Non-contact vacuum pumps

An overview of the main methods for mathematical modeling of the working process of non-contact vacuum pumps is given. The specifics and the main stages of mathematical model development for screw, scroll, claw and Roots vacuum pumps are considered. The results of mathematical modeling of pump characteristics are presented and compared with experimental data. The mathematical modeling technique presented here can be recommended for analyzing the influence of pump geometry and operating conditions on the pump characteristics of non-contact oil-free vacuum pumps.     

Entwicklungstendenzen von Vakuumpumpen für die Grob‐ und Feinvakuumtechnik. Developing trends of vacuum pumps for the roughly and fine vacuum technology

Presently coarse vacuum and fine vacuum is generated in engineering arrangements mainly with rotating displacement compressor pumps and some special current machines as well as by means of combinations of these pumps. Besides, took place in last decades a noteworthy change of the used styles of vacuum pumps and her parameters which is not concluded up to the today's day. She will also continue in future with the advancement of vacuum pumps and with the new development of machines and investment‐engineering requirements. In the following contribution some promising developing trends are outlined, outgoing by the today's developing state of the mostly used vacuum pumps, for the closer future. This is sensible because in last decades important ranges of application as for example the food industry or the microelectronic one and the pharmaceutical industry came.     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.     

Indicator diagrams of oil free scroll vacuum pumps

Experimental test unit for obtaining indicator diagrams of a scroll vacuum pump was developed. Indicator diagrams for different pump inlet pressures and different rotation speeds of the drive shaft were obtained. The obtained results are analyzed.     

罗茨真空泵特性指标及测试方法研究

本文分析阐明了罗茨泵的特征性能为漏率、零流量压缩比、最大容许压差和噪声。提出了新概念—基础压力的定义:即泵按规定条件工作,在不引入气体的情况下,标准测试罩内趋向稳定的压力。并建议以漏率取代极限压力作为罗茨泵的性能考核指标,使罗茨泵性能的测量方法更接近、更符合实际运行状态。根据实验数据,提出了对零流量压缩比测量装置中的前级管路规定的改进,对最大容许压差测量方法提出了修改以及对噪声的测量方法提出一些新的见解。     

Formulation of Lucas–Kanade Digital Image Correlation Algorithms for Non‐contact Deformation Measurements: A Review

Digital image correlation (DIC) metrology has been increasingly used in a wide range of experimental mechanics research and applications. The DIC algorithm used so far is however limited mostly to the classic forward additive Lucas–Kanade type. In this paper, a survey is given about the formulation of other types of Lucas–Kanade DIC algorithms that have been appeared in computer vision, robotics, medical image analysis literature and so on. Concise notations consistent with the finite deformation kinematics analysis in continuum mechanics are used to describe all Lucas–Kanade DIC algorithms. An intermediate image is introduced as a frame of reference to clarify the so‐called compositional algorithms in a two‐frame DIC analysis. Explicit examples about the additive and compositional updating of deformation parameters are given for affine deformation mapping. Extensions of these algorithms to the so‐called consistent or symmetric types are also presented. The equivalency of final numerical solutions using additive, compositional and inverse compositional algorithms is shown analytically for the case of affine deformation mapping. In particular, the inverse compositional algorithm for affine image subset deformation is highlighted for its superior computational efficiency. While computationally less efficient, consistent and symmetric algorithms may be more robust and less biased and their potentials in experimental mechanics applications remain to be explored. The unified formulation of these Lucas–Kanade DIC algorithms collected all together in this paper can serve as a useful guide for researchers in experimental mechanics to further evaluate the merits as well as limitations of these non‐classic algorithms for image‐based precision displacement measurement applications.     

Non‐Markovian State‐Space Models in Dependability Evaluation

The purpose of this paper is to provide an up‐to‐date treatment of advanced analytic, state‐space based techniques to study dependability models with non‐exponential distributions. We first provide an overview of different techniques for the solution of non‐Markovian state‐space based models, including phase‐type expansion and a general framework which allows us to deal with renewal, semi‐Markov, and Markov‐regenerative processes, trying to characterize them on dependability contexts. In the last part of the paper, we illustrate these techniques by means of some examples dealing with common non‐exponential reliability behaviors. Our aim is to provide a reference for practising engineers, researchers, and students in state‐space dependability modeling and evaluation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non‐Equilibrium Assembly of Light‐Activated Colloidal Mixtures

The collective phenomena exhibited by artificial active matter systems present novel routes to fabricating out‐of‐equilibrium microscale assemblies. Here, the crystallization of passive silica colloids into well‐controlled 2D assemblies is shown, which is directed by a small number of self‐propelled active colloids. The active colloids are titania–silica Janus particles that are propelled when illuminated by UV light. The strength of the attractive interaction and thus the extent of the assembled clusters can be regulated by the light intensity. A remarkably small number of the active colloids is sufficient to induce the assembly of the dynamic crystals. The approach produces rationally designed colloidal clusters and crystals with controllable sizes, shapes, and symmetries. This multicomponent active matter system offers the possibility of obtaining structures and assemblies that cannot be found in equilibrium systems.