Editorial: European landscape

This paper reviews one of the most important evolutions in the history of the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), namely, the interaction between culture and nature and the development of the cultural landscape categories. The World Heritage Convention currently covers 812 sites in 137 countries and is with 181 States Parties the most universal international legal instrument in heritage conservation. Among the properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, 53 sites are recognized cultural landscapes focusing on the outstanding interaction between people and their environment. The paper further explains key case studies from World Heritage cultural landscapes from all regions of the world and highlights the innovations in the Convention's implementation through the landscape approach, particularly focusing on the management of complex properties involving local communities and indigenous people. The paper also outlines links to other international and regional Conventions and concludes with a future outlook of the landscape programme.     

工业遗产研究走向何方——从世界遗产中心收录之近代工业遗产谈起

国外关于工业遗产的研究开始较早、进展较快,本文在介绍工业遗产研究起源和发展概况的同时,简介了欧美若干国家的研究情况,并在文献分析和个案调查的基础上总结了国外工业遗产研究发展的特点和态势。     

世界遗产概念挑战中国:第28届世界遗产大会有感

二战以后,特别是从20世纪70年代开始,国际世界遗产保护运动蓬勃发展.用什么样的态度来对待本国的自然和文化遗产,已成为一个国家文明程度的重要标志.自从20世纪80年代中,世界遗产概念被中国学者和主管部门接受后,世界遗产的内涵和随之而来的所在国的责任也日益被我们所认识.签署<世界遗产公约>和保护管理世界遗产工作的深入开展,使改革开放中的中国,再次面临了挑战.这对中国故有的体制和观念意味着什么?对文化和自然遗产的认识应该走出历史文物和风景名胜的局限;应该从"死的"和孤立的"点"走向"活的"和联系的完整的文化景观和自然系统网络;应该从片面的、不平衡的封建帝王和贵族的壮丽和辉煌,走向更全面的、反映中国文明历程中独特的人民与土地关系的文化景观.相应地,我国遗产的规划、保护管理和利用的观念和方法也应进行全面的变革.     

世界遗产武当山的文化景观价值

武当山是中国重要的道教圣地,园林营建活动历史悠久、空间广袤、建造技术精湛,达到了皇家所要求的宏伟、威严和道教所追求的玄妙、超然,是人文美与自然美的高度统一。本文通过对世界遗产武当山文化景观的概述,认为武当山是人类文化的见证和古代科学技术的典范,也是我们建设山地人居环境的生动教材。     

世界文化遗产定义的新界定

文章在对文化、文化资源定义的基础上,对世界文化遗产的定义做了新的界定。该文认为：文化遗产包括文化资源和文化产业两个子系统。而文化资源则包括文化基因、文化载体、文化环境、文化市场。本定义的原创点在于突出了文化遗产的信息性和经济性两大本质属性。同时,自觉地运用基因理论来研究文化遗产,兼顾有形文化载体和无形文化载体两个层次也是此定义的特色所在。     

析国际申遗标准与中国历史城镇价值评估的差异

比较了历史城镇类世界文化遗产和我国历史文化名城保护制度的发展、界定和评价标准,分析其中的主要差异并浅析其背后的原因,指出由于国内缺乏申遗标准下的历史类城镇的研究,影响了我国“历史城镇”类世界文化遗产的申报。以此为背景,提出可借鉴申遗评价操作过程以完善我国的历史文化名城申报制度,使其更具严谨的科学性和可操作性,同时又应避免绝对化地套用西方评价标准,以建立有中国特色的城镇研究和保护的申报制度。     

世界遗产保护发展趋势下我国建筑遗产保护策略初探——基于UNESCO亚太文化遗产保护奖研究

以UNESCO亚太遗产保护奖的原则和标准为参照,基于对我国获奖项目的调查研究,探讨世界遗产保护发展趋势下我国建筑遗产保护策略;并基于中国当前建筑遗产保护中存在的问题,从健全体制保障、适应区域条件、提升工程完成度、改善建筑性能、提升人文环境、鼓励公众参与、利用信息平台、发展应急防灾几个方面研究我国遗产保护策略的优势和不足。     

“世界遗产风景名胜区”规划理论初探

该文首先分析了世界遗产——风景名胜区规划理论研究的意义,回顾了我国风景区规划理论研究历程,接着尝试提出“世界遗产——风景名胜区”规划理论架构的三个层次,并加以阐释。     

中国世界文化遗产潜在资源和发展状况——清华大学-国家遗产中心近期研究成果

至2011年,中国已有41处遗产列入《世界遗产名录》,遗产范围更涉及到中国40多处城镇或地区。而文化遗产也作为一种不可再生的文化资源,正发挥着日益重要的社会、经济和环境作用。为更好地把握近期文化遗产发展趋势,受中国国家文物局委托,清华大学-国家遗产保护研究中心于2009年11月承担了“文化线路申请世界遗产研究”和“世界文化遗产保护及遗产地经济发展研究”两项课题。本文将概要性地展示两项课题的部分研究成果,希望能对未来的研究者有所启发。     

五台山文化景观遗产突出普遍价值及其保护探讨

世界文化景观遗产的申报,是近年来国内越来越关注的话题,作为中国第一个成功以文化景观列入世界遗产名录的案例,五台山的申报过程为中国的文化景观遗产申报与研究提供了很多线索,尤其在突出普遍价值的认识及其保护管理方面,更是积累了一定的经验,同时也引发了新的思考。经过申报前后对遗产价值标准的对比研究及对保护管理的重新思考,认识到文化景观必须将自然、文化作为一个整体加以认知和保护,尤其要研究人与自然之间的作用机制,重视其中活态遗产的保护和展示。     

Management Plans for UK World Heritage Sites: Evolution, lessons and good practice

Since the mid 1990s Management Plans have been prepared for most UK World Heritage Sites. Such Plans are distinctive in the fully integrated approach they take to ensuring conservation for a variety of differing World Heritage Sites. Some Plans were prepared 'late' for World Heritage Sites already inscribed on the World Heritage List in the mid 1980s and others formed part of the nomination documents required by UNESCO. Many candidate or recently nominated sites include complex cultural landscapes and townscapes. The essential principle that underlies a good World Heritage Management Plan is that its policies and objectives for the future must be drawn from a proper understanding of the 'Outstanding Universal Value' of the site and the potential changes that might occur there. Based on the experience of preparing Management Plans for six UK World Heritage Sites over the last five years, this paper sets out the lessons learned and highlights the emergence of good practice in this field.     

世界文化遗产地匠作研究——五台山石作技艺与组织经营机制的演化与发展

世界文化遗产地五台山是中国佛教四大名山之一,该地区长久以来形成了服务于周边佛教寺院群的诸多匠作门类.典型者如石作,在华北乃至中国北方地区均属首屈一指.此类技艺既是现有文化遗产、特别是非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分,又对文化遗产地风土特色的保持与发展具有重要的实践价值.该文首先通过动态的实证分析与比较研究,初步理清出五台山...     

Management Plans for UK World Heritage Sites: Evolution,lessons and good practice

Since the mid 1990s Management Plans have been prepared for most UK World Heritage Sites. Such Plans are distinctive in the fully integrated approach they take to ensuring conservation for a variety of differing World Heritage Sites. Some Plans were prepared ‘late’ for World Heritage Sites already inscribed on the World Heritage List in the mid 1980s and others formed part of the nomination documents required by UNESCO. Many candidate or recently nominated sites include complex cultural landscapes and townscapes. The essential principle that underlies a good World Heritage Management Plan is that its policies and objectives for the future must be drawn from a proper understanding of the ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ of the site and the potential changes that might occur there. Based on the experience of preparing Management Plans for six UK World Heritage Sites over the last five years, this paper sets out the lessons learned and highlights the emergence of good practice in this field.     

世界城镇遗产的申报与管理——对《实施保护世界文化与自然遗产公约的操作指南》的解析

《实施保护世界文化与自然遗产公约的操作指南》(简称《操作指南》)是指导世界遗产事务的操作性规范,反映了世界遗产委员会的时效理念和工作重点.对《操作指南》进行解析以审视城镇遗产的申报和管理,具有一定的现实意义.在简单回顾《操作指南》演变历程的基础上,本文详细介绍了《操作指南》中有关城镇遗产条款的变化和趋势:其申报范围的扩大、对遗产价值认识的深入、管理法制化与动态监测机制的完善等等.最后,就中国城镇遗产的申报和管理之现状,提出了针对性建议.     

2005—2014年《实施世界遗产公约操作指南》的演变与发 展趋势

2005—2014年,世界遗产保护面对 新挑战,世界遗产在申报、遴选和监控过程中 出现了新的动向,《实施世界遗产公约操作指 南》的构建目标、结构框架和核心内容发生了 明显转变：贯穿遗产保护全过程的监控程序 日趋完善;参与保护的主体和方法更加丰富 有效;申报与遴选的重点转向类型框架、时空 框架和专题框架中的空白遗产种类。梳理这 一趋势,将为我国世界遗产均衡、可信和更具 代表性的可持续发展提供重要参考。     

On the nature of virtuous change in cultural landscapes: Exploring sustainability through qualitative models

Cultural landscapes are internationally valued resources, yet face endemic threats. Often the 'drivers for change' result in a loss of valued qualities, and are associated with 'vicious circles' of landscape deterioration. The way in which landscape may represent an integrative framework for research and policy is noted. It is argued that a key objective of research and policy should be to promote 'virtuous circles' in which social capital and economic entrepreneurship valorize distinctive landscape characteristics, leading to a situation of mutual reinforcement between human activity and environmental capital. Particular attention is given to qualitative models of virtuosity in the landscape. Positive feedback loops in the landscape are illustrated by reference to current examples of integrated rural projects. The further development of formal models as a basis for reinstating virtuous circles is advocated as a basis for the future planning and understanding of cultural landscapes.     

On the nature of virtuous change in cultural landscapes: Exploring sustainability through qualitative models

Cultural landscapes are internationally valued resources, yet face endemic threats. Often the ‘drivers for change’ result in a loss of valued qualities, and are associated with ‘vicious circles’ of landscape deterioration. The way in which landscape may represent an integrative framework for research and policy is noted. It is argued that a key objective of research and policy should be to promote ‘virtuous circles’ in which social capital and economic entrepreneurship valorize distinctive landscape characteristics, leading to a situation of mutual reinforcement between human activity and environmental capital. Particular attention is given to qualitative models of virtuosity in the landscape. Positive feedback loops in the landscape are illustrated by reference to current examples of integrated rural projects. The further development of formal models as a basis for reinstating virtuous circles is advocated as a basis for the future planning and understanding of cultural landscapes.     

九寨沟世界遗产地旅游可持续发展实践和讨论

近30年来,九寨沟在推进旅游可持续发展方面进行了长期有益的探索和实践,其经验获得国内外的普遍认同。与此同时,日益增长的游客规模对生态环境和生物多样性保护的威胁,逐渐成为旅游可持续发展面临的最大挑战。生物多样性保护是九寨沟的使命之一,在游客容量测算中应予以充分考虑,这在游客规模日益增加的背景下尤显重要。但是目前传统的游客容量测算中却没有涉及生物多样性容量,而且由于生物多样性监测数据和相关知识不充分,生物多样性容量也难以进行测算。因此,需要在下一步有针对性地积累生物多样性监测数据,将其结果纳入游客容量测算中,并在此基础上探索执行以监测为基础的游客容量适应性管理机制。     

Fragmentation and cultural landscapes: tightening the relationship between human beings and the environment

Fragmentation is a research concept properly belonging to the biosciences and agriculture, yet it is one finding application in the planning and design fields. Cultural landscapes, on the other hand, is a concept uniquely rooted in landscape architecture and resource management. This paper links the two as a means of better grounding each in the decisions and processes affecting countryside planning and rural landuse, although both concepts have applications in urban settings, as well. However, in theory and in practice, both concepts are impacted by the man versus nature paradigm, in which planners and designers are challenged to consider whether human actions are “natural” actions, or whether they belong in a separate philosophical category. This position paper was developed as a keynote speech for the 2000 ISOMUL Conference at the Wageningen University and Research Center in The Netherlands.     

中国世界自然遗产地生物多样性 保护管理现状与研究方向

中国已成为拥有世界自然遗产和自然与文化混合遗产数量最多的国家之一。在分析我国世界自然遗产地在生物多样性保护价值方面的入选标准的基础上,对我国世界自然遗产地生物多样性保护管理现状,从保护对象、地理分布、保护形式和管理机构等方面进行了梳理。最后,提出了未来的研究方向,以期为世界自然遗产地生物多样性保护管理和发展提供技术支撑。