熟制麻辣小龙虾冷藏和冻藏条件下的品质变化

研究熟制麻辣小龙虾在冷藏和冻藏条件下的品质变化,将小龙虾油炸后拌料入味,真空包装并进行沸水 煮制杀菌（沸水煮制20 min后快速冷却）,分别在4 ℃和－18 ℃条件下贮藏,通过感官评分、菌落总数、大肠杆 菌数量、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）值、pH值及食盐含量测定对麻辣小龙虾的品质变 化进行研究。结果表明：从感官评定结果、菌落总数和TVB-N值综合评判,4 ℃冷藏和－18 ℃冻藏的麻辣小龙虾 能够保持最佳品质的贮藏时间分别为4 周和4 个月;在保质期内,麻辣小龙虾的菌落总数＜4.7 （lg（CFU/g））, TVB-N值＜30 mg/100 g,pH值在弱碱性范围内变化;4 ℃冷藏小龙虾贮藏前3 周的食盐含量呈逐渐升高趋势（达 1.99%）,贮藏3 周后变化不显著（P＞0.05）,而－18 ℃冻藏小龙虾的食盐含量变化缓慢,保持在1.6%～1.8%范 围内。经感官评定,保质期内的麻辣小龙虾风味鲜美、品质优良。     

Foam‐Mat Freeze‐Drying of Bifidobacterium longum RO175: Viability and Refrigerated Storage Stability

Foaming as a pretreatment was used prior to freeze‐drying of Bifidobacterium longum RO175 to investigate the potential acceleration of the drying rate and increase in microorganism viability after the process. A study on storage of foamed and nonfoamed freeze‐dried products at 4 °C completed this study. B. longum RO175 in foamed medium could be freeze‐dried in 1/7 to 1/4 of the time required for nonfoamed suspensions. In addition, foamed suspensions presented higher viability immediately after freeze‐drying (13.6% compared to 12.81 % or 11.46%, depending on the cryoprotective media). Refrigerated storage led to a reduction in B. longum RO175 viability for all tested protective agents (foamed and nonfoamed). No correlation between glass transition temperature and stability of probiotic powders was observed during storage. In addition, lower viability after 56 d of storage was observed for foamed materials, probably due to foam porous structure and higher hygroscopicity, and oxygen presence and moisture pickup during storage.     

冻藏时间及pH值对宰后不同部位羊肉保水性变化的影响

-18℃条件下将新疆巴什拜羊的肩肌、臀肌、背最长肌分别冻藏1、3、5、7、15、30d后,对其保水品质特性进行检测分析.结果表明:肩肌系水力随冻藏时间延长不断降低,冻藏时间延长至15、30d时有所回升;臀肌系水力随时间延长有所下降,蒸煮损失随冻藏期间延长不断增加,冻藏30d蒸煮损失最高,解冻滴水损失随冻藏时间延长而增加;背最长肌系水力随着冻藏时间的延长下降,蒸煮损失随冻藏时间延长呈增加趋势,在冻藏1d时最低,与冻藏15、30d差异显著(P＜0.05);pH值与各部位肌肉系水力值均呈正相关,与蒸煮损失则呈负相关.故冻藏时间对新疆巴什拜羊不同部位保水性影响较大.随着冻藏时间的延长,各部位羊肉的水分含量、解冻滴水损失、系水力、蒸煮损失均会发生变化,这一过程中,pH值的变化对保水性各指标变化影响也较大.     

Survival of Salmonella typhimurium on Sterile Ground Chicken Breast Patties After Washing with Salt and Phosphates and During Refrigerated and Frozen Storage

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of 10% (w/v) salt, trisodium phosphate (TSP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP) washes on removal of attached Salmonella typhimurium from sterile chicken breast patties, as well as on their injury and survival in a refrigerator for 16 d, in a –20 °C freezer for 10 mo, and after 3 freeze-thaw cycles. S. typhimurium were grown on chicken patties at 20 °C for 20 h, washed, and enumerated by plating on selective and nonselective media. Salt and phosphates washing significantly lowered the survival populations of attached S. typhimurium on patties, but did not cause any significant sublethal injury of attached S. typhimurium , irrespective of storage treatments. The TSP washes showed superior effects of removing and inactivating S. typhimurium compared to other washing treatments.     

冷冻非发酵面团冻藏过程中化学成分及物理特性的变化

考察冷冻非发酵面团于－18 ℃冻藏不同时间（0、5、10、15、20、25 d）,其化学成分与物理特性的变化。结果表明：随着冻藏时间的延长,直链淀粉含量总体上呈下降趋势,当冻藏至第5天时,其含量急剧下降,之后呈波动变化;还原糖含量逐渐上升,然后趋于稳定（含量约49.26 mg/g干质量）;戊聚糖含量小幅下降;巯基含量呈先上升后下降趋势;硬度、胶着性增加,黏聚性变化不显著（P＞0.05）,弹性下降;弹性模量G’与黏性模量G’’均有所下降;除冻藏15 d外,tanδ值相近且均高于空白组;色泽也有所下降。结论：随着冻藏时间的延长,冷冻非发酵面团的品质有所下降。     

Cryoprotectants Affect Physical Properties of Restructured Trout During Frozen Storage

ABSTRACT: Cryoprotectants other than sucrose/sorbitol were evaluated to reduce the sweetness of restructured trout products during frozen storage. Bacterial growth, lipid oxidation, thaw loss, cook yield, color, and texture were evaluated after 1 d, 3 mo, and 6 mo of storage at-20 °C. Sucrose/sorbitol, trehalose, andtrehalose/sorbitol at 8% equally exhibited a cryoprotective action and minimized thaw loss and texture changes, whereas sodium lactate did not at 2% during 6 mo of frozen storage. Raw, carbohydrate-treated products had less L * values than the control and sodium lactate products. After cooking, no difference in L * value was observed. Cryoprotectants and frozen storage time did not affect bacterial growth and lipid oxidation of raw products.     

Chemical Stability of Antioxidant-Washed Beef Heart Surimi During Frozen Storage

Beef heart surimi was prepared in the presence or absence of propyl gallate and blended with or without cryoprotectants (sucrose, sorbitol). Samples were stored at -15, -29, and -70°C for 0.2, 2, 4, 12, 26 and 52 wk to observe oxidative changes in lipids (TBARS and dienes) and proteins (sulfhydryl, carbonyl, surface hydrophobicity, and myosin ATP-ase). Lipid and protein oxidation was minimal at -70°C. The freeze-thaw process caused lipid and protein oxidation in control samples at -15 and -29°C. Oxidation increased rapidly after 4 wk. Propyl gallate inhibited lipid oxidation but was ineffective against protein changes. After 12 wk, cryoprotectants promoted lipid and protein oxidation in the absence of propyl gallate.     

氯化钙处理对速冻蓝莓冻藏期品质的影响

研究不同质量分数氯化钙处理对速冻蓝莓果实于－18 ℃冻藏时品质变化的影响。结果表明：随着冻藏时间延长,速冻蓝莓果实的质量、硬度、可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定酸、VC、花色苷和总酚含量均呈下降趋势。浸钙处理可延缓速冻蓝莓果实质量、硬度、TSS、可滴定酸、VC、花色苷和总酚含量的下降,保持果实原有品质。在整个冻藏期多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性不断下降,氯化钙处理组冻藏后期PPO活性明显被抑制,但对POD活性没有显著效果。综合分析各指标,经1.5%氯化钙溶液处理的速冻蓝莓其冻藏期品质最好。     

Ropy exopolysaccharide-producing Bifidobacterium longum YS108R as a starter culture for fermented milk

Bifidobacteria are generally inferior compared to traditional starter lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in terms of fermentation properties. The results of this study showed that the use of a ropy EPS producing strain Bifidobacterium longumYS108R during fermentation improved the physicochemical properties of fermented milk, including decreased whey syneresis and increased water-holding capacity and apparent viscosity, however, another non-ropy EPS producing strain B. longum C11A10B did not exert such effects. Furthermore, we found that synergistically fermented milk with YS108R and commercial starter could reduce the production of acetic acid, a metabolite of bifidobacteria, and scored better in terms of sensory evaluation, especially with regards to mouthfeel texture. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a single mutation in the protein-tyrosine kinase gene of strain YS108R, which may relate to ropy phenotype. Our results indicate that ropy-EPS producing B. longumYS108R is suitable as an adjunct culture for the manufacture of novel fermented dairy products.     

NaCl对冻藏期间冰全蛋功能性质的影响

为改善冰全蛋的功能性质,开发专用型冰全蛋产品,以鲜蛋为原料,研究了6 个月冻藏期内不同添加量NaCl（0.5%、1%、2%和4%）对冰全蛋功能性质的影响,并结合理化性质的变化对其原因进行分析。结果发现,冰全蛋表面疏水性随冻藏时间延长和NaCl添加量的增加而升高,而总巯基和表面巯基含量均随冻藏时间的延长而降低,但随NaCl添加量的增加呈现复杂变化。冰全蛋的溶解度随冻藏时间的延长而降低,添加1%和2%的NaCl冰全蛋的溶解度明显高于空白组;随冻藏时间的延长,冰全蛋的起泡性整体呈下降趋势,泡沫稳定性整体呈上升趋势,其中添加2%的NaCl可以显著改善冰全蛋的起泡性,60～180 d后起泡性仍优于未冻藏未加盐冰全蛋,且优于鲜蛋。同时,凝胶强度及凝胶持水性均在冻藏初期增加而后持续下降,添加1%的NaCl可以显著改善冰全蛋的凝胶性,30 d后凝胶性仍高于未冻藏未加盐冰全蛋,且高于鲜蛋。所以添加一定量的NaCl可改善冰全蛋的功能性质,为开发专用型冰全蛋的生产提供理论指导。     

冷冻贮藏对喷雾干燥羊乳粉品质特性的影响

本研究中对新鲜羊乳、低温冷冻（-16~-18 ℃）和超低温冷冻（-76~-80 ℃）贮藏3个月的常温解冻（20~25 ℃）羊乳进行喷雾干燥,制备了鲜羊乳粉、低温冷冻常温解冻（CFHT）羊乳粉和超低温冷冻常温解冻（UFHT）羊乳粉,对其品质进行比较分析。结果表明：喷雾干燥羊乳粉的水分质量分数符合国家标准,水分活度（A_w）均小于0.2,总色差（ΔE）均小于0.3,具有良好的贮藏特性;3组羊乳粉复水后多分散性指数（PDI）均小于0.3;激光共聚焦显微镜（CLMS）图像显示3组羊乳粉复水后组间脂肪球与蛋白质颗粒无明显差异。相比于鲜羊乳粉,CFHT和UFHT羊乳粉的脂肪损失较严重（P<0.05）,蛋白质和乳糖质量分数损失10%~19%（P<0.05）;而UFHT羊乳粉的蛋白质和乳糖高于CFHT羊乳粉,水分质量分数和A_w低于CFHT羊乳粉。因此,冷冻贮藏可用于喷雾干燥羊乳粉的制备,且UFHT羊乳粉的品质优于CFHT羊乳粉。     

Non-Volatile Organic Acids,pH and Titratable Acidity Changes in Pineapple Fruit Slices During Frozen Storage

Effects of freezing and frozen storage on pH, titratable acidity and non-volatile organic acids of two pineapple fruit cultivars, Smooth Cayenne and Red Spanish, were studied. Pineapple fruit was frozen as slices in a cold room at −18°C and stored at this temperature for a 12 month period. A negative correlation was found between pH and titratable acidity in the two cultivars throughout frozen storage ( r =-0·67 for Smooth Cayenne and r =-0·71 for Red Spanish). Non-volatile organic acids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The major components were citric and L-malic acids. A high correlation was found between these two acids during frozen storage ( r =0·75 in Smooth Cayenne and r =0·78 in Red Spanish). There were significant differences ( P⩽ 0·01) in pH and titratable acidity between the two studied varieties after a year of frozen storage. Significant differences ( P⩽ 0·05) were found in pH values during frozen storage in cv Smooth Cayenne and in citric and L-malic acids in cv Red Spanish. Freezing preservation of pineapple fruit slices led to minimal chemical changes after a year of frozen storage.     

冻藏条件对人乳脂质及挥发性风味物质的影响

以新鲜人乳为对照(0d),设置-18、-60℃和-60℃快速冷冻(-60℃(Q))3种冻藏条件分别冻藏60 d与180 d,通过测定脂质含量、非酯化脂肪酸(non-esterified fatty acids,NEFA)含量、脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxide,LPO)含量、脂肪酸组成、乳脂肪球微观结构及挥发性...     

冻结速率对凡纳滨对虾虾仁贮藏特性的影响

本文以凡纳滨对虾（Penaeusvannamei）虾仁为原料,分别采用-80℃和．20℃两种冻结条件对虾仁进行冻结处理,分析冷冻速率对凡纳滨对虾虾仁贮藏过程中理化、鲜度及色泽特性的影响,明确冻结速率对虾仁解冻后的质量变化特征的影响规律。总体来讲,冻藏过程中虾仁质量变化趋势基本一致,随着冻藏时间的延长,虾肉解冻损失率增加,鲜度降低,pH呈下降后上升的趋势,TVB-N值上升,产品的亮度指标L＊升高。冻结速率对虾仁的贮藏特性影响差异显著,冻藏6d后冻结速率对虾仁解冻损失率、鲜度指标影响出现分化,-80℃速冻处理可明显改善虾仁的解冻失水,保证虾仁鲜度。20d后,pH值、TVB-N值变L‘值变化情况也表明-80℃速冻在一定程度上可以减轻虾仁贮藏过程中的质量劣化程度。     

几种鱼类胶原蛋白含量在冻藏过程中的变化

研究了鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼在-10、-20、-30、-40℃下冻藏时肌肉中胶原蛋白含量的变化。结果表明,随冻藏时间的延长,三种鱼类的胶原蛋白含量均呈下降的趋势;胶原蛋白含量下降的速度与冻藏温度和鱼种密切相关。     

Effect of Freezing and Frozen Storage on Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics in Sheep Milk Cheese

ABSTRACT: Most chemical components and water activity of an the Los Pedroches' brand ewes' milk cheese were not altered by frozen storage. Lactic acid concentration and pH were significantly different (p < 0.05) in control cheeses and those kept in frozen storage for 3 and 6 months from those stored for 9 months. Proteolysis continued slowly during frozen storage, with significantly higher rates of non protein nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen (p < 0.05) present at the end of the storage period. Counts of microorganisms, except for enterococci, tended to decrease during frozen storage. Freezing rates did not affect the chemical and microbiological characteristics studied.     

奥尔良鸡腿排冻藏期间的品质变化

以奥尔良鸡腿排为研究对象,每30 d对奥尔良鸡腿排的色泽、质构特性、剪切力、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失 率、pH值、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值进行测定,并结合低场核磁共振（low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）技 术对其水分状态进行测定,研究奥尔良鸡腿排在240 d冻藏期间的品质变化。结果表明：奥尔良鸡腿排的理化指标 受冻藏时间影响显著（P＜0.05）,随着冻藏时间的延长,奥尔良鸡腿排的pH值不断增加,TBARs值呈上升趋势, TVB-N含量不断上升,菌落总数的变化趋势为先下降后上升;色泽指标中的亮度值及红度值呈降低趋势,而黄度值 呈升高趋势;质构指标中的硬度、咀嚼性、黏结性和剪切力呈上升趋势,而弹性逐渐下降;蒸煮损失率和解冻损失 率逐渐增大;横向弛豫时间T23峰面积（自由水含量）减小,T21峰面积（结合水含量）几乎不变,T22峰面积（不易 流动水含量）略有减小;磁共振成像结果表明,肉质表面氢质子发生明显迁移,与水分变化分析结果一致。     

超高压草鱼糜冻藏过程中的理化性质变化

以盐溶性蛋白含量、pH值、持水性、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)为指标,考察超高压处理的草鱼糜在－18℃冻藏期间理化性质的经时变化。结果表明：冻藏期间,盐溶蛋白含量和持水性随着压力的升高均先上升后下降,在400MPa时达到最大,分别为155.6mg/g和93.9%;盐溶蛋白含量、pH值、持水性呈下降趋势;TVB-N值呈现上升趋势。     

冷冻贮藏的罗非鱼片及其鱼糜凝胶品质的测定

为验证冷冻贮藏后罗非鱼片的食用品质及加工特性,对冷冻贮藏10个月和24个月的罗非鱼片及其鱼糜品质进行测定。实验数据表明,和鲜鱼片相比,冷冻贮藏后的鱼片水分含量和盐溶性蛋白含量下降,汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率上升;以冷冻贮藏的鱼片加工鱼糜凝胶食品,感官评价和嫩度较好,质构数据和对照组相比,硬度有显著性差异(P<0.01),弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼性没有显著性差异。结果表明:冻冻贮藏的罗非鱼片在保质期内仍适合食用及加工。