Story strength demands of irregular frame buildings under strong earthquakes

Irregular frame buildings with discontinuous columns in one or several stories have been vulnerable to collapses during strong earthquakes. This paper presents the investigation of the seismic response demands at irregular stories of such buildings in terms of story strength factor demand. In this study, a story strength factor was defined to represent the relative reserve strength against the formation of a story failure mechanism of the structure. In addition, a huge number of rigorous nonlinear inelastic dynamic time‐history analyses of various analytical models of 7‐story, 8‐story and 15‐story frame structures with discontinuous columns in one and two irregular stories were conducted under 29 strong earthquake records with various characteristics. The results show that the seismic response demands at irregular stories of the structures were well evaluated in terms of the story strength factor demand to avoid development of a story failure mechanism of the structures when subject to strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of deflection amplification factor in steel moment‐resisting frames

Steel moment‐resisting frames (SMRFs) are the most common type of structural systems used in steel structures. The first step of structural design for SMRFs starts with the selection of the structural sections on the basis of story drift limitation. ASCE 7 (2010) requires that the inelastic story drifts be obtained by multiplying the deflections determined by elastic analysis under design earthquake forces with a deflection amplification factor (C_d). For special moment‐resisting frames, C_d is given as 5.5 in ASCE 7 (2010). Lower C_d values will increase the overall inelastic response of the structure. On the other hand, the inelastic response of the structure is expected to be less severe when designed for higher C_d values. The performance objective is that the structure should sustain the inelastic deformation demand imposed due to design earthquake ground motions. This study aims at investigating the inelastic seismic response that low‐rise, medium‐rise and high‐rise SMRFs can experience under design earthquake ground motions and maximum considered earthquake (MCE) level ground motions and evaluating the deflection amplification factors (C_d) for SMRFs in a rational way. For this purpose, nonlinear dynamic time history and pushover analyses will be carried out on SMRFs with 4, 9 and 20 stories. The results indicate that the current practice for computing the inelastic story drifts for SMRFs is rational and the frames designed complying with the current code requirements can sustain the inelastic deformations imposed during design earthquake ground motions when seismically designed and detailed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic response of R/C structures subjected to simulated ground motions compatible with design spectrum

In seismic response analysis of building structures, the input ground motions have considerable effect on the nonlinear seismic response characteristics of structures. The characteristics of soil and the locality of the site where those ground motions were recorded affect the contents of ground motion time histories. This study describes a generation of synthetic ground motion time histories compatible with seismic design spectrum, and also evaluates the seismic response results of multi‐story reinforced concrete structures by the simulated ground motions. The simulated ground motion time histories have identical phase angles to the recorded ground motions, and their overall response spectra are compatible with seismic design spectrum with 5% critical viscous damping. The input ground motions applied to this study have identical elastic acceleration response spectra, but have different phase angles. The purpose of this study was to investigate their validity as input ground motion for nonlinear seismic response analysis of building structures. As expected, the response quantities by simulated ground motions presented better stability than those by real recorded ground motions. It was concluded that the simulated earthquake waves generated in this paper are applicable as input ground motions for a seismic response analysis of building structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of soil‐structure interaction and lateral design load pattern on performance‐based plastic design of steel moment resisting frames

The effects soil‐structure interaction (SSI) and lateral design load‐pattern are investigated on the seismic response of steel moment‐resisting frames (SMRFs) designed with a performance‐based plastic design (PBPD) method through a comprehensive analytical study on a series of 4‐, 8‐, 12‐, 14‐, and 16‐story models. The cone model is adopted to simulate SSI effects. A set of 20 strong earthquake records are used to examine the effects of different design parameters including fundamental period, design load‐pattern, target ductility, and base flexibility. It is shown that the lateral design load pattern can considerably affect the inelastic strength demands of SSI systems. The best design load patterns are then identified for the selected frames. Although SSI effects are usually ignored in the design of conventional structures, the results indicate that SSI can considerably influence the seismic performance of SMRFs. By increasing the base flexibility, the ductility demand in lower story levels decreases and the maximum demand shifts to the higher stories. The strength reduction factor of SMRFs also reduces by increasing the SSI effects, which implies the fixed‐base assumption may lead to underestimated designs for SSI systems. To address this issue, new ductility‐dependent strength reduction factors are proposed for multistory SMRFs with flexible base conditions.     

梁贯通式支撑钢框架体系的强度折减系数研究

基于强度折减系数的抗震设计方法,将增量动力分析（IDA）和能力谱法（CSM）结合,对典型梁贯通式支撑钢框架结构的强度折减系数进行研究。采用结构试验校准后的有限元分析模型对结构进行分析,得到结构性能点。通过比较按照设防烈度弹性设计的基底剪力Ve和按照小震设计的基底剪力Vd得到强度折减系数R。分析表明：支撑与框架柱的配置比例及布置方式会对此类结构的强度折减系数产生影响;适用于7度设防烈度的典型两层结构两种支撑配置比例（CASE1和CASE2一层与二层支撑配置比例分别为3∶1和2∶1）梁贯通式支撑钢框架结构体系的强度折减系数可分别取为3.02和2.54。最后建议了该新型结构体系考虑强度折减系数并基于我国现行规范进行抗震设计的地震作用取值范围。     

Shaking table tests on braced reinforced concrete frame structure across the earth fissure under earthquake

A series of shaking table tests on a scaled model were conducted to investigate the effect of steel braces on reinforced concrete frame structure across earth fissure under earthquake. In the test, a 1/15 scaled model structure taking into account soil–structure interaction was designed on the basis of similarity theorem. Seismic response data, including acceleration responses, displacement responses, shear force distributions, and strain amplitudes of column reinforcement were obtained and analyzed by comparing the results of unbraced and braced structure. Results show that with the peak ground acceleration of input motions increased, maximum of inter‐story drifts, shear forces, and strain amplitudes increased, whereas the acceleration amplification factors decreased. Steel braces could obviously reduce the seismic response of the structure, indicating that this retrofit method is an effective control measure for structures across the earth fissure under earthquake. These results are significant for studying the effect of earth fissure on seismic responses of structures.     

我国抗震设计规范设计反应谱及谱阻尼折减系数研究

在标准加速度反应谱基础上,研究并建立符合强震反应谱统计特征的谱阻尼折减系数是建立长周期、大阻尼比反应谱的一种实用方法。首先研究总结强震反应谱的统计特征,据此对我国建筑物、构筑物、核电厂、公路桥梁、工业企业电气设备等结构的抗震设计规范反应谱及谱阻尼折减系数的合理性进行定性研究,对已有改进抗震规范谱方案的合理性进行分析。结果表明：周期10 s内的相对位移反应谱值和相对速度反应谱值随阻尼比增大而减小,而绝对加速度反应谱值随阻尼比增大既可能增大也可能减小;我国各类结构抗震设计规范谱阻尼折减系数计算方案不甚合理;对规范谱及由有关学者提出的改进方案谱进行转换仅能得到适用范围有限的拟相对位移反应谱。     

钢筋-沥青隔震墩砌体结构足尺模型试验研究

针对广大农村低矮房屋抗震能力普遍不足的现状,根据基础隔震理论,在钢筋 沥青复合隔震层的基础上,提出了钢筋 沥青隔震墩。并以单层单开间砌体结构房屋为研究对象,进行了足尺模型拟动力试验。通过隔震墩上、下楼板布置的拾振器测得上下部加速度幅值,用其比值衡量减震效果。研究结果表明：在各种振动波输入下,隔震墩吸收了大部分的能量,隔震墩上部楼板加速度反应可以衰减到隔震墩下部楼板加速度反应的50%以下,具有较好的减震效果;随着振动频率的增大,水平两个方向加速度衰减系数也相应减小;而随着控制位移的加大,加速度衰减系数相应增大;从输入加速度大小方面分析则随加速度峰值的增大,加速度衰减系数有减小的趋势。     

Nonlinear analysis and test validation on seismic performance of a recycled aggregate concrete space frame

Three‐dimensional recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) nonlinear finite element models are developed by OpenSees software to investigate the seismic responses of a 1/4‐scaled six‐story, two‐bay and two‐span RAC space frame, which has been tested on a shaking table subjected to various earthquake scenarios. The simulated natural frequencies and vibration modal shapes, the acceleration amplification factors, the maximum story displacements and the inter‐story drifts are carefully validated by and compared with the test data with overall good agreement. The simulated seismic responses of the RAC frame and the natural aggregate concrete (NAC) frame are also compared. The aseismic capacity of the NAC frame structure is better than that of the RAC frame structure in the early stage, and they behave almost the same in the severe stage under strong earthquake excitations. Both tested and simulated results indicate that not only the peak ground acceleration and duration and frequency of ground motion but also concrete material properties play a prominent role in the overall seismic performances of frame structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长周期抗震设计反应谱衰减指数与阻尼修正系数研究

对基于地震惯性力的绝对加速度谱和基于滞回恢复力的拟加速度谱进行差异解析,分析了长周期地震动拟加速度谱的衰减指数及其阻尼修正系数谱的变化规律。筛选长周期分量丰富的破坏性浅源强震数字化记录,通过弹性反应谱分析研究拟加速度动力放大系数谱的特征周期、两个下降段的衰减指数以及阻尼修正系数。分析结果表明：基于结构承载力的抗震设计谱应以基于滞回恢复力的拟加速度谱进行标定,以基于惯性力的绝对加速度谱标定对大阻尼比长周期结构的抗震设计偏于保守。拟加速度谱与绝对加速度谱在长周期段的衰减规律不同,大阻尼比长周期段拟加速度谱衰减速度较快。阻尼比0.05的标准抗震设计谱在第一和第二下降段采用形式简单的1/T和1/T²的规律衰减是合理可行的,无需通过修正衰减指数获得基于拟加速度的大阻尼比抗震设计谱。长周期地震反应谱的动力放大系数有显著的场地效应,以Ⅱ类场地为参考,Ⅰ~Ⅳ类场地效应系数分别取0.9、1.0、1.1和1.2较合适。地震动长周期分量对结构阻尼修正系数有很大的影响,基于拟加速度谱与绝对加速度谱的阻尼修正系数在长周期段有显著的差异。结构算例验证了长周期结构建议设计谱的衰减指数与阻尼修正系数取值的合理性。     

Optimal reduction of inelastic seismic demands in high‐rise reinforced concrete core wall buildings using energy‐dissipating devices

Recently, the issue of large inelastic seismic force demands at severe ground shakings such as maximum considered earthquake level has been highlighted in the conventionally designed high‐rise reinforced concrete core wall buildings. Uncoupled modal response history analysis was used in this study to identify the modes responsible for the large inelastic seismic force demands. The identification of dominant modes and mean elastic design spectra of seven representative ground motions for different damping ratios has led to the identification of three control measures: plastic hinges (PHs), buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) and fluid viscous dampers (FVDs). The identified control measures were designed to suppress the dominant modes responsible for the large inelastic seismic force demands. A case‐study building was examined in detail. Comparison of the modal as well as the total responses of the case‐study building with and without the control measures shows that all the control measures were effective and able to reduce the inelastic seismic demands. A reduction of 33%, 22% and 27% in the inelastic shear demand at the base and a reduction of 60%, 22% and 26% in the inelastic moment demand at mid‐height were achieved using the PHs, BRBs and FVDs, respectively. Furthermore, a reduction of about 30–40% in the inelastic seismic deformation demands was achieved for the case of the BRBs and FVDs. The study enables us to gain insight to the complex inelastic behavior of high‐rise wall buildings with and without the control measures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating response modification factors of concentrically braced steel frames

Response modification factor is one of the seismic design parameters to consider nonlinear performance of building structures during strong earthquake. Relying on this, many seismic design codes led to reduce loads. The present paper tries to evaluate the response modification factors of conventional concentric braced frames (CBFs) as well as buckling restrained braced frames (BRBFs). Since, the response modification factor depends on ductility and overstrength, the static nonlinear analysis has been performed on building models including single and double bracing bays, multi-floors and different brace configurations (chevron V, invert V and X bracing). The CBFs and BRBFs values for factors such as ductility, overstrength, force reduction due to ductility and response modification have been assessed for all the buildings. The results showed that the response modification factors for BRBFs were higher than the CBFs one. It was found that the number of bracing bays and height of buildings have had greater effect on the response modification factors.     

建筑结构时程分析法输入地震波的研究

本文对形成抗震设计反应谱的国内外重要地震加速度记录进行分析,研究各种不同的记录分组方法对标定设计反应谱所产生的影响,总结各种不同类别场地上所获取的地震记录的反应谱形状的分布规律。在此基础上,为建筑结构抗震设计时程分析法所需的输入地震波提出一种基于规范设计反应谱的、与设防烈度、场地条件、震源机制、结构自振特性有关的选择原则。建议在建筑结构时程分析法中采用一组四条实际地震加速度记录(其反应谱特征周期符合一定的分布规律)作为输入地震波,计算所得的结构内力或位移算术平均,可以得到符合规范要求的比较合理和安全的结果。     

设防烈度8度(0.3g)区RC剪力墙结构抗震能力需求分析

实现RC剪力墙结构预期强震破坏模式的能力设计方法的不断改进,一直为工程师所关注。针对我国抗震设防烈度8度0.3g高烈度区RC剪力墙结构,设计了不同高度和整体性系数的结构模型,从而建立了预设延性破坏模式的分析模型。考虑大震变轴力对弯矩和剪力的影响,分析了剪力墙在大震作用的弯矩和剪力的实际需求沿结构高度的分布规律。结果表明,对于位于烈度8度0.3g区的剪力墙结构,考虑大震时轴力的变化对剪力墙受弯和受剪能力的需求影响较大;剪力墙的弯矩和剪力放大系数随结构的高度和整体性系数的增大而增大;现行规范规定的剪力墙受弯和受剪能力调整系数小于实际的需求,剪力墙中下部的弯矩和底部的剪力需求大,建议受弯能力调整沿高度采用三折线,提高剪力墙底部加强区的剪力放大系数或最小构造配筋率。     

Variability of seismic demands according to different sets of earthquake ground motions

It is a challenging task to predict seismic demands for earthquake resistant design, particularly for tall buildings. In current seismic design provisions, seismic demands are expressed as a design base shear of which the key components are linear elastic design response spectra, force reduction factor (‘R factor’), and building weight. For tall buildings, response spectrum analysis or response history analysis is recommended in current design provisions. In recent years, new methods for predicting seismic demands have been developed, such as the capacity spectrum method (CSM) and displacement coefficient method. This study investigates the effect of different earthquake ground motion (EQGM) sets on seismic demands. Key components of the base shear and performance points in the CSM are considered as the seismic demands to be tested. For this purpose three EQGM sets are collected independently at rock sites. This study found that seismic demands can vary significantly according to different EQGM sets even though those sets were obtained at sites with similar soil conditions. This study also attempts to provide a criterion for reducing the variability in seismic demands according to different EQGM sets. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic performance of steel MRF building with nonlinear viscous dampers

This paper presents an experimental study of the seismic response of a 0.6-scale three-story seismicresistant building structure consisting of a moment resisting frame (MRF) with reduced beam sections (RBS), and a frame with nonlinear viscous dampers and associated bracing (called the DBF). The emphasis is on assessing the seismic performance for the design basis earthquake (DBE) and maximum considered earthquake (MCE). Three MRF designs were studied, with the MRF designed for 100%, 75%, and 60%, respectively, of the required base shear design strength determined according to ASCE 7-10. The DBF with nonlinear viscous dampers was designed to control the lateral drift demands. Earthquake simulations using ensembles of DBE and MCE ground motions were conducted using the real-time hybrid simulation method. The results show the drift demand and damage that occurs in the MRF under seismic loading. Overall, the results show that a high level of seismic performance can be achieved under DBE and MCE ground motions, even for a building structure designed for as little as 60% of the base shear design strength required by ASCE 7-10 for a structure without dampers.     

Seismic performance of tubular structures with buckling restrained braces

In this study 36‐ and 72‐story framed and braced tubular structures were designed according to the current design code and their seismic performances were evaluated by nonlinear static and dynamic analysis. According to the analysis results, the tubular structures generally showed high earthquake‐resisting capability. The framed tube structure showed lowest stiffness and strength compared with the other model structures. The braced tube structures showed larger strength but lower overall ductility compared with framed tube structures. When buckling‐restrained braces were used instead of conventional braces, strength increased significantly compared with the framed tube, and ductility was enhanced compared with braced tube structures. As the load–displacement relationship estimated by static pushover analysis formed the lower bound of the dynamic analysis results, the response modification factors obtained based on the static pushover curve may safely be used for seismic design. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strength reduction factor for MDOF soil–structure systems

In most of the seismic design provision, the concept of strength reduction factor has been developed to account for inelastic behavior of structures under seismic excitations. Most recent studies considered soil–structure interaction (SSI) in inelastic response analysis are mainly based on idealized structural models of single degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) systems. However, an SDOF system might not be able to well capture the SSI and structural response characteristics of real multiple degrees‐of‐freedom (MDOF) systems. In this paper, through a comprehensive parametric study of 21600 MDOF and its equivalent SDOF (E‐SDOF) systems subjected to an ensemble of 30 earthquake ground motions recorded on alluvium and soft soils, effects of SSI on strength reduction factor of MDOF systems have been intensively investigated. It is concluded that generally, SSI reduces the strength reduction factor of both MDOF and more intensively SDOF systems. However, depending on the number of stories, soil flexibility, aspect ratio and inelastic range of vibration, the strength reduction factor of MDOF systems could be significantly different from that of E‐SDOF systems. A new simplified equation, which is a function of fixed‐base fundamental period, ductility ratio, the number of stories, structure slenderness ratio and dimensionless frequency, is proposed to estimate strength reduction factors for MDOF soil–structure systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table model test and numerical analysis of a long‐span cantilevered structure

This paper presents an earthquake‐resistance study program of a long‐span cantilevered story building. The program consists of a shaking table test study and nonlinear seismic analysis using finite element modeling technique. A 1/30 scale model of the prototype structure was designed and manufactured and then tested via the shaking table facility. Dynamic responses of the prototype structure under different earthquake excitation loadings were simulated. Dynamic properties, acceleration, and deformation responses of the scale down model under different intensity levels of earthquake were studied. The dynamic behavior, cracking pattern, and the likely governing failure mechanism of the structure were analyzed and discussed as well. The seismic responses of the prototype building were deduced and analyzed in terms of the similitude law. Furthermore, elaborate finite element models were established, and nonlinear numerical analysis of the prototype structure was conducted. The errors in the seismic response of the structure caused by structural simplification of scale down modeling are found small, and the dynamic behavior of the structure was not altered in the earthquake excitations. This test study provides a benchmark to calibrate the finite element model and a tentative guide in seismic design of such long‐span cantilevered story buildings.     

最小地震剪力系数对隔震结构抗震性能的影响

最小地震剪力系数是隔震结构设计的关键控制因素之一。对等效周期为2~6s的单质点隔震体系在远场地震动（FF地震动）、近场含脉冲地震动（NFWP地震动）和近场不含脉冲地震动（NFWNP地震动）作用下的剪力系数分布特点进行分析,并将其与规程中有关最小地震剪力系数的相关规定进行对比,探寻在不同抗震设防烈度下,不能满足最小地震剪力系数的隔震结构的等效周期范围。以位于我国抗震设防烈度8度区的某隔震结构为例,采用三种不同的设计地震剪力取值方法,设计了6种不同的结构模型。通过模型的弹塑性时程分析,比较了地震动的近远场特性对各模型抗震性能的影响,及其在罕遇地震作用下的性能差异。分析结果表明：地震动的近远场特性对隔震结构的楼层设计剪力影响较大;对不满足最小地震剪力系数要求的隔震结构,采用放大设计地震剪力使其承载力满足最小地震剪力系数的方法,能够有效提高其抗震能力;不考虑最小地震剪力系数对结构设计地震剪力的限制,采用结构的实际地震剪力需求进行设计的隔震结构能够满足地震作用下的承载力和层间位移限值要求。