by electrowinning with inert anode. The products are copper cathodes and cupric sulphate, which is recycled. The leach residue may be used to reactivate further chalcopyrite or is leached of its copper by established routes.     

低品位含铜金矿柱浸试验研究

采用柱浸法对紫金山矿区含铜金矿进行浸出试验,分别考察矿样粒度、铜品位、喷淋强度、氰化钠喷淋浓度和浸出时间对浸出率的影响。结果表明,采用堆浸法处理该含铜金矿矿样是可行的,对-80mm粒级在15天内金浸出率大于86%,浸出前期金、铜同时浸出,在浸出后期出现沉铜现象。     

铜渣浸出中镍的浸出行为研究

研究了高冰镍选择性氧化浸出产生的铜湘在常压氧气浸出过程中镍的溶解行为,考查了硫酸浓度、氯化物浓度、氧气流量及温度等参数对其的影响。     

碲渣综合回收工艺研究

简述了碲渣综合回收金银等的工艺试验碲渣经磨矿水浸碲产出粗二氧化碲,用离子沉淀和络合净化法提纯;浸碲渣用氯盐浸出铜铋,中和水解回收氯氧铋,置换回收海绵铜;残留渣中的金银可返回金银冶炼系统回收。对该工艺综合回收碲、铋、铜、金、银的经济效益进行了估算。     

Assessment of aggression, sexual behavior and fertility in adult male rat following long-term ingestion of four industrial metals salts

1. The effect of long-term ingestion of the industrial metals salts, manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride was investigated on aggression, sexual behavior and fertility in male rat. Adult male rats ingested solutions of these salts along with drinking water at a concentration of 1000 p.p.m. for 12 weeks. 2. Male rat sexual behavior was suppressed after the ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. The ingestion of solutions of these salts markedly prolonged the intromission and ejaculation latencies. Aluminum chloride and copper chloride reduced the copulatory efficiency. 3. Male rat aggression was also abolished after the ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. The ingestion of solutions of these salts markedly suppressed lateralizations, boxing bouts, fight with stud male and ventral presenting postures. 4. Fertility was reduced in male rats ingested with lead acetate. The total number of resorptions was increased in female rats impregnated by males ingested with manganese sulfate and lead acetate. 5. Body, absolute or relative testes, seminal vesicles weights were dropped in adult male rats ingested with manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. However, the absolute or relative preputial gland weights were not affected. Collectively, these results suggest that the long-term ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride would have adverse effects on sexual behavior, territorial aggression, fertility and the reproductive system of the adult male rat.     

碘-乙醇非水体系分离—重铬酸钾滴定法测定炉渣中金属铁与氧化亚铁

对炉渣中的金属铁与氧化亚铁的测定进行了研究。通过考察与金属铁反应而不与氧化亚铁反应的5种弱酸盐溶液(醋酸铅溶液、醋酸铜溶液、三氯化铁-醋酸钠-醋酸溶液、碘-碘化钾溶液、三氯化铁溶液)和非水溶液(碘-乙醇溶液)对金属铁的浸取效果,选取了碘-乙醇溶液作为炉渣中金属铁的浸取剂。实验结果表明,0.200 0 g炉渣样品用50 mL碘-乙醇溶液浸取40min, 采用重铬酸钾滴定法分别测定浸取液中铁量和浸取后残渣中的亚铁量,得到炉渣中金属铁和氧化亚铁量, 金属铁的浸取率在97 %以上,而氧化亚铁不被浸出。与经典的三氯化铁浸取剂相比,本浸取剂对金属铁的浸取效果好,金属铁与氧化亚铁分离完全,避免了用三氯化铁溶液作浸取剂时亚铁与金属铁的酸溶干扰。以碘-乙醇溶液浸取钢渣和脱磷渣后采用重铬酸钾滴定法测定,金属铁的测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.2%和4.6 %,氧化亚铁测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.72%和0.62%。     

Controlled phase equilibria for the chemical utilization of sea-bitterns

The waste sea-bitterns rejected at solar salt plants are utilized, by applying successive solar evaporation, controlled phase equilibria and fractional crystallization, for the recovery of valuable mineral salts and marine chemicals such as: sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, potassium salt of bittern, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and bromine.     

Ferric chloride leaching of sulphidized chalcopyrite

Reactions between chalcopyrite and elemental sulphur at between 320°C and 400°C produce various combinations of covellite, nukundamite (Cu_5,5 FeS_6,5, and pyrite depending on the sulphur content of the products. If all the contained copper is transferred to covellite, and iron to pyrite, at least 95% of the copper can be leached by ferric chloride with negligible iron dissolution at up to 70°C. At above 70°C, iron is extracted from pyrite. When nukundamite is present, the iron and copper contents of this compound are leached simultaneously, and the consequent loss of selectivity is further enhanced at above 70°C by attack of pyrite. The increased rates of copper extraction obtained following sulphidation result from both the breakdown of chalcopyrite and a greater porosity.     

高铜载金炭铁盐法脱铜试验研究

某高铜载金炭中金品位2. 58 kg/t,铜品位50. 85 kg/t。针对该载金炭中铜品位高,影响吸附作业的问题,采用铁盐法进行脱铜试验研究,并考察脱铜液再生利用的影响因素。结果表明:采用铁盐法脱铜工艺处理高铜载金炭,在液炭比9∶1,脱铜时间6 h,脱铜温度25℃,氯化铁用量6 kg/t,硫酸用量15 kg/t的条件下,脱铜率可达97. 52%,且金基本不被浸出;脱铜液采用萃取-反萃工艺处理,可实现铜的综合回收,萃余液通过空气氧化后返回脱铜作业循环利用,脱铜率可达到97. 46%。     

Heparin attenuates bleomycin but not silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice: possible relationship with involvement of myofibroblasts in bleomycin, and fibroblasts in silica-induced fibrosis

The metal alloys which were investigated histopathologically in the first part of this study, were examined with respect to their allergic potentials using the patch test. Results from 60 subjects (aged 17-23) were evaluated following exposure to nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, silver nitrate, cobalt nitrate, copper sulphate, palladium chloride, platinum chloride and gold chloride. Nickel sulphate produced the most vigorous allergic response whereas gold chloride showed the least of all. The remaining solutions were ranked in decreasing order of severity as follows: potassium dichromate, cobalt nitrate, silver nitrate, copper sulphate, palladium chloride and platinum chloride. Patch testing is indicated in any patient with a history of allergy or sensitivity to a metal. The use of nickel containing alloys in such patients should also be avoided.     

复合添加剂对交直流叠加电解精炼铜的影响

以氯化钾、明胶和硫脲为基础添加剂,复配聚丙烯酰胺、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、糖精和添加剂A中的一种或几种制得一系列复合添加剂,研究其对交直流叠加电解精炼铜的影响,并对复合添加剂的作用机理进行简单探讨。结果表明:自制复合添加剂均能不同程度的改善阴极铜质量,添加剂Ⅷ(含硫脲5 mg/L、聚丙烯酰胺10 mg/L和添加剂A 0.6 mL/L)和Ⅹ(含氯化钾10 mg/L、硫脲5 mg/L、明胶6 mg/L和添加剂A 0.6 mL/L)是两种作用效果较好的复合添加剂,可以明显改善阴极铜质量,有望成为未来铜电解精炼工艺中的新型复合添加剂。     

Recovery of nickel and copper from high-grade matte at Impala Platinum by the Sherritt process

High-grade nickel-copper matte is treated at Impala Platinum to produce nickel briquettes and copper cathodes. The remaining residue is separately treated for the recovery of platinum group metals. The major portion of the nickel values is preferentially extracted in a first stage acid oxidation leach. The resulting nickel solution contains little or no dissolved copper. After adjustment with recycled ammonium sulphate and ammonia, this solution is reduced directly with hydrogen under pressure, to produce a nickel powder product which is subsequently briquetted and sold as such. Second stage acid oxidation leach is carried out on the first stage leach residue to extract substantially all of the copper values as well as the residual nickel values. Copper is recovered from the solution in an electrowinning step and the spent electrolyte containing copper, nickel and sulphuric acid is recycled to the first stage leach. The second stage residue is further leached under acid conditions to provide a final residue rich in platinum group metals. This residue constitutes the feed to the Impala platinum metals refinery.     

Effect of potassium depletion on mineral appetite in the rat.

Studied potassium appetite in normal female Sprague-Dawley rats and in rats in which the total body potassium had been reduced by 15-20%. Potassium depletion resulted in increased ingestion of solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and quinine sulphate in concentrations that were unacceptable to normal Ss. The amount of potassium ingested was related to the degree of potassium depletion and repletion was usually completed within 24 hr. when potassium was offered. Potassium-depleted Ss also drank large quantities of aversive concentrations of sodium chloride. This was preferred to potassium chloride and its ingestion appeared to be unrelated to need. The appetite state was reversed by prior intragastric repletion with potassium but not with sodium salts. (19 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

镍溶液提纯方法研究现状

相继更新的硫酸镍、氯化镍等镍盐产品标准对镍盐中杂质含量提出了更严格的要求。镍溶液中常见金属杂质离子有铁、铜、锌、钙、镁、钠等,介绍了去除这些杂质的方法及研究现状,并指出今后的发展趋势。     

黄铜矿的湿法冶金工艺研究进展

介绍了黄铜矿湿法冶金的最新进展及工艺特性，探讨了黄铜矿湿法冶金的发展前景。Dynatec加煤粉流程和CESL二段浸出流程很好地解决了中温压力氧化酸浸过程中单质硫的影响，对材质的耐腐蚀性要求低，在低能耗下获得了高的浸出效果，对于主要分布于黄铜矿中的含金铜精矿，可获得很高的金回收率。Intec和Hydro Copper工艺在常压低温氯化介质中很好地浸出黄铜矿精矿，并能同时回收伴生的贵金属．生产的中间产品铜粉可直接加工高附加值产品，能耗低，回收率高，是复杂铜精矿湿法冶金的途径．Geocoat工艺的诞生使得高品位黄铜矿精矿大规模高温细菌氧化浸出成为现实，它克服了细菌浸出对设备要求高的缺点，利用堆浸的优势，以低的运行成本获取高的黄铜矿浸出率。     

Characteristics of electrochemical reactions accompanying chlorinating annealing of copper sulfide concentrates

The mechanism for reactions accompanying the low-temperature roasting of a copper sulfide concentrate with potassium and sodium chlorides without the formation of sulfurous gases and their evolution into the atmosphere is suggested. The obtained cake is leached with water under pH correction in the vicinity of 6. Water-soluble sulfates transfer into the solution, while copper and iron hydroxides remain in the cake. The further leaching of the cake by an aqueous sulfuric acid at the final pH 2.5–3.0 makes it possible to completely transfer copper into the solution, while iron completely remains in the solid phase. The recovery of copper into the solution under the optimal annealing conditions (t = 450°C, τ = 1 h) and the above conditions of double leaching is no lower than 95%. Chlorinating annealing at temperatures below and above 450°C results in a decrease in the recovery of copper into the final product of copper sulfate. The found maximum is explained.     

难选铜钼矿铜钼分离新工艺研究

以某地斑岩型铜钼矿浮选产出的铜钼混合精矿为原料,经650℃焙烧后先用水浸出部分铜,浸铜渣用纯碱浸出钼,钼浸出率达96 05%,浸出液中的钼可用沉淀法回收。铜在浸钼渣中的品位达27 93%,并含有13 8g/t金和144g/t银。     

Protective effect of D-glucaro-delta-lactam against amino-glycoside-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

The nephrotoxicity of rats caused by dibekacin (3',4'-dideoxykanamycin B) or kanamycin with or without dextran was effectively reduced by D-glucaro-delta-lactam potassium salt, as evidenced by lower levels of blood urea nitrogen and kidney edema rate, better excretion of antibiotics,and less morphological damage. Protection was dosage related, and potentiated with increasing doses, but only when the two drugs were given simultaneously. Among three alkali-metal salts examined, the potassium salt was almost equal to the lithium salt, but surpassed the sodium salt in effectiveness. Inorganic salts, in particular potassium chloride were found to be effective for the protection of normal rats, but their effect decreased for the dehydrated rats, especially in the presence of dextran.     

锌精矿中氯的测定——氯化银比浊法

提出了样品以硝酸浸取,用高锰酸钾除去影响沉淀的硫,采用氯化银比浊法测定锌精矿中氯含量的分析方法。分别对稳定剂、稳定时间、沉淀剂、共存离子的影响进行了试验,确定了较优的测试条件。加标回收率在98.67%～101.63%,氯浓度在0～8μg/mL与浊度值之间有良好的线性关系,能满足生产要求。