大塑性变形制备超细晶复合材料的研究进展

介绍了等径角挤压(ECAP)、往复挤压(CEC)、高压扭转(HPT)和累积叠轧(ARB)4种技术的加工原理,系统阐述了大塑性变形(SPD)制备铝基、镁基、铜基超细晶(UFG)复合材料的研究进展,指出SPD技术是细化复合材料基体、均匀弥散增强相从而提高强度、硬度和塑性的有效手段,并展望了其研究范围将由有色金属基复合材料拓宽到铁基、陶瓷基、聚合物基等复合材料。     

The combined effect of aging and accumulative roll bonding on the evolution of the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of an Al–0.2 wt % Zr alloy

This work is devoted to the effect of processes initiated by the combined action of aging (A) and accumulative roll bonding (ARB) on the evolution of the microstructure and the mechanical characteristics of an Al–0.2 wt % Zr alloy. Upon solution treatment (ST), followed by aging at temperatures of 350 and 450°C, the specimens were subjected to deformation to a degree of deformation of 80% using ARB. The evolution of the microstructure was examined using atomic force microscopy and the mechanical characteristics of the specimens were determined using tensile tests and Vickers microhardness measurements. The results have shown that, upon ten ARB cycles, the grain size decreased to 0.3, 0.4, and 0.32 μm in the specimens subjected to ST followed by ARB (ST–ARB), ST followed by A at a temperature of 350°C and ARB (350°C–A–ARB), and ST followed by A at a temperature of 450°C and ARB (450°C–A–ARB), respectively. This study has also shown that the combined use of preliminary A and subsequent ARB holds promise in enhancing the mechanical characteristics of the alloy due to precipitates that appear in the course of annealing. Fracture surfaces of the rolled specimens subjected to the tensile tests were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The results of these examinations have shown that in the specimens subjected to ST followed by ARB brittle fracture has been observed at the stage of the final ARB cycles, while in the A–ARB specimens cleavage facets (sites of fracture over the cleavage plane) and river lines have appeared on the fracture surfaces.     

Elevated Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Severely Deformed Titanium

In this investigation, compression tests were performed at a strain rate of 0.001-0.1 s^?1 in the range of 600-900 °C to study the high temperature deformation behavior and flow stress model of commercial purity (CP) titanium after severe plastic deformation (SPD). It was observed that SPD via equal channel angular extrusion can considerably enhance the flow strength of CP titanium deformed at 600 and 700 °C. Post-compression microstructures showed that, a fine grained structure can be retained at a deformation temperature of 600 °C. Based on the kinematics of dynamic recovery and recrystallization, the flow stress constitutive equations were established. The validity of the model was demonstrated with reasonable agreement by comparing the experimental data with the numerical results. The error values were less than 5% at all deformation temperatures except 600 °C.     

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes for metals

Processes of severe plastic deformation (SPD) are defined as metal forming processes in which a very large plastic strain is imposed on a bulk process in order to make an ultra-fine grained metal. The objective of the SPD processes for creating ultra-fine grained metal is to produce lightweight parts by using high strength metal for the safety and reliability of micro-parts and for environmental harmony. In this keynote paper, the fabrication process of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), accumulative roll-bonding (ARB), high pressure torsion (HPT), and others are introduced, and the properties of metals processed by the SPD processes are shown. Moreover, the combined processes developed recently are also explained. Finally, the applications of the ultra-fine grained (UFG) metals are discussed.     

Production,structure, texture,and mechanical properties of severely deformed magnesium

Methods of the severe plastic deformation (SPD) of pure magnesium at room temperature, namely, transverse extrusion and hydroextrusion in a self-destroyed shell, have been developed. The maximum true strain of the samples after the hydroextrusion was e ~ 3.2; in the course of transverse extrusion and subsequent cold rolling, a true strain of e ~ 6.0 was achieved. The structure and mechanical properties of the magnesium samples have been studied in different structural states. It has been shown that the SPD led to a decrease in the grain size d to ~2 μm; the relative elongation at fracture δ increased to ~20%. No active twinning has been revealed. The reasons for the high plasticity of magnesium after SPD according to the deformation modes suggested are discussed from the viewpoint of the hierarchy of the observed structural states.     

Effect of redundant shear strain on microstructure and texture evolution during accumulative roll-bonding in ultralow carbon IF steel

Accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) is a severe plastic deformation process that can effectively produce ultrafine grained (UFG) structures in metals and alloys. In previous investigations, the ARB process has often been carried out under high-friction conditions without any lubricant between materials and rolls, which may cause a large amount of redundant shear strain near the sheet surface. Owing to repetition of cutting, stacking and roll-bonding in the ARB, a complicated redundant shear strain distribution is expected through the sheet thickness. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the effect of the redundant shear strain on the microstructure and texture evolution during ARB. A Ti-added ultralow carbon interstitial free steel was deformed by up to seven cycles of ARB (a thickness reduction of 99.2%) at 500 °C, with or without lubrication, in order to investigate the effect of shear strain. Microstructural characterization by electron backscatter diffraction analysis was carried out at various thickness locations of the ARB processed sheets. The sheet processed by one cycle of ARB with good lubrication showed typical deformation microstructures uniformly throughout the thickness. In contrast, the specimen processed by one ARB cycle without lubrication had an inhomogeneous microstructure, and the fraction of deformation-induced high-angle boundaries increased close to the surface. Non-lubricated ARB caused through-thickness microstructural heterogeneity in low numbers of cycles, but repetition of ARB above five cycles finally produced quite uniform UFG structures. It was established that the microstructural parameters of the deformation structures can be basically understood in terms of the total equivalent strain, taking account of the redundant shear strain.     

A study of the interactive effects of strain,strain rate and temperature in severe plastic deformation of copper

The deformation field in machining was controlled to access a range of deformation parameters—strains of 1–15, strain rates of 10–100,000 s^?1 and temperatures of up to 0.4 T_m—in the severe plastic deformation (SPD) of copper. This range is far wider than has been accessed to date in conventional SPD methods, enabling a study of the interactive effects of the parameters on microstructure and strength properties. Nano-twinning was demonstrated at strain rates as small as 1000 s^?1 at ?196 °C and at strain rates of ?10,000 s^?1 even when the deformation temperature was well above room temperature. Bi-modal grain structures were produced in a single stage of deformation through in situ partial dynamic recrystallization. The SPD conditions for engineering specific microstructures by deformation rate control are presented in the form of maps, both in deformation parameter space and in terms of the Zener–Hollomon parameter.     

Effect of subgrain structure on the creep strength of alloy 1207

The effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) on the creep resistance of the Al-6%Cu-0.48Mn-0.52Mg-0.3Sc-0.1Zr alloy has been examined in a temperature range of 125–180°C. It has been shown that SPD performed by the method of equal-channel angular pressing at 300°C to a true strain of ～1 leads to the formation of a well-defined subgrain structure, which is retained upon solution treatment before quenching because of the presence in the alloy of ultradisperse Al₃(Sc, Zr) particles with coherent boundaries. It was established that the creep strength at 125–150°C of the as-cast alloy and of the deformed material is approximately the same. At 180°C, the creep rate of the deformed aluminum alloy is almost an order of magnitude lower than that of the as-cast alloy. The reasons for the influence of the subgrain structure on the creep strength of the Al-Cu-Sc-Zr alloy are discussed.     

Structure and properties of aluminum alloy 1421 after equal-channel angular pressing and isothermal rolling

Sheets from the aluminum alloy 1421 with an ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure and a weak crystallographic texture were prepared by the method of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) through a die with channels of a rectangular cross section and by subsequent isothermal rolling. Both operations were carried out at a temperature of 325°C. It is shown that severe plastic deformation (SPD) leads to the formation of a completely recrystallized uniform microstructure with an average grain size of 1.6 µm in the alloy. At room temperature the alloy 1421 demonstrates high static strength (σ_u = 545 MPa, σ_0.2 = 370 MPa) in the absence of a significant anisotropy. At temperatures of hot deformation, the alloy showed ultrahigh elongations under superplasticity (SP) conditions. At a temperature of 450°C and initial deformation rate of 1.4 × 10^?2 s^?1 the maximum elongation at fracture was ～2700%. At static annealing at a temperature of SP deformation, the UFG structure formed in the process of SPD remains stable. The SP deformation is accompanied by an insignificant grain growth and pore formation.     

Analysis of the deformation behavior of copper subjected to equal-channel angular pressing and subsequent tension

In this study, the 3D version of the dislocation model worked out by Estrin and Tóth has been modified and employed to analyze the deformation behavior of pure copper subjected to equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to the eighth pass by routes B _C and C. The model made it possible to analyze the main features and the character of the deformation behavior and the deformation mechanisms responsible for the arising structure of ultrafine-grained (UFG) copper and to establish the interrelation between the structure and the observed features of the deformation behavior of copper subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD). It has been shown that the model adequately reflects the occurring microstructural changes and allows one to obtain new information about the main features of the SPD processes. In particular, owing to the simulation performed, it has been possible to estimate the density of grain-boundary dislocations.     

大塑性变形制备超细晶铝锂合金的组织及力学性能研究进展

综述了大塑性变形工艺制备超细晶铝锂合金的显微组织及其力学性能,分析了大塑性变形过程中铝锂合金的组织演变及其影响因素。铝锂合金的强化机制主要是基于析出强化,结合大塑性变形得到的超细晶粒组织可以显著提高强度和塑性,并得到优异的超塑性。表明大塑性变形加工铝锂合金,尤其是等通道挤压制备的超细晶铝镁锂合金在超塑性工业具有广阔的发展前景。     

Quasi-static Tensile and Compressive Behavior of Nanocrystalline Tantalum based on Miniature Specimen Testing—Part I: Materials Processing and Microstructure

Grain size reduction of metals into ultrafine-grained (UFG, grain size 100 nm < d < 1000 nm) and nanocrystalline (NC, d < 100 nm) regimes results in considerable increase in strength along with other changes in mechanical behavior such as vanishing strain hardening and limited ductility. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been among the favored technologies for the fabrication of UFG/NC metals. Primary past research efforts on SPD UFG/NC metals have been focused on easy-to-work metals, especially face-centered cubic metals such as copper, nickel, etc., and the limited efforts on body-centered cubic metals have mainly focused on high strain rate behavior where these metals are shown to deform via adiabatic shear bands. Except for the work on Fe, only a few papers can be found associated with UFG/NC refractory metals. In the first part of the present work (Part I), high-pressure torsion (HPT) is used to process UFG/NC tantalum, a typical refractory metal. The microstructure of the HPT disk as a function of radial location as well as orientation will be examined. In the subsequent part (Part II), the location-specific mechanical behavior will be presented and discussed. It is suggested that refractory metals such as Ta are ideal to employ SPD technology for microstructure refinement because of the extremely high melting point and relatively good workability.     

Phase transformation behaviors and mechanical properties of Ti50Ni49Fe1 alloy with severe plastic deformation

In this work, transformation behaviors and mechanical properties of cold-rolled shape memory alloy TisoNia9Fel by severe plastic deformation （SPD） were intensively investigated. The phase transformation behaviors, phase analysis, and microstructures were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, respectively. Tensile testing was performed to analyze the effect of SPD on the mechanical properties and shape memory of TisoNi49Fel alloy. When the thickness reduction is beyond 30 %, the martensitic transformation is suppressed. After cold-rolling, the alloy is mainly com- posed of B2 parent phases with some stress-induced martensitic B 19t phases, and high density of dislocations are generated and the grains are obviously refined. The yield stress ab significantly raises from 618 MPa of 0 % cold rolling to 1,338 MPa of 50 % SPD. Shape-memory effect increases from 6.5 % without cold rolling to 8.5 % after 30 % SPD, ascribed to the induced defects in cold rolling. Those results indicate that TisoNi49Fel alloy has improved mechanical properties and potential commercial applications after SPD.     

Microstructural Inhomogeneity in Constrained Groove Pressed Cu-Zn Alloy Sheet

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is routinely employed to modify microstructure to obtain improved mechanical properties, particularly strength. Constrained groove pressing (CGP) is one of the SPD techniques that has gained prominence recently. However, the efficacy of the method in terms of homogeneity of microstructure and properties has not been well explored. In this work, we examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of CGP processed Cu-Zn alloy sheet and also explore homogeneity in their characteristics. We found that CGP is very effective in improving the mechanical properties of the alloy. Although the reduction in grain size with the number of passes in CGP is not as huge (~38 µm in annealed sample to ~10.2 µm in 1 pass sample) as is expected from a SPD technique, but there is a drastic improvement in ultimate tensile strength (~230 to ~380 MPa) which shows the effectiveness of this process. However, when mechanical properties were examined at smaller length scale using micro-indentation technique, it was found that hardness values of CGP processed samples were non-uniform along transverse direction with a distinct sinusoidal variation. Uniaxial tensile test data also showed strong anisotropy along principal directions. The cause of this anisotropy and non-uniformity in mechanical properties was found to lie in microstructural inhomogeneity which was found to exist at the length scale of the grooves of the die.     

喷丸工艺对TC4钛合金梯度纳米晶结构的作用规律

目的通过改变喷丸的压力或时间,在钛合金表面制备出剧烈塑性变形(SPD)层较厚、硬度较高的梯度纳米晶结构。方法改变喷丸压力(0.3~0.6 MPa)或喷丸时间(15~60 min),调控TC4钛合金表面梯度纳米晶结构的变形层厚度和纳米晶晶粒尺寸。利用金相显微镜观察塑性变形层截面的组织形貌,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)确定喷丸表面纳米晶的晶粒尺寸,通过显微硬度计对塑性变形层的截面硬度进行研究。结果一定喷丸压力(0.6MPa)下,SPD层和总变形层厚度分别在喷丸25、30 min时达到饱和值78μm和143μm。一定喷丸时间(25 min)下,SPD层和总变形层的厚度随喷丸压力的增加而增厚,在0.4 MPa时达到饱和,分别为78μm和120μm。当SPD层厚度进入饱和阶段后,表层晶粒大小和硬度强化程度都趋于稳定;在0.6 MPa下,当表面α相细化至稳定阶段时,晶粒尺寸为30~90 nm,表面硬度提高约30%。结论喷丸SPD层及总变形层的厚度随喷丸时间的延长或喷丸压力的增大而增厚,当SPD层厚度趋于饱和后,表面晶粒尺寸和硬度强化程度都已饱和。     

Features of plastic deformation of electrospark coatings and ways for improvement of their strength characteristics at friction

Analysis of the structural state of surface metal layers after their electrospark doping (ESD) and subsequent surface plastic deformation (SPD) has been performed. The structure levels and their scale ranging within 20–10³ nm have been determined. Applying the methods of X-ray structure analysis and electron microscopy, it has been found that the linear defect density after ESD and after ESD + SPD is practically identical; this allowed suggesting that the basis for the mechanism of plastic deformation of electrospark coatings is collective motion of dislocations, that is, rotational processes. Some ways of formation of stable and more homogeneous structures of electrospark coatings with required properties have been analyzed and proposed.     

Dependence of the amount of a nanocrystalline phase in the amorphous Fe<Subscript>80</Subscript>B<Subscript>20</Subscript> alloy on the degree of severe plastic deformation

Conditions for the formation of nanocrystals in the amorphous Fe₈₀B₂₀ alloy under the effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) have been investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The dependence of the size of nanocrystals and the fraction of a nanocrystalline phase that is formed during the crystallization of an amorphous alloy on the degree of SPD has been studied. It has been shown that the SPD induces nanocrystallization of amorphous samples. An average size of nanocrystals is about 6 nm. The formation of nanocrystals is observed only in the zones of localization of plastic deformation, i.e., shear zones. These zones have an elongated shape; their width is several microns; in these zones, regions of a low density of the material and, in some cases, even voids, are observed. The size of such discontinuities is from 5 to 50 nm. It has been found that an increase in a degree of deformation increases the fraction of the nanocrystalline phase. The estimations of the fraction of the phases performed by the method of resolution of the maxima present in the X-ray diffraction patterns into components showed that in the samples subjected to deformation by 15 rev of the anvils the fraction of nanocrystals is nine times greater than that in the samples subjected to deformation by 8 rev. At the same time, the average size of nanocrystals remains unchanged. Such behavior testifies to a step-by-step development of the deformation and its delocalization in the sample.     

The effect of cryogenic temperature and change in deformation mode on the limiting grain size in a severely deformed dilute aluminium alloy

With the aim of investigating the factors that limit the production of true nanograined materials by cryogenic severe deformation, the grain structures formed in an Al–0.1%Mg alloy have been studied in plane strain compression at temperatures down to 77 K, following prior severe plastic deformation (SPD) by equal channel angular extrusion. Changing the deformation mode alone had little effect on increasing the rate of grain refinement. At the minimum cryogenic temperature (77 K) the samples still contained ∼30% low angle boundaries and a nanoscale high-angle boundary (HAB) spacing was only obtained in one dimension. At high strains a steady-state minimum HAB spacing was approached, irrespective of the temperature, where the rate of grain refinement stagnated. It is shown that the minimum grain size achievable in SPD is limited by a balance between the rate of compression of the HAB spacing and dynamic grain coarsening. At low temperatures this is controlled by abnormally high boundary migration rates, which are difficult to explain with existing theories of grain boundary mobility.     

Continuous and ultra-fine grained chip production with large strain machining

In this study, orthogonal cutting technique as a severe plastic deformation (SPD) method for producing chips with an ultra-fine grained microstructure and fair mechanical properties is investigated; further, it has been suggested that by controlling the cutting velocity and contact length between tool and material, it is possible to produce a severely deformed and continuous chip with unrestored microstructure even at high cutting velocities. Solution treated Al-6061 samples in plane strain condition were severely deformed through applying various cutting velocities (from 50 to 2230 mm/s) for three different rake angles (−5°, −10° and −20°) in fixed cutting parameters. Chip thickness, contact length, shear strain, and Vickers microhardness variations were examined for different samples and chip formation mechanism was discussed for different processing conditions. In addition, the microstructure of especial produced chips was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that during the dominance of seizure mechanism at the contact surface, microhardness and shear strain (as well as contact length) have inverse dependency upon the variation of the cutting velocity. The results are discussed by considering the heat-time effect contribution in the final microstructure and mechanical properties.     

Emission Mössbauer spectroscopy of grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained W and Mo produced by severe plastic deformation

Grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained W and Mo produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) by high-pressure torsion method have been studied by emission Mössbauer spectroscopy on ⁵⁷Co (⁵⁷Fe) nuclei. The evolution of the state of the grain boundaries has been studied upon heating. It has been shown that, after SPD, the grain boundaries are in a nonequilibrium state, which is characterized by an excess free volume. Upon annealing, the state of the grain boundaries changes as it approaches the state typical of coarse-grained materials.