Analysis of underwater thruster model with ambient flow velocity using CFD

Thrust force is a very important factor for underwater vehicles. The thrust force that is determined by the pressure gradient between a propeller and a thruster can be represented by the ambient flow velocity introduced as the control volume and the axial flow velocity of a propeller. Because a change in ambient flow velocity triggers a change in the pressure gradient between a propeller and a thruster, a model taking account of the ambient flow velocity is required for an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) system. However, the axial flow velocity introduced into a propeller is very difficult to measure without accurate test devices. Therefore, in this study, the axial flow velocity is calculated with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to use it as a basis for estimating the approximate value of the thrust force. As a result, a relatively accurate analysis of the effect of the ambient flow velocity on the thrust force can be obtained with considerable time and cost effectiveness as compared to the existing experimental methods. To evaluate the validity of the data from the CFD analysis results depending on the change in ambient flow velocity and the pressure gradient of a thruster, the resulting CFD values were compared with the thrust forces obtained in the previously performed thrust force experiment of a thruster depending on the ambient flow velocity in a circulating water channel.     

Simulation of free-surface flow using a boundless grid

Physically based fluid simulation in recent years has been successful for small-scale fluids such as liquid in a cubic cavity.However,for boundless free-surface flow of large scale and irregular area,there is a critical trade-off between simulation efficiency and accuracy because of the restriction of the traditional regular computational grids.This paper introduces boundless computational grids based on hierarchical runlength encoding to simulate large-scale free-surface flow.We first modeled the free-surface flow with a lattice Boltzmann method,and calculated the surface curvature in the update process.We then introduced an effective method with which to calculate the surface curvature according to the surface tension so that the surface detail was enhanced,and obtained the curvature of each surface effectively as it was extracted.Furthermore,we dynamically compressed and indexed the computational cells with the improved hierarchical run-length encoding algorithm,so that the grid expands dynamically according to the fluid flow and the computational resources used were proportional to the volume of the fluid.Finally fluids in different situations were simulated realistically.The proposed method makes the best of the computational resources to perform the simulation with high resolution,and dynamically allocates resources so that the fluid can expand in random directions without boundaries,which is suited to the simulation of large-scale visual scenes.     

基于EMMS曳力的湍动床气固流动CFD模拟

湍动流化床已广泛用于费托合成、FCC催化裂化等工业过程。其主要流动特点是由底部密相鼓泡区与顶部稀相分散区两者构成。由于湍动流化的复杂性,导致目前对该类体系内非均匀结构形成与演化的研究相对较少。近年来,快速发展的计算流体力学方法为深入研究此类流化提供了一种有效的手段,然而传统的双流体模型往往不能成功捕获到湍动流化的复杂结构。为了考虑非均匀结构对曳力的影响,本文提出了一个改进的曳力模型,即将湍动流化床分为3个区域:底部鼓泡区、过渡区和顶部稀相区。其中,底部区采用气泡EMMS曳力模型进行修正,过渡区采用Wen-Yu曳力模型,顶部区采用Schiller-Naumann曳力模型。修正的曳力模型与双流体模型耦合后,再通过FLUENT商业软件平台对湍动流化床内的气固两相流动进行CFD模拟。模拟结果显示,修正的曳力模型可以较好的预测湍动流化床内的流体动力学特征。该曳力模型能够模拟底部密相鼓泡区和顶部稀相分散区的两相共存结构,颗粒浓度在径向分布上为"环-核"结构,模拟的轴向颗粒浓度分布与实验数据吻合较好。     

A sub-grid air entrainment model for breaking bow waves and naval surface ships

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of air entrainment by the breaking bow waves of naval surface ships are outside of the computational reach of the most powerful computers in the foreseeable future. This creates a need for physically-based models of air entrainment for applications in numerical simulations for ship design. Due to the non-linear dependence of the terminal bubble velocity with diameter most air entrainment flows have a high void fraction region immediately below the free surface. We present a model that locates this region employing the local liquid velocity and the distance to the interface. Using this model and the bubble size distributions measured by Deane and Stokes [Deane BD, Stokes MD. Scale dependence of bubble creation mechanisms in breaking waves. Nature 2002;418:839-44] we have simulated the air entrainment in the breaking wave experiments of Wanieski et al. [Waniewski TA, Brennen CE, Raichlen F. Measurement of air entrainment by bow waves. J Fluids Eng 2001;123:57-63]. Comparison against these experimental data is good. We then apply this model to simulate the flow around naval combatant DTMB 5415 and the research vessel Athena. The model predicts air entrainment in regions where it was actually observed at sea, namely the breaking bow wave, along the water/air/hull contact line and in the near-wake. To the best of our knowledge this is the first model of air entrainment that compares favorably with data at laboratory scale and also presents the right trends at full-scale.     

微机械气体红外探测器的CFD模拟

概要地介绍了一种可工作于室温环境下的微型气体红外探测器,它基于气体吸收红外辐射后以无辐射去激励方式产生一系列热效应的物理基础,可获得包含红外辐射源信息的信号.为深入研究热效应所产生的微热信号对器件整体性能的控制和影响,建立了相应的流体力学(CFD)模型,通过数值分析方法,获得了气体物质微观行为随红外辐射源辐射特性的变化关系.     

Nonlinear modelling and control of the flow over aerofoils using CFD simulations

A simulation based approach for nonlinear dynamical modelling and feedback control of the drag to lift ratio for aerofoils is investigated through case studies involving NACA 23012, ag13 and b737a aerofoils. The flow around the aerofoils is studied via numerical solutions of the 2D Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. A standard computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver is extended to be able to measure desired feedback values and to apply a control input to the flow field. The proposed modelling and control approach is based on first determining the measurement points and injection points on the aerofoil for the control input. Then, to estimate the dynamical model, some input–output data are collected by injecting a chirp input flow to the field and saving the measurement data. Next a Hammerstein–Wiener (HW) type nonlinear dynamical model of the flow field is estimated using system identification. For control design, the nonlinear part of the model is eliminated by means of inverse functions, followed by the application of automated tuning methods to the linear part to obtain the closed-loop system. The results show that the designed feedback control system can reduce the drag to lift ratio considerably as compared to the unactuated case.     

Pulsatile flow of blood using a modified second-grade fluid model

We study the unsteady pulsatile flow of blood in an artery, where the effects of body acceleration are included. The blood is modeled as a modified second-grade fluid where the viscosity and the normal stress coefficients depend on the shear rate. It is assumed that the blood near the wall behaves as a Newtonian fluid, and in the core as a non-Newtonian fluid. This phenomenon is also known as the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect. The equations are made dimensionless and solved numerically.     

Synchronous machine control using a two level model follower

In this paper a controller is developed for a synchronous machine using a hierarchical approach to model following. A linear model is defined which incorporates the desired response characteristics for the non-linear machine and the controller attempts to reduce the error between the system and model states while not utilising excessive control effort. This latter problem is solved by decomposition using an off-line two level structure where on level one two one point boundary value problems are solved whereas on level 2 a prediction algorithm is used. Simulation results show that the algorithm converages rapidly giving a control which reduces the error satisfactorily. The control calculation is very efficient in computer storage and takes less than half the computation time of the global optimal control calculation.     

Cross-stream diffusion under pressure-driven flow in microchannels with arbitrary aspect ratios: a phase diagram study using a three-dimensional analytical model

This article presents a three-dimensional analytical model to investigate cross-stream diffusion transport in rectangular microchannels with arbitrary aspect ratios under pressure-driven flow. The Fourier series solution to the three-dimensional convection-diffusion equation is obtained using a double integral transformation method and associated eigensystem calculation. A phase diagram derived from the dimensional analysis is presented to thoroughly interrogate the characteristics in various transport regimes and examine the validity of the model. The analytical model is verified against both experimental and numerical models in terms of the concentration profile, diffusion scaling law, and mixing efficiency with excellent agreement (with <0.5% relative error). Quantitative comparison against other prior analytical models in extensive parameter space is also performed, which demonstrates that the present model accommodates much broader transport regimes with significantly enhanced applicability.     

Simulation of fluid flow in granular microstructure using a non-staggered grid scheme

A finite difference numerical scheme has been utilized to simulate fluid flow in granular microstructures. The pixels of their digital images represent the granular microstructure in the finite difference grid. The scheme utilizes a non-staggered grid arrangement, which requires only one finite difference mesh to solve the governing fluid flow equations. As such, the scheme is more efficient when it comes to dealing with non-orthogonal coordinates and complex geometry of boundary conditions such as that of granular microstructure.The numerical scheme is verified by comparing the permeability values of a medium of packed columns to a closed form solution. It is then used to evaluate the permeability coefficients of idealized and natural granular microstructures. It has been found that as the directional aspect ratio increases, the resistance of a particle to fluid flow increases, which results in a decrease in the permeability coefficient. A medium of elliptical particles has higher permeability coefficient than a medium of rectangular particles for the same porosity because of its lower surface area. The permeability anisotropy has been found to increase with an increase in the aspect ratio or a decrease in porosity. Spherical glass beads have been found to have higher permeability coefficients than Ottawa sand and Silica.     

基于模型的海浪模拟仿真

在计算机图形学领域,自然景物的模拟一直都是一项研究重点.由于不规则性和随机性,要对水波特别是波浪进行逼真地模拟较为困难.研究了借助几何模型模拟自然界中海浪的运动,通过图形学中的真实感处理,得到逼真的海浪波动效果.在研究过程中首先是建立简单的海浪模型,通过辅助衰减函数将其改进,以符合海浪运动的物理规律,同时加入了动态变化的影响因子以增加海浪运动的随机性.结果表明,该模型可以较为真实的模拟海浪的基本运动.     

Numerical simulations of the infusion of adriamycin using a physiological flow model

The antineoplastic drug Adriamycin is administered by short term i.v. infusion. The drug is noted for its acute and chronic cardiotoxicity in addition to its toxicity on the bone marrow and gut. A physiological flow model and computer program, which contains a subprogram for continuous infusion of a drug, was used to simulate the distribution of Adriamycin during infusion in heart, bone marrow, gut, kidney, muscle, skin, liver adn bile. Simulations were carried out for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 min of infusion. Computations were made for the concentration of drug in these organs as a function of time over a total period of 48 min. Simulations showed the heart and kidney would contain high concentrations of drug during infusion which rapidly declined upon cessation of infusion. Bone marrow and gut showed a less rapid accumulation and decline. Muscle and skin showed even a slower accumulation and decline. Simulations also showed the effect of altering the rate of infusion on the concentration in the liver and excretion in the bile.     

A Boussinesq model for pressure and flow velocity waves in arterial segments

We derive a nonlinear model for the pressure and flow velocity wave propagation in an arterial segment. We then study the transmission and reflection of pulses at bifurcation. We observe a linear dependence of the transmitted speeds to the incoming speeds, and similarly for the reflected speeds. We propose a method for validating the numerical results obtained from this model against real data.     

一种测量气--液两相流的线列阵传感器设计

针对气—液两相流研究对含气率测量的需求,基于线列阵测量技术原理,设计了一种可移动式线列阵两相流测量传感器,该传感器具有较高的空间分辨率（3 mm）和极高的时间分辨率（2500 Hz）,设计了线列阵传感器标定和含气率算法,实现了瞬时二维局部含气率的测量。经过射流冲击试验验证表明：该线列阵传感器结构稳定,基于原始测量数据,采用标定和含气率求解算法,可计算气泡夹带现象在水平截面的平均含气率分布情况。     

Numerical analysis of a finite volume scheme for two incompressible phase flow with dynamic capillary pressure

In this paper, we propose and analyze the convergence of a TPFA (Two Points Flux Approximation) finite volume scheme to approximate the two incompressible phase flow with dynamic capillary pressure in porous media. The fully implicit scheme is based on nonstandard approximation on mobilities and capillary pressure on the dual mesh. We derive a discrete variational formulation and we present a new result of convergence in a two or three dimensional porous medium. In comparison with static capillary pressure, the non-equilibrium capillary model requires more powerful techniques; especially the discrete energy estimates are not standard.     

Simulation of postoperative 3D facial morphology using a physics-based head model

We propose a prototype of a facial surgery simulation system for surgical planning and the prediction of facial deformation. We use a physics-based human head model. Our head model has a 3D hierarchical structure that consists of soft tissue and the skull, constructed from the exact 3D CT patient data. Anatomic points measured on X-ray images from both frontal and side views are used to fire the model to the patient's head. The purposes of this research is to analyze the relationship between changes of mandibular position and facial morphology after orthognathic surgery, and to simulate the exact postoperative 3D facial shape. In the experiment, we used our model to predict the facial shape after surgery for patients with mandibular prognathism. Comparing the simulation results and the actual facial images after the surgery shows that the proposed method is practical.     

超声法测量气固两相流传感器选取研究

超声法因其穿透性好、精度高等优点成为气固两相流参数检测的一个新趋势.由于超声波在空气中衰减较大,因此,选择合适的超声波传感器对于气固两相流参数检测至关重要.通过运用有限元软件COMSOL构建超声法测量气固两相流的仿真模型,研究接收装置接收信号的大小与气固两相流固相颗粒的粒径和发射频率的关系,为实际测量选取超声波传感器提供了理论依据和指导建议.     

基于CFD的减摇水舱流体仿真

研究海洋救助船水舱稳定性优化问题,减摇水舱是最有效的减摇装置之一,可在全航速下实现船舶横摇减摇,通常是在台架和实船实验中验证水舱性能的直接有效性,但是耗时长,造价高,针对以上实验的局限性,提出采用CFD流体软件分析水舱的特性.减摇水舱内气体和液体运动是一种典型的VOF气液两相模型,通过对海洋救助船水舱模型建模,分析了水舱内阻尼板布置不同对水舱产生的最大对抗力矩调节,对抗力矩与横摇运动之间相位差以及水舱固有周期的动特性进行仿真.仿真结果表明,减摇水舱流体优化准确性能够满足平衡性要求,为水舱的设计提高有效的依据.