Characteristics of particle-associated PAHs in a first flush of a highway runoff.

Runoff monitoring of six rainfall events was carried out in a highway, Winterthur, Switzerland focusing on first flush (runoff volume up to 2.88 mm). Six runoff events were used to investigate the characteristics of particle-associated PAHs in first flush. The fine fraction (< 45 microm) had a relatively higher contribution than the coarse fraction. A significant contribution of the coarse fraction was observed at some periods when the runoff flow rapidly increased. Fluctuation of PAH content during a runoff event was significant in the coarse fraction and, in contrast, the PAH content in the fine fraction was less fluctuating. The weighted average PAH content in each event ranged from 17 to 62 microg/g in total SS, from 23 to 54 microg/g in the fine fraction and from 16 to 84 microg/g in the coarse fraction. The loading of particle-associated PAHs from the first flush of highway runoff ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 g/ha in a total of 12 PAH species.     

PAHs concentration and toxicity in organic solvent extracts of atmospheric particulate matter and sea sediments

The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the toxicity to marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) were measured for the organic solvent extracts of sea sediments collected from an urban watershed area (Hiroshima Bay) of Japan and compared with the concentrations and toxicity of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). In atmospheric PM, the PAHs concentration was highest in fine particulate matter (FPM) collected during cold seasons. The concentrations of sea sediments were 0.01-0.001 times those of atmospheric PM. 1/EC50 was 1-10 L g(-1) PM for atmospheric PM and 0.1-1 L g(-1) dry solids for sea sediments. These results imply that toxic substances from atmospheric PM are diluted several tens or hundreds of times in sea sediments. The ratio of the 1/EC50 to PAHs concentration ((1/EC50)/16PAHs) was stable for all sea sediments (0.1-1 L μg(-1) 16PAHs) and was the same order of magnitude as that of FPM and coarse particulate matter (CPM). The ratio of sediments collected from the west was more similar to that of CPM while that from the east was more similar to FPM, possibly because of hydraulic differences among water bodies. The PAHs concentration pattern analyses (principal component analysis and isomer ratio analysis) were conducted and the results showed that the PAHs pattern in sea sediments was quite different to that of FPM and CPM. Comparison with previously conducted PAHs analyses suggested that biomass burning residues comprised a major portion of these other sources.     

Estimation of the emission factors of PAHs by traffic with the model of atmospheric dispersion and deposition from heavy traffic road.

In order to consider the total atmospheric loadings of the PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) from traffic activities, the emission factors of PAHs were estimated and from the obtained emission factors and vehicle transportation statistics, total atmospheric loadings were integrated and the loadings into the water body were estimated on a regional scale. The atmospheric concentration of PAHs was measured at the roadside of a road with heavy traffic in the Hiroshima area in Japan. The samplings were conducted in summer and winter. Atmospheric particulate matters (fine particle, 0.6-7 microm; coarse particle, over 7 microm) and their PAH concentration were measured. Also, four major emission sources (gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions, tire and asphalt debris) were assumed for vehicle transportation activities, the chemical mass balance method was applied and the source partitioning at the roadside was estimated. Furthermore, the dispersion of atmospheric particles from the vehicles was modelled and the emission factors of the sources were determined by the comparison to the chemical mass balance results. Based on emission factors derived from the modelling, an atmospheric dispersion model of nationwide scale (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology - Atmospheric Dispersion Model for Exposure and Risk assessment) was applied, and the atmospheric concentration and loading to the ground were calculated for the Hiroshima Bay watershed area.     

黄河利用洪水排沙不必刻意拦粗排细

简要总结我国在黄河泥沙输移方面的研究成果,根据笔者多年的研究,得出如下结论:可以利用高含沙洪水输沙入海,适宜输送的不是低含沙量的水流,而是含沙量大于200 kg/m3的高含沙水流。黄河下游洪水期窄深河道多来多排的输沙特性是造成河道多来多排的机理,在低含沙水流时水流的流速达到1.8~2 m/s,床面进入高输沙动平整状态。不仅全沙如此,造床质泥沙(d>0.025 mm的粗泥沙)也存在着同样的输沙规律。小浪底水库的泥沙多年调节,充分利用下游河道的洪水输沙潜力输沙入海,是解决黄河下游泥沙问题和节省输沙用水的有效技术途径。平水年、枯水年小浪底水库不排沙,全部水量用于兴利和环境用水,利用洪水排沙不必刻意拦粗排细。     

Seasonal influence on urban dust PAH profile and toxicity in Sydney, Australia

Road dust is one of the major threats to the urban environment due to wash-off of dust to the surrounding catchments during wet weather period. The dust contains wide range of toxic contaminants such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) and endocrine disrupting chemicals. Among the toxic contaminants, PAHs are of environmental concern due to their potential carcinogenic and mutagenic effect besides endocrine disruptive behaviour. Eighteen road dust samples from Sydney were collected in different time periods for a year and analysed for 16 US EPA PAHS. Total PAHs content range in the dust was 9-105 pg/g. Total and individual PAH contents were highest in the finest size fraction (<75 microm) and in winter compared to the other seasons. The PAH profiles in the different particle sizes were similar but different between the four seasons. The concentrations of higher molecular weight PAHS (4- and 5-rings) were much greater than the concentrations of lower molecular weight PAHs (2- and 3-rings). Toxicity equivalency factor application showed that the longer the dry weather period the higher the total PAHs content and toxicity in the dust.     

Effect of organic loading rate on a wastewater treatment process combining moving bed biofilm and membrane reactors.

The effect of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) loading rate on membrane fouling rate was studied in two parallel units combining MBBR and membrane reactor. Hollow fiber membranes with molecular weight cut-off of 30 kD were used. The HRTs of the MBBRs varied from 45 min to 4 h and the COD loading rates ranged from 4.1 to 26.6 g COD m(-2) d(-1). The trans-membrane pressure (TMP) was very sensitive to fluxes for the used membranes and the experiments were carried out at relatively low fluxes (3.3-5.6 l m(-2) h(-1)). Beside the test with the highest flux, there were no consistent differences in fouling rate between the low- and high-rate reactors. Also, the removal efficiencies were quite similar in both systems. The average COD removal efficiencies in the total process were 87% at 3-4 h HRT and 83% at 0.75-1 h HRT. At high loading rates, there was a shift in particle size distribution towards smaller particles in the MBBR effluents. However, 79-81% of the COD was in particles that were separated by membranes, explaining the relatively small differences in the removal efficiencies at different loading rates. The COD fractionation also indicated that the choice of membrane pore size within the range of 30 kD to 0.1 microm has very small effect on the COD removal in the MBBR/membrane process, especially with low-rate MBBRs.     

基于分组泥沙冲淤规律的小浪底水库减淤调度研究

研究黄河下游河道的中、较粗泥沙冲淤效率与细泥沙含量和全沙含沙量的定量关系,据此得到不同细泥沙含量条件下,中、较粗泥沙在黄河下游河道不发生淤积的临界含沙量。同时,结合黄河干流水库的分组排沙比与全沙排沙比的关系,给出小浪底水库不同入库含沙量条件下,中、较粗泥沙在下游河道不发生淤积的水库排沙比。     

Aerobic granular sludge in an SBR-system treating wastewater rich in particulate matter.

Aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated in a lab-scale SBR-system treating malting wastewater with a high content of particulate organic matter (0.9 gTSS/L). At an organic loading rate (CODtotal) of 3.4 kg/(m3 x d) an average removal efficiency of 50% in CODtotal and 80% in CODdissolved was achieved. Fractionation of the COD by means of particle size showed that particles with a diameter less than 25-50 microm could be removed at 80% efficiency, whereas particles bigger than 50 microm were only removed at 40% efficiency. Tracer experiments revealed a dense sessile protozoa population covering the granules. The protozoa appeared to be responsible for primary particle uptake from the wastewater.     

Helsinge sludge reed bed system: reduction of pathogenic microorganisms.

Reduction of pathogenic bacteria: Salmonella, enterococci and Escherichia coli was investigated using the sludge reed bed system. The system at Helsinge was established in 1996 and has a capacity of 630 tonnes dry solids per year and consists of 10 basins. Since 2000 the individual basins have been subjected to an average area-specific loading rate of 46-56 kg dry solids/m2/year. The total sludge residue height in April 2006 was approximately 1.40 m. The sludge (approximately 0.5-0.8% dry solids), with which the individual basins were loaded, contained a large number of bacteria. Salmonella, enterococci and E. coli were found in the sludge in the following quantities: 10-300/100 g (wet weight), 7,000-25,000 CFU/g (wet weight) and 800,000-10,000,000 CFU/100 g (wet weight), respectively. The analysis of the reduction in pathogens in the sludge residue through a period of 3-4 months after the last loading indicated that the pathogen content was reduced down to < 2/100 g (Salmonella), < 10 CFU/g (enterococci) and < 200 number/100 g (E. coli). For enterococci and E. coli the reduction was approximately log 5 and log 6-7, respectively. In the same period the sludge residue achieved a dry solids content of approximately 20-35%.     

艾利河段泥沙输移特性及不淤临界含沙量探讨

对艾山—利津河段泥沙输移特性进行的分析表明：①艾山以下窄河段的河床演变具有“大水冲、小水淤”及“细沙冲、粗沙淤”的基本特点,并且淤积主要集中在非汛期,粗沙、中沙及细沙均发生淤积;汛期除粗沙淤积外,细沙及中沙均发生冲刷。②艾山—利津河段河道冲淤主要与流量大小有关。同时,根据1960～2002年的洪水资料,分析了粗沙、中沙、细沙冲淤的临界流量,建立了艾山—利津河段不同粒径组泥沙排沙比与流量间的关系;考虑到洪水演进及区间引水引沙等因素,初步建立了在洪水期艾山—利津河段不发生淤积的条件下艾山站临界含沙量与流量间的关系式。     

海洋环境中多环芳烃的污染状况及源解析

综述了国内外海洋水体、沉积物和生物体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状,分析了海洋环境中PAHs的来源。结果发现,不同海域PAHs的质量浓度差别较大,海水中PAHs的最高质量浓度为34338.0 ng/L,最低为13.0 ng/L;海洋沉积物中PAHs的最高质量比为1670.0μg/g,最低为24.1 ng/g;近海工业的发展程度及都市化进程与海域环境中PAHs的浓度存在明显的正相关关系;贝类的PAHs浓度比其他生物体高;海洋环境中的PAHs主要来源于海上石油烃的污染和陆地污染源的干湿沉降。     

Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not easily degradable and exist as persistent contaminants in water environments. In this study we collected surface sediments and water samples from five different ports around Seto Inland Sea during October 2003 to April 2004. Fifteen PAHs were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Expression of CYP1A enzymes was measured by a biochemical activation of 7-ethoxy resorufin ortho-deethylase (EROD). Total water PAHs ranged from 2.5 ng/l to 132 ng/l, while sediment PAHs ranged from 296.3 ng/g to 3992.9 ng/g, which indicate low to high level of PAH pollution. Selected isomer ratios (fluoranthene/pyrene to phenanthrene/anthracene and, total molecular weight of 202/total molecular weight 202-278), and detected PAHs suggested that the origin of pollution could mostly be pyrogenic. The highest total sediment PAHs were observed at the Uno Port while the lowest were at the New Okayama Port. EROD activity implied that PAH extracted from sediment samples affected on CYP1A enzymes expression on the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line in a short exposure time (12 hours). Relatively EROD activity showed good correlation between PAH concentration and CYP1A expression for sediment samples. The highest EROD values were observed for sediment samples at a dose of 5 ppm. In contrast water samples were at the low induction level even under the highest exposure concentration (50 ppm), except in Mizushima Port. Biomonitoring of water environments by EROD activity could be a necessary tool for understanding the effects of PAHs on living organisms at the base of cell defense.     

High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for rapid and sensitive analysis of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater

A sensitive and fast method was developed to quantitatively analyse the six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene (FLT), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a] pyrene (Bap), benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (INPY)) by high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupling with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEHC18 column (1.7 microm, 2.1 mm x 50 mm). A 0.2 microm precolumn filter was used to protect the analytical column. Mobile phase Awas acetonitrile containing 0.5% toluene. Mobile phase B was water. Linearity of detection was in the range of 1-100 microg L(-1); LOD of 5 PAHs were lower than 0.1 microg L(-1); LOQ were 0.2 microg L(-1) except for benzo[k]fluoranthene. The LOD and the LOQ of benzo[k]fluoranthene were respectively 0.1 microg L(-1) and 0.8 microg L(-1). Wastewater samples collected from two wastewater treatment plants were determined using this method respectively. Recovery of all compounds varied from 67.8 +/- 10.6% to 113.2 +/- 7.2%. In comparison with the existing methods, this rapid method saves time and solvent and improves instrument sample throughput by 2-5 fold.     

水石流的输沙浓度与流动速度

自然界水石流以粗颗粒为主体 ,仍有一部分作悬移运动的细颗粒存在 ,这种情况下 ,水石流输沙浓度不仅与沟道纵坡有关 ,还与细颗粒含量有关。研究表明 ,水石流中细颗粒的存在 ,其输沙浓度比相同纵坡下没有细颗粒时有很大提高。由于水石流中细颗粒所占比重小 ,故其液相流速可以通过对一般水流流速公式的阻力因子进行修正获得。水石流的流速随其浓度增加而减少 ,在相同浓度下 ,水石流流速还因细颗粒含量大小而变化 ,在浓度较低时 (Sv <0 4 5 )影响还不明显 ,在浓度较高时 (Sv>0 4 5 ) ,细颗粒含量增加 ,使同浓度水石流的流动速度提高。笔者求得的水石流流速公式 ,经实际观测资料检验 ,结果满意     

Size and fractal dimension of particles in the River Nakdong.

Water samples were collected at seven sites located along the River Nakdong on 30 occasions. Water quality, size and the fractal dimension (dF) of suspended particles were measured. The laser light scattering method was used to obtain the size and dF of suspended particles. The average size of particles in this river ranged from 89 microm and 169 microm, which appears to be relatively coarse compared with other rivers worldwide. The average dF of suspended particles in this study ranged from 1.8 to 1.9. Slight variations in fractal dimension values and other particle characteristics results from various measuring methods available. The correlation analysis showed that DO, TN, NO3 and chlorophyll-a had significant positive relationships with particles size, whereas flow rates and temperature had negative relationships. However, the factors which had positive relationships with particles size showed negative relationships with the dF of suspended particles. Generally, as the size of particles increased, the fractal dimension of particles decreased which indicated that the shape of the larger particles became more irregular relative to that of the smaller ones. To obtain and apply the statistical functional relationship between water quality characteristics, multiple linear regression equations of the size and fractal dimension of particles on explanatory variables such as pH, BOD, TSS, DO, T-N and T-P have been established.     

Evaluation of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the Feitsui reservoir in Taipei.

This research studied how the air pollutants of urban areas affect a neighboring reservoir and its water quality. Through the atmospheric dispersion process, air pollutants move from the Taipei metropolitan to the Feitsui reservoir and enter the water body through dry and wet depositions. ISCST3 (Industrial Source Complex Short Term Model), an air quality model, was used to simulate dispersion, dry deposition and wet deposition of the air pollutants. Then the nitrogen loadings to the Feitsui Reservoir were evaluated. The results indicate that wet deposition places a greater burden than dry deposition does on the water body. Wet and dry deposition of NH4+ together make up a rather large proportion of the total pollution. The ranged from 21.9 to 25.2%. Those of nitrate make up a smaller proportion, ranged from 2.0 to 2.3%. If we take indirect deposition into account and calculate the NO3- and NH4+ together, the proportion is 15.9-17.6%.     

The hydrodynamic filter separator for removal of urban storm runoff.

The majority of storm runoff pollution is trapped in particles smaller than 100 microm in diameter. Solid particles smaller than 100 microm in diameter are not easily separated by conventional types of hydrodynamic separator, and remain in suspension in overflow. To overcome this problem, a HDFS (hydrodynamic filter separator) has been developed for treatment of the microparticles in urban storm runoff. We conducted a laboratory scale study on treatable potential of microparticles using HDFS that combined HDS with perlite filter. To determine the efficiency for various operation conditions, a series of experiments was performed with different solids concentrations and surface loading rate. The operation ranges of surface loading rates were 100 to 2,800 m3/m2/day, and influent solids concentrations were varied from 800 to 1,900 mg/L. Also, the particle size distribution was monitored to investigate the effects of surface loading rates on the particle size. Results indicated that the HDFS-inside type showed greater efficiency at solids separation than the other type.     

小北干流有坝放淤引水时机及规模分析研究

利用龙门断面近20年的实测水文、泥沙及龙门-潼关河段的冲淤量资料，分析研究小北干流有坝放淤的引水引沙条件、引水时机及引水规模。研究成果表明：当龙门断面流量大于400m^3／s、含沙量大于40kg／m^3、泥沙中值粒径大于0．025mm时，开始引水，淤区引粗泥沙较多。根据设计的来水来沙条件，满足上述引水引沙条件，并考虑引水闸规模投资等，确定引水规模为800m^3／s，则年平均引沙量为1．22亿t，粗、中、细沙的引沙量分别为0．27亿、0．35亿、0．60亿t。     

Distribution, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban landscape river

The contents of 16 priority water-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, potential external pollution sources and sediment from the famous landscape of the Qinghuai River were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distribution, composition, source and ecological risk of PAHs were analyzed. The following results were obtained: (1) Benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[ghi] perylene were not detected in all samples. The total contents of 16 priority PAHs (PAH16) varied from 52.5 to 745.3 ng l(-1) with the average of 174.0 ng l(-1) in water, from 96.0 to 1,064.6 ng l(-1) with the average of 329.2 ng l(-1) in potential sources, from 931.7 to 15,295.5 ng g(-1) with the average of 7,133.6 ng g(-1) in sediments. (2) The concentration of PAH16 in water is lower than in sediment and higher rings are more easily detected in sediment. The percentage of higher ring (four- to six-rings) PAHs accounted for more than 55.6% of PAHs in sediment. (3) The value of FLA/(FLA+Pyr) was higher than 0.5 at most sampling points which illustrated the source was related with petrogenic such as liquid fossil fuel combustion. (4) The potential ecosystem risk of low ring PAH for upstream conflux of external Qinhuai River was less than 10%, while it was 10-50% for other sampling points; The four rings PAH shows lower potential ecosystem risk than other ring PAH in this study area; Dibenzo [ah] anthracene (DahA) shows high potential ecosystem risk at all sampling points.     

Maize mono-digestion efficiency: results from laboratory tests

A laboratory experimental campaign was carried out in order to assess the optimal configuration for the anaerobic digestion of a mixture of sweet corn and ensiled maize. Batch hydrolysis tests were conducted at 35 and 55 °C and at four different particle sizes (2, 5, 20 and 50 mm) obtained by manual chopping and sieving. Chemical pre-treatment by 24 h incubation at various acid and alkaline pH was also considered for its potential to increase the maize methane yield. Results suggest that the hydrolytic phase proceeds significantly faster under thermophilic conditions. Significant differences in the solubilization rate were also observed when comparing coarse (20-50 mm) with fine (2-5 mm) particles, while 2 and 5 mm particles were solubilized at similar rates. No advantages from the chemical pre-treatment, in terms of solubilization efficiency and biomethanization potential were observed. According to these preliminary results, a two-stage semi-continuous laboratory plant consisting of a thermophilic hydrolytic reactor followed by a mesophilic methanogenic reactor was operated for 110 days. Steady state loading parameters were: influent concentration (maize mixture diluted in tap water) of 46 g VS/L, hydraulic retention time of 31 d, organic loading rate of 1.5 g VS/L/d. Alkalinity was dosed to the methanogenic reactor to avoid pH drops. Collected data allowed the average biodegradation efficiency to be estimated at around 60-65%.