Design and seismic response of tall chevron panel buckling‐restrained braced steel frames

The numerical analysis of the seismic performance for tall chevron panel buckling‐restrained braced steel frames (PBRBFs) under small and strong earthquake excitations has been carried out to investigate a capacity design procedure for chevron PBRBFs and to examine the effects of axial strength distribution of braces along the height of buildings, vertical supports of braces for the braced beams and the overstrength of braces on the seismic response of PBRBFs. It revealed that the chevron braces that remained elastic can actually provide the vertical supports for the braced beams. Under severe earthquake excitations, the vertical supports deteriorated greatly after braces yielding. The PBRBFs designed by omitting vertical supports of braces for the braced beams and considering the overstrength of braces exhibited superior performance with smaller plastic deformations for braced beams and reduction in ductility demands for panel buckling‐restrained braces (PBRBs) as compared with the others. The distribution of yielding for PBRBs in 10‐story buildings verified that the participation from the higher modes is not very remarkable and that the capacity design based on the first‐mode response can be considered for multistory PBRBFs. Moreover, on the basis of the analysis results of the 30‐story PBRBF, the participation of the higher modes should be taken into account for high‐rise PBRBFs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

屈曲约束支撑与黏滞阻尼器的减震效果对比研究

以某钢筋混凝土框架结构工程实例为研究对象,选取与场地条件相匹配的地震动作为激励,在SAP2000程序中计算了该结构在多遇和罕遇地震作用下的非线性动力反应,并在框架结构模型中分别设置屈曲约束支撑和黏滞阻尼器。通过试算确定消能减震装置的参数,使得两种消能减震结构在多遇地震作用下的位移减震率均为40%。在此条件下,对比分析了结构的层间位移角、楼层加速度、基底剪力、柱轴力、塑性铰分布和各层阻尼器的工作状态。分析表明：在多遇地震作用下,屈曲约束支撑增大了结构的加速度响应,而黏滞阻尼器能够减小结构的加速度响应;在罕遇地震作用下,二者均能有效控制楼层的加速度响应,而屈曲约束支撑的位移减震效果更好,但黏滞阻尼器对框架柱内力的减少效果更为显著。     

Experimental investigation on buckling‐restrained braces using mortar‐filled steel tubes with steel lining channels

A new type of buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) using mortar‐filled steel tubes with steel lining channels is proposed to reduce the frictional force between the core member and the restraining member. After covering the core plate with the unbonding material, steel lining channels are set on the surface along the longitudinal direction, thus transforming the contact property between the core plate and the restraining member from steel–mortar interface to steel–steel interface. First, comparative cyclic tests are conducted on two new BRBs with steel lining channels and one conventional BRB. All the specimens exhibit stable hysteretic performance without visible global or local instability prior to failure. It is confirmed that the steel lining channels can improve the interface evenness between the core plate and the restraining member, reduce the compression strength adjustment factor, and improve the low‐cycle fatigue behavior and energy dissipation capacity of the BRB. Furthermore, the analytical model for the local stability of the restraining tube is proposed when the core plate buckles about the strong axis, and the corresponding practical design criteria are provided. The influence of various core plate layouts on the local stability of the restraining tube is finally investigated.     

Higher‐mode buckling and friction in long and large‐scale buckling‐restrained braces

Buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) are widely used as energy‐dissipation members in seismic areas, and BRBs with 10–20 m workpoint lengths have been applied in practice, particularly in tall buildings and spatial structures. This paper investigates the adverse effects of the core yield length on the compressive overstrength factor, local compressive and tensile strains, and fatigue demands. Sets of 2D shell and 3D solid models were analyzed using Abaqus, considering core yield lengths of up to 14 m and LY100, LY225, SN400B, SN490B, SA440B, and SA700 steel grades. Higher‐mode buckling and friction were shown to significantly amplify the compressive strain at the core ends and tensile strain at midspan, in part due to cyclic strain ratcheting, introducing the potential for core binding and premature necking. From these results, simple equations were proposed to calculate the compressive overstrength factor and to select the larger strong axis debonding gap and smaller design strain required for long BRBs.     

Subassemblage test of buckling‐restrained braces with H‐shaped steel core

In this study, a subassemblage test was performed using buckling‐restrained braces with an H‐shaped core element, which have been proven in a previous uniaxial component test to have good performance. The loading protocol prescribed the quasi‐static cyclic pattern with stepwise incremental displacement amplitude. Two different end connections (bolted connection and pin connection) and two different buckling‐restrained mechanisms (concrete‐filled tube and hollow steel tube) were examined as the test parameters. The performance of the specimen was evaluated by comparing the test results with the recommended provisions for buckling‐restrained braces. The test results showed that the compression strength capacity of buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) with in‐filled concrete increased by about 10% compared with BRB without in‐filled concrete. According to test result at same story drift of 2D_bm, structural performance of pin connection specimen without bolt slippage is superior to bolted connection specimen. Also, bolted connection specimens showed similar performance for total energy dissipation and cumulative plastic ductility, regardless of the connection types and the existence of concrete filling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of gusset connection configurations on frame–gusset interaction in steel buckling‐restrained braced frame

Although buckling restrained braces (BRBs) are commonly applied in seismic buildings to mitigate structural damage, their performance was often limited by rupture of the corner gusset connections due to additional frame action. This issue may be resolved by alternative gusset connections to mitigate the frame–gusset interaction. In this study, commonly used procedures for design of the traditional gusset connection are reviewed, followed by a case study on the effect of frame action on the structural behavior of these gusset connections in steel frames with BRBs. Inspired by these analysis, two different strategies, aiming at releasing frame–gusset shear interaction using sliding gusset connection or reducing normal interaction using dual gusset plates, are tried to mitigate the frame action effects. Finite element analysis is conducted on steel frame subassemblages with/without BRBs to examine the effect of different gusset connections on the structural behavior of these framing systems. It shows that the sliding gusset connection shows beneficial effect in reducing the frame action, having much smaller stress responses on the gusset interfaces, as well as smaller shear force and plastic responses on the framing system. Thus, it becomes a promising gusset connection for improved seismic performance of the steel framing system with brace‐type dampers.     

Seismic response of mega buckling‐restrained braces subjected to fling‐step and forward‐directivity near‐fault ground motions

Special characteristics of earthquakes in the near‐fault regions caused failures for many modern‐engineered structures. Fling‐step and forward‐directivity are the main consequences of these earthquakes. High‐amplitude pulses at the beginning of the seismograph have been obviously presented in forward‐directivity sites. These pulses have high amount of seismic energy released in a very short time and caused higher demands for engineering structures. Fling‐step is generally characterized by a unidirectional large‐amplitude velocity pulse and a monotonic step in the displacement time history. These monotonic steps cause residual ground displacements that are associated with rupture mechanism. In this paper, the seismic performance of steel buckling‐restrained braced frames with mega configuration under near‐source excitation was investigated. Fourteen near‐fault records with forward‐directivity and fling‐step characteristics and seven far‐faults have been selected. Nonlinear time‐history analyses of 4‐story, 8‐story, 12‐story and 15‐story frames have been performed using OpenSees software. After comparing the results, it is shown that, for all frames subjected to the selected records, the maximum demand occurred in lower floors, and higher modes were not triggered. Near‐fault records imposed higher demands on the structures. The results for near‐fault records with fling‐step were very dispersed, and in some cases, these records were more damaging than others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Behavior of coupled shear walls with buckling‐restrained steel plates in high‐rise buildings under lateral actions

Traditional coupling beams in coupled shear walls (CSWs) may be lack of required ductility or inconvenient to be fully repaired or replaceable after earthquake damage. To improve the CSW seismic performance, a type of new structural system, which is referred to as coupled shear walls with buckling‐restrained steel plates (CSW–BRSP), is proposed and thoroughly studied. In the system, a pair of individual concrete wall is coupled through buckling‐restrained steel plates instead of traditional concrete coupling beams. Based on the continuous medium method (CMM), stiffness and strength design formulas are developed for the seismic design of this system. Intensive investigations have been conducted to assess the undesirable axial forces in the buckling‐restrained steel plates induced by lateral loads. In order to facilitate the application of this system, a detailed design procedure is also explicitly stated. Finally, an example of typical high‐rise building is presented to illustrate the design procedure as well as demonstrate the excellent seismic performance of the proposed system by means of nonlinear time‐history analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiperformance optimization design of a hybrid vibration mitigation system for super high‐rise buildings to improve earthquake resistance

A structure must meet many performance requirements to survive an earthquake. For a super high‐rise structure, the dominant control performance metric is stiffness when considering earthquake resistance because the lateral displacement of the structure often does not meet the requirements of the code even if the structure meets strength requirements. For moderate and major earthquakes, stiffness and strength play a leading role jointly. Viscous damper (VD) and buckling restraint brace (BRB) are damping devices that are commonly used in modern engineering. The efficiencies of these devices are different for different situations, and combining them can yield improved structural vibration mitigation. In this study, the performances of VD and BRB are summarized. A kind of virtual VD model with an additional damping ratio is proposed on the basis of which a VD priority placement analysis method is developed, and an optimal design is proposed. A detailed analysis of various stress states of a BRB is also performed, and a BRB arrangement method based on brace stress level analysis is proposed. The two kinds of vibration damping equipment are combined in the structure, and a practical design method for a hybrid vibration damping system is proposed. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by considering a 10‐story plane frame. Finally, a hybrid vibration mitigation design for different objective damping ratios is performed for a super tall building project, and the design results are compared. The analysis results show that a VD can effectively increase structural damping and reduce the seismic response of the structure. A BRB is used to replace supports that experience high stress and reduce their section size, thereby reducing costs. Therefore, the proposed hybrid vibration damping structure is cost effective while providing good energy dissipation and is thus promising for engineering applications.     

Seismic response of a 40‐storey buckling‐restrained braced frame designed for the Los Angeles region

This study utilized nonlinear response history analysis to compare the seismic demand on three variations of a 40‐storey buckling‐restrained braced frame designed for high seismic hazard in the Los Angeles region. The three designs were referred to as a ‘code‐based design’, based on the 2006 International Building Code, a ‘performance‐based design’, based on criteria published by the Los Angeles Tall Building Design Council (LATBSDC) and a ‘performance‐based design plus’, based on newly developed criteria from The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). The response history analysis utilized spectrum‐matched ground motions as well as simulated ground motions for the Puente Hills fault. The spectrum‐matched motions were selected from the Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (NGA) database, which is largely composed of recorded motions and scaled to five hazard levels. The simulated ground motions were broadband signals generated from a moment magnitude (M_w) 7.15 scenario rupture of the Puente Hills fault for two near fault regions and exhibit long period energy content that significantly exceeds the uniform hazard spectrum. Structural performance was assessed in terms of exceedance of a safe inter‐storey drift ratio (IDR). It was seen that the simulated ground motions impose higher IDR demands on the structures than the spectrum‐matched NGA ground motions. Furthermore, the number of instances of exceedance of a safe IDR, considered for this study as IDR = 0.03, is substantially higher for the simulated ground motions, pointing to the importance of considering such motions in the collapse prevention of tall buildings on a site‐specific basis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A combined tuned damper and an optimal design method for wind‐induced vibration control for super tall buildings

The wind‐induced vibrations of super tall buildings become excessive due to strong wind loads, super building height and high flexibility. Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) and tuned liquid column dampers (TLCDs) have been widely used to control vibrations for actual super tall buildings for decades. To fully use both the economic advantage of the TLCD system and the high efficiency of the TMD system, an innovative supplemental damping system including both TLCD and TMD and called combined tuned damper (CTD), which can substantially decrease the cost of the damper, was proposed to control the wind‐induced vibrations of tall buildings. The governing equations are generated for the motion of both the primary structure and the CTD and solved to anticipate the dynamic response of the CTD‐structure system. Moreover, an optimal design method of human comfort performance is proposed, in which the life cycle cost of the damper‐structure system is considered as the quantitative index of the performance. The life cycle cost includes the initial cost, the maintenance cost and the failure cost. The failure cost can be calculated using the vibration‐sensation rate model, which is based on the Japanese code AIJES‐V001‐2004. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超高层建筑黏滞阻尼器及屈曲约束支撑混合减振结构系统集成优化设计

总结分析了黏滞阻尼器(VD)与屈曲约束支撑(BRB)的基本性能,提出了附加阻尼虚拟VD模型,基于该模型发展了一种VD优先布置顺序分析方法,进而提出了基于附加阻尼虚拟VD模型的黏滞阻尼系统优化设计方法。对BRB各种应力状态进行了详细分析,提出了基于支撑应力水平分析的BRB布置方法;将两种减振装备混合布置在结构中,提出了一种实用的混合减振系统设计方法。结合一10层平面框架算例,对所提方法的准确性进行验证。最后以某超高层结构工程为例,针对不同期望阻尼比对结构进行混合减振集成优化设计,并对设计结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,VD可以有效增大结构阻尼,降低结构地震响应,BRB用于替换应力较大支撑,可缩小支撑截面尺寸,降低结构成本。因此,混合减振结构具有高效的减振性能和良好的经济性,有较大的工程应用价值。     

Multihazard fragility assessment of steel‐concrete composite frame structures with buckling‐restrained braces subjected to combined earthquake and wind

Engineering structures may inevitably be subjected to multiple natural hazards (such as earthquakes and winds) during their life cycles. This paper presents an efficient multihazard fragility methodology based on the structural demand models. The approach is applied to two steel‐concrete composite frame structures (SCCFSs), with and without buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs), aiming to evaluate the effect of BRBs on controlling the structural responses and fragilities under the combined earthquake and wind loads. In total, 120 earthquake records are selected, and 120 sets of wind drag force time histories are simulated by considering the spatial variation along the height of the exemplar building. The combined “earthquake–wind” events are stochastically assembled, in which the intensities of these two hazards are modeled using the Monte Carlo simulation. The OpenSees platform is employed to calculate the dynamic responses of the SCCFSs with and without BRBs under simultaneous earthquake and wind loads. The goodness of fits of the first‐, second‐, and third‐order polynomial in predicting the structural demand are evaluated, and the optimal polynomial is employed to generate the multihazard fragility surfaces at different damage states. The numerical results indicate that the structural responses and fragilities under the combined earthquake and wind are higher than those under an individual hazard, while the influencing extent varies with the relative intensities of these two hazards. The impact of multiple hazards and the control effect of BRBs on the structural responses and fragilities are systematically quantified and discussed in details.     

设置屈曲约束支撑的斜交网筒结构延性有限元分析

斜交网筒结构具有较大的抗侧刚度,但其延性较差,通过设置屈曲约束支撑可改善斜交网筒结构延性。以30层的斜交网筒结构模型为研究对象,分别对普通斜交网筒结构和设置屈曲约束支撑斜交网筒结构进行静力弹塑性推覆（Pushover）分析。结果表明：屈曲约束支撑可有效改善斜交网筒结构延性。此外,对立面中部、立面角部、底部楼层、上部楼层共4种局部区域布置屈曲约束支撑的方案进行了结构延性分析。局部设置屈曲约束支撑斜交网筒结构的设计应确保斜柱处于弹性工作状态,屈曲约束支撑率先进入塑性耗能状态。建议采用立面中部布置屈曲约束支撑的方案,可实现在保证结构受剪承载力的前提下,较好地改善斜交网筒结构的延性,避免结构发生脆性破坏。     

防屈曲支撑在双层柱面网壳中的减震性能分析

防屈曲支撑是一种效果良好的减震装置,由于其"小震经济、中震不坏、大震易修"的优点,有望成为新型的高性能装置从而应用于大跨度空间结构振动控制中.以一50m跨度的双层柱面网壳为实例,采用非线性时程分析的方法研究了柱面网壳结构在加入防屈曲支撑后的轴力及位移减震效果,通过不同的时程输入及不同支撑布置方式,得出了合理的支撑布置方式,在最优的布置方式下,位移减震效果可达27%,轴力减震效果可达47%,可见防屈曲支撑在双层柱面网壳中的减震效果较为理想,从而可以将其推广应用于其他形式的大跨度空间结构.     

Study on seismic performance of a super‐tall steel–concrete hybrid structure

Many steel–concrete hybrid buildings have been built in China. The seismic performance of such hybrid system is much more complicated than that of steel structure or reinforced concrete (RC) structure. A steel–concrete hybrid frame‐tube super‐tall building structure with new type of shear walls to be built in a district of seismic intensity 8 in China was studied for its structural complexity and irregularity. Both model test and numerical simulation were applied to obtain the detailed knowledge of seismic performance for this structure. First, a 1/30 scaled model structure was tested on the shaking table under different levels of earthquakes. The failure process and mechanism of the model structure are presented here. Nonlinear time‐history analysis of the prototype structure was then conducted by using the software PERFORM‐3D. The dynamic characteristics, inter‐story drift ratios and energy dissipation conditions are introduced. On the basis of the comparison between the deformation demand and capacity of main structural components at individual performance level under different earthquake level, the seismic performance at the member level was also evaluated. Despite the structural complexity and code‐exceeding height, both experimental and analytical results indicate that the overall seismic performance of the structure meet the requirements of the Chinese design code. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic performance of steel braced frames with self‐centering buckling‐restrained brace utilizing superelastic shape memory alloys

Buckling‐restrained braced frame (BRB) is one of the newest seismic force‐resisting systems used in buildings. However, one of the requirements for designing a structure is to provide a ductility behavior of structures to dissipate earthquake energy and to avoid residual drifts. These days, self‐centering seismic lateral force‐resisting systems have drawn attention due to their potentials to solve the above mentioned issues. On the other hand, shape memory alloys (SMAs) are characterized by unique superelastic behavior, which enables the material to recover its original shape after experiencing large deformations. The goal of this study is to assess BRBs whose ductility are improved by utilizing SMA. Nonlinear time history and incremental dynamic analysis techniques are applied to investigate the behavior of the two frames with different stories (four and eight stories) under different ground motion records. The results showed that utilizing BRB made of hybrid steel and SMA resulted in increasing ductility of the structure and decreasing residual displacements of the structures.     

Dual‐steel frame consisting of moment‐resisting frame and shape memory alloy braces subjected to near‐field earthquakes

In this paper, concentric braced frames are combined with moment‐resisting frame (MRF) as a dual system subjected to near‐field (NF) pulse‐like and far‐field ground motions. The braced frame in this system configuration consists of steel buckling‐restrained braces (BRB model), braces with shape memory alloy (SMA model), or combination of BRB and SMA braces (COMBINED model). Some prototype structures of the proposed systems are designed according to the code recommendations. Then, the nonlinear models of the considered structures are developed in SeismoStruct software, and nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA) is implemented. NLTHA is performed subjected to earthquake record sets at maximum considered earthquake (MCE) and design base earthquake (DBE) levels, and responses of the systems are investigated and compared with each other. Among the examined models, the SMA and COMBINED models exceed the CP level subjected to NF‐MCE record set. Therefore, more investigation is needed for using short‐segment SMA braces in the dual‐steel frames in NF area.     

Seismic design and performance analysis of buckling‐restrained braced RC frame structures

Due to the stable hysteretic behavior, buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) have been increasingly adopted in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures to develop a dual structural system (BRB‐RCF). This study proposed an alternative strength‐based design approach that decomposes the dual BRB‐RCF system into two independent RC frame and BRB system using the BRB‐carrying story shear ratio. The design of RC frame is performed in an integrated manner by considering the BRB postyielding force demands. Three RC frames with five, 10, and 15 stories were employed as prototype structures, and seven story shear ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 were used to generate a total of 21 structural modes. The material usage, maximum axial compression ratio of columns, and elastic interstory drift ratio were compared for different story shear ratios. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of the BRB‐RCFs subjected to 12 ground motions were carried out. The seismic response including the maximum interstory drift ratio, hysteretic energy dissipation ratio, and actual BRB‐carrying story shear ratio were systematically assessed for different design story shear ratios. Based on the considerations of material usage and seismic performance, it is suggested that the design BRB‐carrying story shear ratio should be in the range of 0.3 to 0.5.     

Ambient response of a unique performance‐based design tall building with dynamic response modification features

A 64‐story, performance‐based design building with reinforced concrete core shear walls and unique dynamic response modification features (tuned liquid sloshing dampers and buckling‐restrained braces) has been instrumented with a monitoring array of 72 channels of accelerometers. The responses of the building to ambient motions from ground or wind were recorded and analyzed to identify modes and associated frequencies and damping. Not unexpectedly, the low‐amplitude dynamic characteristics are considerably different than those computed from design analyses. Nonetheless, these computed values serve as a baseline against which to compare future strong shaking responses. Such studies help to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of the response modification features at various levels of shaking, to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the design analysis tools and to improve similar designs in the future. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.