Performance evaluation of infilled rocking wall frame structure

Conventional reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures are prone to soft‐story mechanism. This deficiency can be eliminated by introducing rocking wall system. Previously studied rocking wall systems usually have the rocking wall situated outside the frame, which results in some challenges and inconvenience. In the study, a novel infilled rocking wall frame (IRWF) system is proposed, which uses infilled RC wall to create a rocking wall within the RC frame. To evaluate seismic performance of the proposed system, both an IRWF model and an RC frame (RCF) model were designed according to Chinese seismic design code. Time history analysis and incremental dynamic analysis were conducted to compare both systems. The results show that IRWF system has more uniform drift and higher collapse margin ratio compared to the RCF system. Economic evaluation of IRWF system was investigated using the state‐of‐the‐art ATC‐58 performance‐based assessment methodology. The result shows superior performance of the IRWF system. The annualized loss of the IRWF model is about 28% less than the RCF model. This shows IRWF system is a viable and efficient alternative resilient seismic force resisting system.     

Seismic behavior analysis for composite structures of steel frame‐reinforced concrete infill wall

The composite structure of steel frame–reinforced concrete infill wall (CSRC) combines the advantages of steel frames and reinforced concrete shear walls. Reinforced concrete infill walls increase the lateral stiffness of steel frames and reduce seismic demands on steel frames thus providing opportunities to use partially restrained connections. In order to study seismic behavior and load transfer mechanism of CSRC, a two‐story one‐bay specimen was tested under cyclic loads. With that, the main characters such as, strength, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation, load distribution, performance of steel frames, partially restrained connections and studs, are analyzed and evaluated. The experimental results show that the structure has adequate strength redundancy and sufficient lateral stiffness. The CSRC system has good ductility and energy dissipation capability. Partially restrained connections could enhance ductility and avoid abrupt decreases in strength and stiffness after the failure of infill walls. The composite interaction is ensured by headed studs, which have failed because of low‐cycle fatigue. Steel frames bear 80%–100% of overturning moments, and the remainder is undertaken by infill walls; steel frames and infill walls resisted 10%–20% and 80%–90% of lateral loads, respectively. Furthermore, relevant design recommendations are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

摇摆填充墙-框架结构抗震性能研究

针对钢筋混凝土框架在地震作用下因形成薄弱层而倒塌的情况，提出了一种摇摆填充墙-框架结构。该结构中，现浇混凝土墙板与周围梁柱组成刚性填充墙，墙体两侧框架柱与基础接触但不连接，允许柱底抬起以实现刚性填充墙摇摆。与传统外置附加摇摆墙-框架结构相比，该摇摆填充墙-框架结构能有效避免摇摆墙对建筑功能的影响，简化摇摆墙与框架之间的连接。采用静力弹塑性推覆分析，对比了摇摆填充墙-框架结构与普通框架结构的性能差异。分析结果表明，摇摆填充墙能提高结构的侧向承载力，改善框架的延性。摇摆填充墙使框架结构的剪力分布更加均匀，能够有效控制框架的变形模式，有利于实现材料性能的充分利用。     

Comparison of nonlinear behavior of steel moment frames accompanied with RC shear walls or steel bracings

In this paper, the seismic behavior of dual structural systems in forms of steel moment‐resisting frames accompanied with reinforced concrete shear walls and steel moment‐resisting frames accompanied with concentrically braced frames, have been studied. The nonlinear behavior of the mentioned structural systems has been evaluated as, in earthquakes, structures usually enter into an inelastic behavior stage and, hence, the applied energy to the structures will be dissipated. As a result, some parameters such as ductility factor of structure (μ), over‐strength factor (R_s) and response modification factor (R) for the mentioned structures have been under assessment. To achieve these objectives, 30‐story buildings containing such structural systems were used to perform the pushover analyses having different load patterns. Analytical results show that the steel moment‐resisting frames accompanied with reinforced concrete shear walls system has higher ductility and response modification factor than the other one, and so, it is observed to achieve suitable seismic performance; using the first system can have more advantages than the second one. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Forward directivity near‐fault and far‐fault ground motion effects on the behavior of reinforced concrete wall tall buildings with one and more plastic hinges

Near‐fault (NF) ground motion having forward directivity and far‐fault (FF) earthquakes can generate different responses on tall reinforced concrete cantilever walls. In this paper, the behavior of the core wall buildings were examined by performing nonlinear time history analyses on 20‐story, 30‐story and 40‐story fiber element models. The concept of one, two, three and extended plastic hinge in the core walls subjected to the NF motions having forward directivity (pulse‐like) and FF motion was studied by carrying out inelastic dynamic analysis. At the upper levels of the walls, NF pulse‐like ground motions can produce considerably larger curvature ductility, inter‐story drift and displacement demands as compared with the FF motions. A new approach was proposed to obtain the moment demand and reinforcement required to balance the curvature ductility demand along the height of a core wall. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance evaluation of special and intermediate moment‐resisting reinforced concrete frames using pushover and incremental dynamic analysis

In this study, the seismic performance of special and intermediate moment‐resisting reinforced concrete frames are evaluated through nonlinear static and dynamic analysis. According to experimental studies, one of the most important parameters affecting the behavior of special and intermediate ductile reinforced concrete frames is the transverse reinforcement ratio. In this paper, constitutive law of material for concrete under the influence of various transverse reinforcement ratios have been derived using Mander et al. model, and 20 ground‐motion accelerograms have been utilized for dynamic analysis. Additionally, the results of pushover and incremental dynamic analysis were compared in order to evaluate seismic performance of the selected high‐rise structures. Results reveal that both types of reinforced concrete frames with beam‐hinge type failure mechanisms have ductile behavior. Special moment frames have higher ductility because of early entry into nonlinear range resulting in higher plastic rotations, which result in greater lateral displacements. Due to the differences in behavior of intermediate and special ductility frames, confinement has an important role in the ductile behavior of structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

梯度剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为了将钢筋混凝土剪力墙的弯剪变形机制和摇摆墙的摇摆机制有效结合,实现两者优势互补以提升结构抗震性能,提出了一种梯度剪力墙,通过降低局部压碎区混凝土强度实现从弯剪机制到摇摆机制的转换,并以约束屈曲钢筋代替普通钢筋,提高摇摆阶段剪力墙耗能能力。该梯度剪力墙具有弯剪和摇摆双重变形机制,且可通过合理设计实现不同机制按梯度次序出现和震后的快速修复。分别对梯度剪力墙试件和普通钢筋混凝土剪力墙试件开展拟静力试验研究,并对比分析其破坏特征、滞回性能、承载力、刚度、自复位特性和延性。研究结果表明：低强度混凝土压碎是梯度剪力墙由弯剪机制过渡到摇摆机制的显著标志,受力机制转换前剪力墙以弯剪机制承载,保证其在正常使用和在多遇地震作用下为结构提供足够抗侧刚度;转换后具有摇摆墙功能。与普通剪力墙相比,梯度剪力墙损伤机制明确,延性显著提升,剩余承载力可控,残余变形小。     

Equivalent viscous damping in direct displacement‐based design of steel braced reinforced concrete frames

Performance‐based design method, particularly direct displacement‐based design (DDBD) method, has been widely used for seismic design of structures. Estimation of equivalent viscous damping factor used to characterize the substitute structure for different structural systems is a dominant parameter in this design methodology. In this paper, results of experimental and numerical investigations performed for estimating the equivalent viscous damping in DDBD procedure of two lateral resistance systems, moment frames and braced moment frames, are presented. For these investigations, cyclic loading tests are conducted on scaled moment resisting frames with and without bracing. The experimental results are also used to calibrate full‐scale numerical models. A numerical investigation is then conducted on a set of analytical moment resisting frames with and without bracing. The equivalent viscous damping and ductility of each analytical model are calculated from hysteretic responses. On the basis of analytical results, new equations are proposed for equivalent viscous damping as a function of ductility for reinforced concrete and steel braced reinforced concrete frames. As a result, the new equation is used in direct displacement‐based design of a steel braced reinforced concrete frame. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An introduction to the structural design of rocking wall‐frames with a view to collapse prevention,self‐alignment and repairability

The purpose of this article is to present a new method of analysis for the structural design of pin‐supported rocking wall‐moment frames with supplementary devices and post‐tensioned stabilizers. The function of the wall is to prevent soft story failure, impose uniform drift and provide support for the supplementary equipment. The proposed methodology lends itself well to several seismic design strategies, ranging from severe damage avoidance, to collapse prevention, to structural self‐alignment and repairability. Repairability means avoiding major damage to columns and foundations. The success of the resulting solutions is due to the single degree of freedom behavior of the combined system and the fact that its overall performance is not significantly affected by minor changes in the stiffness of the wall. The sensitivity of the response to wall rigidity is addressed by comparing the maximum elastic slope of the wall with a fraction of the specified uniform drift. The limitations of rocking wall‐moment frames, as viable lateral resisting systems, have been addressed. Several worked examples have been presented to provide insight and technical information that may not be readily available from electronic output. The proposed solutions are exact within the bounds of the theoretical assumptions and are ideally suited for manual as well as spreadsheet computations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双肢消能摇摆柱受力机理及应用于混凝土框架的减震性能

针对钢筋混凝土框架结构在强震作用下出现薄弱层破坏的问题,提出了能够防止框架结构发生薄弱层破坏的消能减震构件,即双肢消能摇摆柱。在构件层面,通过分析受力机理,提出了双肢消能摇摆柱在侧向荷载作用下的弹性理论分析模型和弹塑性等效分析模型,并采用足尺试验结果及精细有限元分析结果对所提模型进行了验证,表明双肢消能摇摆柱具有良好的滞回耗能及刚度连续特性。在结构体系层面,通过纯混凝土框架与双肢消能摇摆柱 框架的动力弹塑性时程响应结果对比,表明利用双肢消能摇摆柱可较好地减轻混凝土框架结构的最大地震层间位移响应,并抑制混凝土框架结构的层间变形集中,从而防止潜在的地震作用下混凝土框架结构的薄弱层破坏。     

Cyclic loading test of T‐shaped mid‐rise shear wall

Shear wall systems are the most commonly used lateral load resisting systems in high‐rise buildings. Six 1:2 scale mid‐rise T‐shaped reinforced concrete shear wall specimens with aspect ratio of 1.75, 2.15 and 2.80 were respectively tested under reversed cyclic loading. The seismic behavior and displacement ductility were investigated. The effects of aspect ratio, axial load level and transverse steel ratio on the seismic behavior and displacement ductility were also analyzed. Test results were discussed and compared with T‐shaped steel–concrete composite shear wall. Results mainly showed that the T‐shaped shear wall specimens mainly presented bending–shear failure mode and were all destroyed because of the concrete crushing at the web (negative direction) and the longitudinal reinforcement of the web reaching the limited deformation (positive direction), showing that the web was the weakest part of T‐shape shear wall. The ductility of the specimens was decreased, and the ultimate load‐bearing capacity was increased by increasing the axial load. To specimens with smaller aspect ratio and higher axial load ratio, the special transverse steel ratio of the web should be increased to improve the crushing strain of the confined concrete of the web in order to satisfy the ductility of the walls. The seismic performance was obviously improved in the T‐shaped steel–concrete shear wall compared with that of the T‐shaped reinforced concrete shear wall. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study on seismic performance of T‐shaped partly precast reinforced concrete shear wall with grouting sleeves

Prefabricated structure has prominent advantages such as easy control of construction quality, saving fabricating time and natural resources, and reducing environmental pollution and construction noise. The mostly used structural system in high‐rise buildings is reinforced concrete shear wall structure, which has high load capacity and lateral stiffness. Focusing on the connection of reinforcements, three T‐shaped partly prefabricated reinforced concrete shear walls and one cast‐in situ specimen in same dimensions as a control group are tested under low‐frequency cyclic loading to analyze their seismic performances in this paper. During the experiment, the axial compression ratio of specimens is fixed at 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5. Through the observation of phenomena and data analysis, hysteretic curve, skeleton curve, stiffness degradation, ductility, and load bearing capacity are compared and analyzed. The results show that partly prefabricated reinforced concrete shear wall has similar load bearing capacity with the cast in situ specimen, and it also has excellent ductility, stiffness, and energy‐dissipating capacity. The experimental results and analysis indicate that partly prefabricated reinforced concrete shear wall has outstanding seismic performances; under effective and reliable design, it can be used in building structures to play the same role as cast in situ components.     

多层砌体填充墙框架结构抗震性能试验研究

为了研究砌体填充墙沿框架层不连续布置对框架结构抗震性能的影响,进行了3榀两层单跨砌体填充墙框架结构模型、1榀单层单跨砌体填充墙框架结构模型、1榀两层单跨框架结构模型和1榀单层单跨框架结构模型的对比试验,分析了各试件的破坏特征、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、位移延性、刚度退化、承载力退化和耗能性能等抗震性能指标。结果表明：无论是单层单跨还是两层单跨的砌体填充墙框架结构,其水平峰值荷载和初始刚度比相应的纯框架结构均有较大幅度的提高,且其刚度退化程度比相应纯框架结构要缓慢;砌体填充墙的存在提高了框架结构的抗侧刚度和水平峰值荷载,使框架结构的变形由剪切型逐渐转变为弯剪型;砌体填充墙参与了结构的滞回耗能,填充墙框架的位移延性和累积耗能能力明显优于框架;砌体填充墙沿框架层不连续布置会引起框架结构层间侧移刚度和层间受剪承载力发生突变,影响框架结构的破坏形态,但由于砌体填充墙参与了框架结构的滞回耗能,故其仍具有较好的抗震性能。     

Inelastic behaviour of RC wall‐frame with a rocking wall and its analysis incorporating 3‐D effect

In a reinforced concrete wall‐frame structure, rocking of the wall and the three‐dimensional (3‐D) effect are two important factors influencing the inelastic response of the system. Rocking of the wall about a point close to the compression edge at the wall base induces large elongation along the wall tension chord, resulting in increased rotation demand on beams framing into the wall. The wall vertical elongation also triggers the 3‐D effect, which acts back to play a stabilizing role on the rocking wall. A rational analysis of the above effects requires a realistic consideration of the wall‐neutral axis migration towards the compression side, which, however, is often ignored. This paper aims to extend the relevant existing studies in the following three aspects: (1) the extent to which a rocking wall can affect the system behaviour; (2) the modelling of the wall‐neutral axis migration and its significance; and (3) a quantitative assessment of the 3‐D effect, particularly in terms of its role on controlling wall rocking. Results from a Code‐compatible planar wall‐frame specimen indicate that uncontrolled wall rocking could amount to causing beam–wall connection failure, leading to accelerated deterioration of the entire system. Pushover and dynamic time‐history analyses show that by incorporating wall‐neutral axis migration more satisfactory prediction of the inelastic response of the wall‐frame is produced. A systematic improvement of the wall‐frame inelastic behaviour can be achieved by involving the 3‐D effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于能量原理的钢筋混凝土框架结构层间弹塑性位移求解

本文按照我国现行《建筑抗震设计规范》设计了三个层数分别为4、7和10层的钢筋混凝土框架结构。利用能量法对各框架结构按等效单自由度体系计算了其滞回输入能;利用pushover方法分析了钢筋混凝土框架结构的层间能量分布规律,通过与非线性动力时程分析结果进行比较,证明该法是可行的;利用文献[1]中楼层弹塑性变形耗能与弹塑性层间位移的关系求出各框架结构的层间弹塑性位移,并与现行《建筑抗震设计规范》中简化计算方法的计算结果进行了对比。     

Full‐scale experimental assessment of new connection for columns in vertically mixed structures

More stiffness of concrete frames on one hand and fewer weight of steel frames on the other hand motivates using a composite system so called vertically mixed structures. The reinforced concrete and steel frames are connected together at a story called transition story. A major challenge for the designers is the connection columns in the transition story for proper transferring of efforts and preventing stress concentration phenomenon. There are some suggestions, in the literature, to build a transition composite column instead of constructing a local connection. Four full‐scale specimens of three connection types are constructed and tested experimentally under cyclic load to investigate hysteresis characteristics, failure mechanism, deformability, and energy dissipation capacity of the model. A novel through bolt lap connection adapted from concrete‐filled tube (CFT) column is proposed. Finally, backbone curves of proposed column for more accurate seismic studies are presented. No evident sign of local failure is observed in the proposed connection. Placing the steel around the reinforced concrete column section prepares the maximum possible geometrical dimensions for the steel column section and the connection. The experimental results show no strength loss for the new proposed connection under two different axial loads in lateral cyclic loading up to 4% drift.     

Theoretical analysis of post‐peak flexural behaviour of normal‐ and high‐strength concrete beams

A new method of analysing the post‐peak flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams has been developed and applied to normal‐ and high‐strength concrete beams. It was revealed that at the post‐peak stage the neutral axis depth keeps on increasing, and at a certain point the strain in the tension reinforcement starts to decrease, even though the curvature is increasing monotonically. Such strain reversal in the tension reinforcement occurs in all concrete beams and has significant effects on the post‐peak behaviour and flexural ductility of concrete beams. Therefore, the stress path dependence of the tension reinforcement needs to be taken into account in the analysis. By means of a parametric study, the variation of ultimate concrete strain with tension steel ratio and the effects of various structural parameters on flexural ductility have been studied. Based on the numerical results, design values of ultimate concrete strain that are independent of tension steel ratio have been recommended and a simple formula for predicting the flexural ductility of reinforced normal‐ and high‐strength concrete beams has been developed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

装配式摇摆墙-框架结构抗震性能试验研究

为避免罕遇地震作用下传统混凝土摇摆墙的开裂损伤且充分利用装配式结构的便捷性,设计了采用双层钢板混凝土墙的摇摆墙结构体系,在浇筑混凝土时双层钢板可充当摇摆墙构件的外模板。跨越结构上、下层的摇摆墙之间采用高强螺栓连接,摇摆墙在工厂预制后运到施工现场进行安装。选用金属阻尼器作为耗能连接件连接摇摆墙与主体框架结构,同时传递层剪力并耗散地震能量。为研究该装配式摇摆墙-框架结构的抗震性能,设计并制作了一个纯框架和两个摇摆墙-框架,其中两个摇摆墙-框架的区别在于金属阻尼器的安装位置不同。通过拟静力试验分析了其破坏模式及抗震性能。试验结果表明：预制装配式摇摆墙与主体框架结构协同工作性能良好,金属阻尼器耗能效果得到充分利用,结构承载力、耗能能力大幅增加;在水平位移较大时摇摆墙竖向发生刚体位移,对整体结构的抗震性能产生一定影响,后续将采用附加预应力的形式减轻摇摆墙竖向抬升的影响。     

Experimental study on seismic performance of prefabricated rocking wall frame structure

为避免罕遇地震作用下传统混凝土摇摆墙的开裂损伤且充分利用装配式结构的便捷性，设计了采用双层钢板混凝土墙的摇摆墙结构体系，在浇筑混凝土时双层钢板可充当摇摆墙构件的外模板。跨越结构上、下层的摇摆墙之间采用高强螺栓连接，摇摆墙在工厂预制后运到施工现场进行安装。选用金属阻尼器作为耗能连接件连接摇摆墙与主体框架结构，同时传递层剪力并耗散地震能量。为研究该装配式摇摆墙-框架结构的抗震性能，设计并制作了一个纯框架和两个摇摆墙-框架，其中两个摇摆墙-框架的区别在于金属阻尼器的安装位置不同。通过拟静力试验分析了其破坏模式及抗震性能。试验结果表明：预制装配式摇摆墙与主体框架结构协同工作性能良好，金属阻尼器耗能效果得到充分利用，结构承载力、耗能能力大幅增加；在水平位移较大时摇摆墙竖向发生刚体位移，对整体结构的抗震性能产生一定影响，后续将采用附加预应力的形式减轻摇摆墙竖向抬升的影响。