水环境影响预测中计算参数的确定及敏感性分析

无论采用解析计算还是数学模拟对河流污染混合区开展分析,其计算参数的准确性比选择不同数学模型对预测结果的影响更大,应予以重视。基于宽阔河流污染混合区几何特征尺度的理论公式,分析并提出了采用多年平均枯水期流量确定环境设计流量的方法和考虑排污风险修正系数的排污强度确定方法,给出了河流污染混合区各计算参数正、负误差分别引起的最大长度、最大宽度和面积误差的敏感性排序。结果表明,水深、流速和横向扩散系数的正误差会减小污染混合区范围,而排污强度的正误差则会增大污染范围,而且,污染混合区几何特征尺度的误差变化幅度远超过其计算参数的误差变化幅度,揭示了计算误差的放大效应。     

含淹没植被明渠水位及糙率变化试验研究

采用概化水槽试验研究了在不同植物间距、水流条件下,含淹没植被明渠水位、曼宁糙率系数的变化特征,给出了含淹没植被明渠的糙率经验公式.试验结果表明:相同的流量、水深条件下,明渠的水位壅高值和水面比降均随植物间距的减小而逐渐增大,当植物枝叶相互间贴近或交叉时,植物对明渠水位、比降的影响程度相对较大;水深基本相同、植物排列方式相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水面比降基本呈线性增大趋势;水深相同的条件下,含淹没植被明渠糙率受水流流速的影响较小.     

含竖向杆件的半圆形明渠糙率研究

TBM掘进机轨道常采用工字钢支撑,明渠底部设置工字钢后会降低其过水能力。为了定量研究明渠底部设置工字钢后对其糙率的影响,引入了等效水力参数的概念,对工字钢产生的等效附加糙率进行了理论分析。此外,结合某实际工程,通过模型试验研究,测量了设有工字钢的半圆形明渠在不同流量下的水深,采用假定糙率试算法、逐段计算糙率法对其综合糙率进行了计算分析。研究结果表明,建立的"糙率条带计算法+等效附加糙率计算法"得到的综合糙率值与模型试验值吻合良好,可采用理论计算方法估算半圆形明渠底部设置竖向杆件后的综合糙率。     

污水在明渠水流中近区扩散与混合的试验研究

用水力实验方法研究了明渠水流中园形污水射流近区扩散与混合的特性。试验方法及结果均作了介绍。试验结果表明:污水射流扩散和近区内的稀释度主要决定于射流佛劳德数、相对水深和相对流速。     

含柔性植物明渠水流阻力特性试验研究

利用水槽试验研究了无草、淹没型、非淹没型柔性植物水流阻力特性的变化规律,分析了含植物明渠沿程水面比降和阻力系数的变化特性。得到各植物阻力系数变化与尼库拉兹曲线基本相似,紊流范围内同样可划分为紊流光滑区、紊流过渡区、紊流粗糙区;探讨了各植物明渠等效河床的问题,据此确定了各植物的粗糙度,对植物粗糙度、水流雷诺数和阻力系数之间的关系进行了分析,并通过对各植物水流阻力系数的分区回归计算,得到各植物水流阻力的分区经验表达式,该方法能较好地应用于含植物明渠水流阻力系数的推求。     

明渠混合污染物侧向和垂向扩散系数的计算方法及其应用

明渠的侧向和垂向扩散系数是衡量岸边水流对污染物质混合输移能力的重要水质参数之一, 其值的准确与否直接关系到明渠水质预测预报成果的可靠性。基于污染混合区的理论计算方法,推导了污染混合区外边界标准曲线和曲面的统一方程,包含最大长度Ls、最大宽度bs和最大深度ds等特征尺度。该曲线形状近似于半椭圆,曲面形状为近似椭球体的一部分,表明污染混合区具有相似性。给出了由岸边污染混合区外边界最大长度、最大宽度或最大深度和平均流速确定侧向或垂向扩散系数的计算公式,提出了采用污染混合区面积或体积进行总体控制的侧向或垂向扩散系数计算方法和采用水面横向积分浓度确定垂向扩散系数的实用方法。通过现场观测结果分析,给出了洸府河下游河段枯水期的侧向扩散系数0.27 m2/s。     

明渠均匀流污染带的最大信息熵理论

引入最大信息熵原理渠均匀流中的污染带问题进行研究，给出了在恒定源和横向均匀线源情况下稳态污染带浓度场和带长的解析解，传统的不受岸壁干扰时的浓度场公式是本文公式的特殊情形。     

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE FROM BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN FLOWING WATER

In this paper, the bottom of the Dianshan Lake was selected as a test sample. The dynamic release of contaminated sediments into the overlying water column was experimentally investigated in an open water channel under different hydrodynamic conditions. The experimental results indicate that the Total Phosphorus (TP) release process can be divided into three stages: rapid release, slow release and equilibration release. In the initial release stage the measured TP concentration changes along the depth. The TP concentration near the sediment-water interface is higher than that near the water surface, but the TP concentration becomes uniform along the depth after 3 h. The dynamic release of re-suspension sediment pollutants is about 6 times higher than the static release of sediment-water interface. There are three main types of release mechanism: diffusion release, re-suspended pore water mixing release and re-suspended particles desorbing release.     

潮汐河口污染带影响因素研究

介绍潮汐河口污染物混合问题的研究现状,建立了应用贴体坐标和有限体积法求解二维水流水质方程的数学模型,并在此基础上,着重研究了潮汐河口水域水力要素及污染物排放特性与污染带范围的变化规律,得到了该水域水深、比降、纵向及横向混合系数,污染物排放量,污染物排放开始时间及污染物降解系数等因素与污染带范围的定量关系,并对各影响因素进行了灵敏度分析。     

复式断面河槽流速横向分布及其对滩唇形成的影响

通过对水流微小控制体进行受力分析,建立了复式断面流速横向分布模型,该模型考虑了侧向副流惯性力的影响。采用实验资料对该模型进行检验,模型计算值与实测值符合较好。运用该模型计算了不同条件下复式断面流速和挟沙力的横向分布,并定量分析了横向分布特性对滩唇形成的影响。分析表明,水流漫滩时,复式断面的横向挟沙力变幅较大,尤其是在主槽和河漫滩交界处,挟沙力减小迅速,而含沙量减小相对较小,泥沙发生淤积,容易形成滩唇。单从水流挟沙力角度考虑,水流漫滩后水深越小、滩槽的糙率差越大,越容易形成滩唇。     

常曲率U型弯道水流结构与泥沙冲淤试验研究

通过在常曲率U型弯道水槽试验中采集的流速和水深过程数据,研究了弯道内水流结构及泥沙冲淤形态,分析了水流与床面之间的相互影响。试验发现:(1)弯道水流结构水面线发生扭曲,水流动力轴线及三个方向的垂线平均流速随流程和横向分布均有变化;(2)由于弯道特有的几何特征,使弯道中水流产生特有的弯道环流运动,弯道环流运动引起弯道泥沙的横向输移,形成弯道凹岸冲刷、凸岸淤积的冲淤特性,反之,床面形态的变化也使水流结构发生改变。研究所得结果可为河流泥沙研究提供参考。     

河湾水流与河床冲淤综合分析

本文在两个弯道模型试验基础上［１，２］，综合分析了国内外的有关研究成果。文中首先阐明河流蜿蜒弯曲的必然趋势和河湾内环（副）流伴随主流形成螺旋流动前进的特征，并对弯道内主流位向变化、环流强度、水面横比降等作了分析，推荐了计算公式。其次，对河湾水流的横断面流速分布和沿河宽的单宽流量分布给出了计算方法，并分析求得了河湾冲刷深度的公式；依此可以计算河湾冲淤河床的平衡断面。     

Application of analytical solutions in trapezoidal compound channel flow

The accuracy of predictions using an analytical model for a lateral depth varying open channel flow can be affected by the friction factor and the dimensionless eddy viscosity. In this paper, different approaches to determine these two parameters are discussed by comparing analytical results with experimental data obtained from a symmetrical trapezoidal compound open channel. To reflect different hydraulic characteristics along the wetted perimeter, the trapezoidal cross‐section was divided into several sub‐sections, and the friction factor in each sub‐section was calculated with Manning's formula by adopting local hydraulic parameters. The wetted perimeters of main channel and side slope included the interface between panels to reflect the effects of the lateral momentum exchange. This approach is shown to be effective once the roughness coefficients and hydraulic radius in different sub‐regions have been determined. The results show that the friction factor is the major parameter affecting the accuracy of the analytical solution. The effect of dimensionless eddy viscosity on the precision of predictions is much smaller, which means that for practical applications, the dimensionless eddy viscosity can be determined empirically. Inclusion of a term for secondary flows in the model can improve the prediction, especially in the transition from main channel to the floodplain. A reasonable prediction of the lateral distribution of depth mean Reynolds' stress in this region is obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

倾斜岸坡深度平均浓度分布及污染混合区解析计算

倾斜岸坡深度平均理论对其水质模型的构建、验证和参数率定具有十分重要的指导作用。在等强度连续点源岸边排放条件下,对倾斜岸坡深度平均浓度分布及污染混合区的几何特征参数进行了理论求解和曲线拟合。分别给出了深度平均浓度分布方程、深度平均污染混合区最大长度、最大宽度和相应纵向坐标、面积和面积系数的计算公式以及外边界标准曲线方程。分析表明,倾斜岸坡水体中污染物扩散宽度远大于扩散深度,对同一岸坡倾角的深度平均污染混合区形状具有相似性。提出了岸坡倾角分区的简化条件和相应污染混合区几何特征参数的计算公式,可为倾斜岸坡河流和水库深度平均浓度分布、污染混合区几何尺度和控制排污量的计算,提供科学依据。     

叶片浸入深度对搅拌机内部流场影响仿真

为了研究叶片浸入深度对搅拌机内部流场的影响规律。应用Fluent计算流体动力学软件对搅拌机内部流场进行三维数值模拟,采用非结构化四面体网格,利用多重参考系方法,选用非稳态Mixture多相湍流计算模型,分析了搅拌机内部流体浓度、速度和湍动能等参数随叶片浸入深度不同而产生的变化和分布情况,揭示其内部的流动规律。模拟结果表明:中心搅拌机械在叶片轴线下方存在流动呆滞区,造成混合不畅;叶片的浸入深度对搅拌机内部湍动能值影响较小,但是对其固相分布却产生重要影响,因此要合理选择叶片的浸入深度;叶片的浸入深度等于液体高度的1/2,能够达到最佳的混合效果。研究结果对于揭示搅拌机械内部流场的流动规律,以及设备的优化设计和运行管理提供了参考依据。     

Estimation of the transverse dispersion coefficient for two-dimensional models of mixing in natural streams

Existing equations to predict the transverse dispersion coefficient for the two-dimensional model of mixing and transport in natural streams use the channel aspect ratio and roughness factor as well as the sinuosity of the channel as the controlling parameters, and the performance of the equation varies largely according to the range of each parameter that was studied. To this end, this study suggests the criteria to select the proper method to calculate the transverse dispersion coefficient according to the availability and range of each parameter. The strengths and limitations of existing methodologies were compared against observed data acquired from tracer experiments conducted in natural streams. Further, a flow chart was proposed with the criteria to select a suitable method under specific hydraulic and geometric conditions of the stream.The results of the classification flow chart showed that, at the first step, in the cases where secondary currents data were available for natural streams, the theoretical equation by Baek and Seo (2011) could be used to estimate the transverse dispersion coefficient. At the second step, in the case of large value of P, i.e., P > 0.04, the equation by Baek and Seo (2013) was suitable to estimate the transverse dispersion coefficient, while in the case of a small value of P, equations by Yotukura and Sayer (1976) and Baek and Seo (2013), could be used with little differences. At the third step, for the narrow streams with W/h < 50, those proposed by Bansal (1971) and Deng et al. (2001) were preferable to estimate the transverse dispersion coefficient for two-dimensional mixing models. In wide streams with W/h > 50, the results of Jeon et al. (2007) showed much better agreement with the observed values than the others.     

Three dimensional numerical modeling of flows and scalar transport in a vegetated channel

The presence of vegetation plays a significant role in the sustainable development of aquatic systems in steams and rivers, and it affects water hydrodynamics and scalar mixing process. This paper developed a three dimensional large eddy simulation model for flows and scalar transport in an open channel with vegetation. An Eulerian and Lagrangian model was applied to simulate the scalar transport in an open channel with vegetation, respectively. A random walk model was used to describe the mechanical dispersion coefficient in the Eulerian and Lagrangian model. The model was validated by three tests, i.e., the flows in an open channel with submerged vegetation, the flows in an open channel with partly submerged vegetation and the scalar transport in a vegetated channel. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measurement data. As a result, the model has a potential application in simulating the flow and/or scalar transport in an open channel with vegetation.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEAN AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IMPINGING DENSITY JET IN A CONFINED CROSSFLOW IN NEAR FIELD

The three-dimensional mean and turbulence characteristics of an impinging density jet in a confined crossflow were numerically investigated using the RNG turbulence model. The comparison of the subregion structures and gross features between the numerical results and the experimental data show good agreement. The velocity, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and concentration distributions of the impinging jet in near field were obtained and analyzed. The results indicate that the flow and concentration fields of the impinging jet in the crossflow exhibit distinguished three-dimensionality in the near field. There exist upstream wall vortices and downstream wall jet zones in the impinging region, and the TKE and concentration decays are asymmetrical in relation to the stagnation point. The lateral concentration distributionrange in the impinging region spreads considerably. The enhanced entrainment and mixing of the impinging jet in the confined crossflow are mostly associated with the impinging action and lateral expansion in the impinging region. The presence of the bottom wall restrains the formation of the spanwise rollers in the transverse jet region and vertical entrainment and mixing in the impinging region and the transition region.     

Flow distribution and mass removal in floating treatment wetlands arranged in series and spanning the channel width

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) use plants’ roots for water quality improvement. The plants are supported by a buoyant structure deployed at the water surface. The roots form a porous zone beneath the structure and remove pollutants carried in suspension through filtering, absorption and uptake. This paper used CFD simulation to model FTWs arranged in series and spanning the channel width and to study the effects of root length and spacing between FTWs on flow distribution and mass removal. The root zone was modelled as a porous media, and removal was computed using first-order decay, for which a range of removal constants was tested. Longer roots increased the reactive volume of the root zone, which increased the fraction of pollutant inflow entering the FTWs. Increasing the distance between FTWs allowed greater mixing between water that went through and beneath the upstream FTW. This increased the concentration entering each FTW, which enhanced mass removal per FTW. However, a larger distance between FTWs reduced the number of FTWs in the channel, reducing the reactive volume. In the tradeoff between mixing and reactive volume, the reactive volume was more important, such that total removal in the channel increased with longer roots and more units of FTW (shorter gap distance). However, removing the gap entirely was detrimental, as FTWs in series removed more mass than a continuous FTW of same volume. This study points to two design recommendations for FTWs in series. First, if resources for building FTWs are not limiting, but the channel length is, it is preferable to prioritize higher reactive volume (shorter gap distance) to achieve maximum removal per channel length. Second, if resources for FTWs are limiting, but channel length is not, it is better to place the FTWs with a longer gap distance, preferably along enough to allow mixing over the full depth between FTWs, as this will achieve maximum removal per FTW.     

不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响

自然河道中植被呈现多种多样的分布状态,为探究不同布置形态下刚性淹没植被对水流特性的影响,利用室内水槽模拟含刚性淹没植被的明渠进行试验研究。结果表明:刚性淹没植被的布置形态对明渠流水流特性影响显著。在本文研究的植被布置形态下的水深、植被阻力系数与植被粗糙系数均增大,表现为交错型布置斑块型布置线性布置;流速与雷诺数均减小,表现为线性布置斑块型布置交错型布置;糙率n随着平均流速与水力半径之积VR的增大而减小。