混凝土阻尼比研究

配制了普通混凝土、轻骨料混凝土、粉煤灰混凝土、橡胶粉混凝土、聚合物混凝土和聚合物粉煤灰混凝土等6类共计33个配合比的混凝土，采用自由振动法测试了各类混凝土的阻尼比，得到了一批混凝土阻尼比的基础性数据．在着重提高混凝土阻尼比的同时．还兼顾了混凝土抗压强度和弹性模量等力学性能的改善．     

引气真空混凝土的孔结构和抗冻性的研究

本文采用吸水动力学法，压汞法测量了四种类型的混凝土（普通混凝土，真空混凝土，引气混凝土和引气真空混凝土）的孔结构，用显微镜测量了这些混凝土的气泡间隔系数，还用快冻法测量了混凝土的抗冻性，测量了混凝土不同龄期的抗压强度。结果表明，真空处理可以降低混凝土的水灰比，提高混凝土的抗压强度；混凝土的孔结构明显改善，总孔体积减少，毛细径变细，在混凝土表层形成一个致密的保护层；能降低混凝土的饱和吸水率，提高了混     

谈特种混凝土及其应用

对活性微粉混凝土、泡沫混凝土、透水混凝土、再生骨料混凝土、自修复混凝土五种特种混凝土的特点作了简述,分析了各种混凝土的工程应用优势及性能,以满足工程施工对特殊功能混凝土的要求。     

粉煤灰加气混凝土的生产与应用

粉煤灰加气混凝土就是以粉煤灰为主要原料而制成的加气混凝土。加气混凝土包括加气混凝土砌块,泡沫混凝土及加了引气剂的混凝土。简单的说,加气混凝土就是所有加了气的混凝土。也有直接叫加气混凝土砌块。     

钢纤维混凝土/老混凝土黏结劈拉强度的影响因素

通过135个钢纤维混凝土与老混凝土100 mm×100 mm×l00 mm立方体黏结试块的劈拉试验,研究了老混凝土表面粗糙度、界面黏结剂和新混凝土中钢纤维体积分数对钢纤维混凝土/老混凝土黏结强度的影响,探讨了钢纤维混凝土与老混凝土的黏结机理.采用极差分析和方差分析的方法,分析了老混凝土表面粗糙度、界面黏结剂和新混凝土中钢纤维体积分数对钢纤维混凝土/老混凝土黏结强度影响的显著性.结果表明,老混凝土表面粗糙度、界面黏结剂和新混凝土中钢纤维体积分数对钢纤维混凝土/老混凝土黏结强度都有显著影响,其中以表面粗糙度对劈拉强度的影响最为显著.提出了钢纤维混凝土与老混凝土黏结劈拉强度的计算公式.     

现代高强混凝土在钢管混凝土结构中的应用

本文首先阐述了钢管混凝土和高强混凝土的概念以及各自的特点,随后论述了钢管高强混凝土的优点,并列举了一些在实际工程中高强混凝土在钢管混凝土结构中的实例,最后讨论了高强混凝土在钢管混凝土结构应用中需进一步解决的问题。     

绿色生态混凝土技术与循环经济发展

定义绿色生态混凝土,指出绿色生态混凝土技术属于现代混凝土范畴.并且符合循环经济的理念;论述了材料过程工程学理论对循环经济模式下绿色生态混凝土技术的指导意义.分析了构建混凝土循环经济发展模式的可行性;阐述了循环经济在绿色生态混凝土技术中的具体运用.定义了可再生混凝土,总结了实现可再生混凝土的技术途径是胶凝材料的可再生和骨料的可再生,介绍了两种可再生混凝土:水泥生料组分混凝土和高性能石膏混凝土.提出绿色生态混凝土作为混凝土未来的发展方向,必须以材料过程工程学为理论指导,引入循环经济的发展模式.     

建筑工程中混凝土施工技术要点分析

介绍了混凝土施工中的常见质量缺陷,从混凝土配置、混凝土浇筑、混凝土养护等方面,阐述了建筑工程中混凝土施工技术要点,并提出了一些提高混凝土施工技术水平的建议,从而保证混凝土施工质量。     

混凝土的种类主要有哪些?(连载一)

最早的混凝土流动性很大,以后发展为塑性混凝土。二次大战后,又发展了半干性混凝土和干性混凝土,因为这时混凝土施工机械已经有了较大的发展。以后人们又开发出了向混凝土中添加高效减水剂的方法,因而出现了流态混凝土。今天,为了满足各种特性的需求,又出现了高强、高性能混凝土和特种混凝土。     

钢管混凝土的结构特点及质量控制措施

钢管混凝土是指将混凝土填充到钢管当中,通过径向约束来制约混凝土膨胀,混凝土三向受压,以此提高了混凝土强度。钢管混凝土出现质量问题后弥补难度较大,因此控制好钢管混凝土质量显得尤为重要。文章简单分析了钢管混凝土的结构特点,简述了钢管混凝土质量控制的措施要点及检验钢管混凝土质量的方法。     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Application of sonic and radar tests on the piers and walls of the Cathedral of Noto

The authors applied systematically sonic tests, radar tests and other diagnostic techniques on the remaining walls and piers of the Cathedral of Noto. The experimental survey was carried out by the Laboratory of the DIS, Politecnico of Milan (Person in Charge: Prof. Binda, Prof. Baronio) in collaboration with the designers (Ing. R. De Benedictis, Arch. S. Tringali) and the experts working on the reconstruction. The Prefettura of Siracusa founded the research. The right aisle and most of the dome of the Cathedral collapsed in 1996. The aim of the research was to verify the state of damage and the possibility of conservation of the walls and piers in view of the reconstruction of the damaged part of the Cathedral. Furthermore, the sonic tests were used to control the effect of grout injection used as a possible technique for repair of the damaged masonry (Proceedings of the Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and Materials, Boulder, Colorado; (1992) 329; Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, 3 (1995) 195). In the following the results will be reported and the reliability of the tests will be discussed as it was confirmed by the use of other complementary diagnosis techniques (Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Historical Buildings, STREMAH 99, Dresden, Germany, (1999) 323).     

Alternative Methods of Procurement for Works of Water and Environmental Management

The paper considers methods of procurement for the construction of water- and sewage-treatment works other than the traditional use of the ICE 5th Edition Conditions of Contract and Bills of Quantities. This is as a consequence of the speed at which schemes are currently required within the water industry.
The paper particularly focuses on the use of target contracts, using the Institution of Chemical Engineers'Green Book form, and considers various types of target. It also discusses the form which tender documents may take, and how targets may be calculated.
Tendering procedures, including the use of two-stage tenders and negotiated targets, are considered, as are the procedures for cost monitoring and the financial management of the contract. Finally, the role of the engineer and quantity surveyor is considered.     

Ecological succession in mountain lake ecosystems of Southern Siberia after the introduction of the peled – Coregonus peled (Gmeli, 1778)

Abstract

This article summarizes a long-standing study of the process of introduction of the peled to the Southern Siberian mountain lake ecosystems. The peled has adapted to changes in food supply. Pressure of the euryphagous peled caused the substitution of larger forms of zooplankton by smaller ones. Similar changes occurred in the content of phytoplankton. Succession of zoobenthos in the littoral part of the lakes manifested itself as the decrease in the total biomass, in its part of zoobenthos (Gammarus) and as the increase in the biomass of other groups. The opposite changes were encountered in the profundal zone of zoobenthos (the decrease in the total biomass owing to the existence of larger forms of alpha-polysaprobes). The restructuring observed in various communities signifies the substantial changes in the whole process of generation and transformation of organic substance in the mountain ecosystems with the dominance of the introduced peled.     

基于分子动力学模拟技术的黏土矿物微观行为研究应用

黏土矿物是一类具有层状结构的硅酸盐矿物。土水相互作用对土体许多宏观力学响应、物质运移和传导起重要影响。现有的实验技术和手段即很难在物理上微观探测黏土从绝对干燥至含微量水分子的吸附过程,也很难实现黏土对放射性核素吸附过程的跟踪。使用分子动力学模拟对黏土矿物的水化性质及对放射性污染物吸附性能进行研究。以蛭石、高岭土及蒙脱土三种黏土矿物为研究对象,通过晶层间距、自扩散系数、径向分布函数、吸附复合物结构等模拟测试结果对蛭石的水化性能和黏土对放射性核素的吸附行为阐述。最后,对分子动力学模拟技术在岩土工程的应用发展进行了展望。     

土体干缩裂隙的形成发育过程及机理

土体干缩开裂(龟裂)是一种常见的自然现象,龟裂的产生会破坏土体的完整性,极大地弱化土体的工程性质。基于室内试验结果,发现龟裂发育过程可分为3个典型阶段,具有很强的时序特征,且新生裂隙一般垂直已有裂隙生长。根据水土相互作用原理和基本土力学理论,建立了土体龟裂概念模型,对实验室和自然界中观测到的相关龟裂现象及其机理进行了分析,得到如下主要结论:(1)土体中存在收缩变形空间是龟裂发育的前提,主要与土质条件有关;(2)龟裂是土体发生张拉破坏的表现形式,孔隙水的表面张力及干燥过程中引起的基质吸力(毛细水作用力)会在土体中形成张拉应力场,这是导致龟裂的主要力学诱因;(3)当张拉应力场的大小超过土体的抗拉强度或土颗粒间的联接强度时,裂隙便会产生,导致局部区域积聚的应变能释放,应力场重新调整。从宏观上看,基质吸力和抗拉强度是控制龟裂发育的两个关键力学指标,但从微观上看,土体材料尤其是结构的非均质性对裂隙发育过程和裂隙网络的几何形态特征均有重要影响。通常情况下,大部分裂隙都是在饱和阶段产生,且裂隙产生时对应的临界含水率有可能高于液限;土体表面上的"杂点"易导致应力集中,裂隙往往率先在"杂点"处产生;(4)受表面和裂隙面张拉应力场的共同作用,表层土体边缘会发生向上卷曲变形,产生"煎饼效应"。此外,土体在收缩过程中还存在收缩核现象。     

煤样吸水全过程纵波波速变化规律及波形特征实验研究

 为了研究含水煤体的纵波波速变化规律及波形特征,开展原煤试样吸水全过程的纵波测试实验;研究煤体纵波波速与孔隙率、含水饱和度之间的变化规律;基于FFT和HHT研究不同含水饱和度煤样波形幅频和时频特征。结果表明：煤体纵波波速同时受孔隙率和含水饱和度的影响;波速随含水饱和度的增加总体呈现非线性增加趋势,当含水饱和度达到70%左右时,波速增加速率明显提高;水自身性质及煤体内部孔隙水均匀存在形式是导致含水煤波速增加的主要原因。纵波波速随孔隙率的增加总体呈现线性降低趋势,含水饱和度越高波速受孔隙率影响越小,表明水的存在降低了煤体孔隙率对波速的影响。煤样在吸水过程中的波形频率分布存在显著性差异,波形主频随含水饱和度的增加呈现向低频非线性移动的“频移”现象;含水饱和度越大、孔隙率越大,波形最大幅值越小。Hilbert三维能量谱能够反应波形的频带能量分布及随时间的变化特征;随着煤样含水饱和度的增加,波形高频成分所占比例逐渐降低,且高能量频带范围不断向低频移动,表明煤体中孔隙水不但加快了波形中所有频带能量的衰减速度,而且对高频信号的吸收损耗大于低频信号。     

土体干缩开裂过程的边界效应试验与离散元模拟

为了探究土体干缩开裂过程的边界效应问题,采用不同底面粗糙度的容器开展了多组干燥试验,发现干缩裂隙存在从顶面向下和从底面向上两种典型的发育形式。并且,裂隙发育程度与土样/容器界面接触条件密切相关,从而验证了裂隙发育过程的边界效应。通过理论分析,阐明了上边界的蒸发条件及下边界的接触条件对裂隙发育形式的控制作用。为了能更深入地理解土体干缩开裂边界效应的内在机制,在试验的基础上建立离散元模型,创新性地引入了沿深度的失水速率梯度参数,模拟土样上边界的蒸发条件变化。通过设置底面摩擦系数,模拟土样下边界的接触条件变化。将模拟结果与试验结果进行了对比分析,发现二者具有较好的吻合度。总体上,土体干缩裂隙的发育过程是顶面蒸发失水与底面摩擦两种边界条件共同作用的结果。当底面摩擦系数相对较小时,裂隙发育由蒸发失水主导,大部分裂隙由顶面向下发育。随着底面摩擦系数的增加,底面接触条件对裂隙发育过程的主导作用逐渐增强,由底面向上发育的裂隙数量所占比重也相应增加。     

约束受热伸长中空柱填充混凝土的耐火性能

在圆形中空柱中填充混凝土是一种很好的柱子加固方案,因为它能够增加柱子在室内和高温环境下的承载能力。然而,发生火灾时,对受热伸长的约束可能会改变其力学性能。通过对约束受热伸长中空柱进行一系列耐火试验后,得出试验结果。试验对柱子长细比﹑承载等级﹑周围结构刚度以及所占钢筋的百分比和混凝土强度等参数进行了测定。结果显示,这些柱子的极限抗火时间都小于46min。在柱子内层墙面使用混凝土环,从其性能上来讲在火灾时并没有太大优势,因为混凝土环会受到钢管过热而带来的大面积碎裂。柱子最主要的破坏方式即是整体屈曲。然而,在一些试验样本上也出现了局部屈曲。