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污染食品的真菌毒素问题 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
1 真菌毒素(mycotoxin) 所谓真菌毒素,是霉菌产生的代谢产物,对人和家畜等的健康具有损害特性的有毒物质。真菌毒素引起的疾病称为霉菌中毒症或真菌中毒症。最早引起人类中毒的真菌毒素是田麦角菌产生的。1953年日本发生的黄变米事件也是由真菌毒素中毒引起的。有关真菌毒素的问题世界各国都很重视。黄曲霉毒素的研究和发现在真菌毒素的研究上具有划时代的意义。1960年英国发生了10万只火鸡的中毒事件,后来经研究确定是由黄曲霉毒素引起的。这种真菌毒素具有较强的毒性和致癌性。黄曲霉毒素之所以引人注目,还因 相似文献
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黄曲霉素(Aflatoxins),由黄曲霉、寄生曲霉以及模式曲霉在相应的温度和湿度条件下产生。黄曲霉素作为一种有害真菌毒素,严重威胁人类、畜类的身体健康。由于黄曲菌具有较强的致病性和致癌率,现采用超高效液相色谱对样品粮食中的黄曲霉菌含量进行测量。 相似文献
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曲霉属真菌产生的真菌毒素是最早被发现并被重视的一类真菌毒素,多污染食品、饲料和中药,其种类繁多,且对人体的危害性巨大。近年来,国内外对此类真菌毒素的毒性研究愈加关注,本综述总结了曲霉菌属真菌产生的_13种主要真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素B_2、黄曲霉毒素G_1、黄曲霉毒素G_2、黄曲霉毒素M_1、黄曲霉毒素M_2、黄曲霉毒素P_1、赭曲霉毒素A、赭曲霉毒素B、赭曲霉毒素C、赭曲霉毒素α、杂色曲霉素和O-甲基-杂色曲霉素)近40年来体内、体外毒性研究资料,对其各项毒性进行归纳,主要涵盖急性毒性、慢性毒性的致癌性、生长生殖毒性、致突变和基因毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、细胞毒性及血液毒性。同时对黄曲霉毒素B_1、赭曲霉毒素A及其他常见毒素间的协同毒性也进行了概述。由于各国对食品药品的安全性要求越来越高,对真菌毒素毒性的总结,可进一步加深对毒素的认识,并为食品、饲料及中药安全性方面相关的法律法规制订提供重要依据。 相似文献
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在印度曾使用过各种不同的传统容器储存高梁。高梁易于受到真菌侵害和毒素污染。本研究论及在不同的储存容器中即储藏室(Kotlu)、瓦罐、麻袋和芦苇筐中储存高梁内霉菌和真菌毒素的污染(黄曲霉毒素B1和T-2毒素)。黄曲霉和镰刀菌是优势菌属,而储藏室最易受到真菌的侵害。储存处理对真菌污染没有什么影响,但是尽管受到真菌的感染,然而发现真菌毒素的污染很低。 相似文献
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Regulation of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis: Induction of Aflatoxin Production by Various Carbohydrates 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The ability of various compounds to induce aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus was investigated by initially culturing the organism in a peptone basal medium that does not support aflatoxin production, and then transferring the organism to a replacement medium containing the test compound. Ribose, xylose, glucose, fructose, sorbose, mannose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, and glycerol induced aflatoxin production. This induction of aflatoxin production was blocked when cycloheximide was incorporated into the replacement medium. Aflatoxin biosynthesis was not induced by lactose, lactic acid, sodium pyruvate, oleic acid, citric acid, sodium acetate, α-methyl-D-glucoside, 3-0-methyl-D-glucoside, cAMP, or cGMP. The results suggest that the synthesis of one or more of the enzymes responsible for aflatoxin formation is regulated by the availability of specific readily-metabolizable carbon sources. 相似文献
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黄曲霉菌及其毒素严重威胁农产品质量安全,本文旨在探寻非脱羧勒克菌对黄曲霉菌及其毒素污染防控效果。从湖北黄陂分离筛选出一株非脱梭勒克菌wt16,将其与黄曲霉菌在液体培养基中共培养后测定非脱羧勒克菌wt16菌株对黄曲霉菌生长及产毒的抑制率。结果表明,在沙氏液体培养基中,非脱羧勒克菌wt16能明显抑制黄曲霉菌的生长及产毒,对其菌丝生长的抑制率为77%~92%,对其产毒的抑制率为90%~96%。通过扫描电子显微镜观察发现,非脱羧勒克菌wt16能改变黄曲霉菌丝的形态,使得黄曲霉菌丝体由规则的球体聚集成不规则形状,单个菌丝会由细长型断裂成小截形态,菌丝表面也变得更为光滑;并且发现wt16在花生粉及未受机械损伤的花生颗粒上对黄曲霉菌的生长及产毒均表现出很强的抑制作用。进一步研究发现,非脱羧勒克菌wt16菌株发酵上清液中含有能抑制黄曲霉毒素合成的有效成分,且该发酵上清液的制备以培养4 d以上为最佳,培养温度为15~40 ℃。 相似文献
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LAWRENCE M. LENOVICH 《Journal of food science》1981,46(2):655-655
The effects of caffeine on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 were studied on 13 cocoa bean types. Caffeine levels from bean types ranged from 0.30-3.6 mg/g and only very low levels of aflatoxin were produced on bean types having > 1.80 mg caffeine/g. These data provide additional evidence that caffeine is an effective inhibitor of aflatoxin production and help explain why aflatoxin does not accumulate in cocoa beans under natural storage conditions. 相似文献
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Inhibition of Aflatoxin Formation by Some Spices 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Souhair S. Mabrouk Nefisa M. A. El-Shayeb 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1980,171(5):344-347
Summary The effects of black pepper, cinnamon, peppermint, cumin, ginger and clove on growth and aflatoxin formation ofAspergillus flavus were studied in rice powdercorn steep (RC) medium. The effects of the first five spices were judged to be inhibition of aflatoxin formation rather than of mycelial growth. Clove completely inhibited both mycelial growth and aflatoxin formation at a concentration above 0.1%. No aflatoxin was produced when cumin and mint levels of 5% and 10% were used. Black pepper and ginger levels of 10% decreased aflatoxin formation by 100%. Higher concentrations of cinnamon, mint, cumin and ginger stimulated mycelial growth.
Hemmung der Aflatoxinbildung durch einige Gewürze
Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Pfeffer, Zimt, Pfefferminz, Kumin (römischer Kümmel), Ingwer und Nelken auf das Wachstum vonAspergillus flavus und dessen Aflatoxinproduktion wurde auf Reismehl als Nährboden studiert. Die Hemmung der ersten fünf Gewürze konnte bei der Aflatoxinproduktion früher als beim Mycelwachstum nachgewiesen werden. Andrerseits hemmt Nelkenpulver das Mycelwachstum und die Aflatoxinproduktion bei einer Konzentration über 0,1% vollständig. Kein Alfatoxin konnte bei Konzentration von 5–10% Kumin- oder Pfefferminzpulver, bei Pfeffer und Ingwer erst ab 10%. festgestellt werden. Konzentrationen bis zu 10% stimulieren bei Pfefferminz, Kumin und Ingwer das Mycelwachstum.相似文献
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The effects of CAMP, cGMP, AMP, and GMP on aflatoxin accumulation were studied using flask and test tube cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus. The response to cGMP supplementation was variable, depending on the type of culture system employed. Cyclic AMP produced a dose-related increase in aflatoxin production, with 5.0 mM supplementation resulting in as much as an 18-fold increase in toxin accumulation. Stimulation of aflatoxin production by cAMP was not attributable to nutritional effects, and the results suggest that cAMP may be a key regulatory control point governing aflatoxin biosynthesis. 相似文献
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研究发现茶叶中的茶多酚单体普遍具有抑制黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)产生的活性,而槲皮素的抑毒活性要高于等浓度下儿茶素类茶多酚。为了解槲皮素抑制黄曲霉毒素产生的分子机制,对黄曲霉菌的抗氧化系统、毒素产生的相关基因进行了分析。试验结果显示槲皮素处理能后降低黄曲霉菌内的ROS水平,降低MDA含量。RT-PCR结果证实槲皮素能够激活抗氧化系统转录因子Yap1,导致黄曲霉体内的抗氧化酶系统活性的增加,POD、CAT、SOD都得到了显著的提高,这很可能是槲皮素抑制AFB1产生的关键因素;槲皮素能同时下调AflR与AflS的表达,而AflS能够通过结合AflR调控产毒基因的表达,这很可能是槲皮素抑制AFB1产生的核心分子机制,这种机制也与其激活抗氧化系统缓解菌体内氧化胁迫的作用相对应。以上结果表明槲皮素作为一种高效的黄曲霉毒素合成抑制剂,将对提高食品安全保障具有较高的应用价值。 相似文献
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The occurrence of aflatoxins in market betel nut samples was studied. It was observed that several betel nut samples were infested with aflatoxin-producing fungus, Aspergillus flavus. Out of 32 samples collected from various places, 12 were positive for aflatoxin. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in all the positive samples. Other aflatoxins were also detected in some samples. Boric acid, propionic acid and potassium metabisulphite were used for the control of aflatoxin B1 on betel nuts. Propionic acid was most effective in inhibiting aflatoxin production on betel nut after intervals of 2 (62%) and 4 (85%) weeks. Controlling the occurrence of aflatoxin could safeguard the users from the health hazards of aflatoxins. 相似文献