钢-混凝土组合薄壳屋盖的研究进展--施工阶段钢底壳的模型试验研究

钢-混凝土组合薄壳屋盖(Comshell屋盖体系)由兼作永久模板并替代钢筋的薄壁加劲钢底壳和现浇混凝土两部份组成。薄壁钢底壳由模块化单元件通过螺栓连接而成,单元件呈无盖扁盒状,由底板及周边板组成。其周边板在钢壳上构成两个方向的薄壁加劲板。这一新体系保留了混凝土薄壳屋盖的所有优点。又不需要使用临时模板．并大幅减少临时支撑。本文对这种新型结构体系及其各种可能的破坏模式进行了简单介绍,并给出了针对该结构体系施工阶段稳定性所进行模型试验的主要结果。     

Effects of imperfections of the buckling response of composite shells

The results of an experimental and analytical study of the effects of initial imperfections on the buckling response and failure of unstiffened thin-walled compression-loaded graphite-epoxy cylindrical shells are presented. The shells considered in the study have six different shell-wall laminates two different shell-radius-to-thickness ratios. The shell-wall laminates include four different orthotropic laminates and two different quasi-isotropic laminates. The shell-radius-to-thickness ratios includes shell-radius-to-thickness ratios equal to 100 and 200. The numerical results include the effects of traditional and nontraditional initial imperfections and selected shell parameter uncertainties. The traditional imperfections include the geometric shell-wall mid-surface imperfections that are commonly discussed in the literature on thin shell buckling. The nontraditional imperfections include shell-wall thickness variations, local shell-wall ply-gaps associated with the fabrication process, shell-end geometric imperfections, nonuniform applied end loads, and variations in the boundary conditions including the effects of elastic boundary conditions. The cylinder parameter uncertainties considered include uncertainties in geometric imperfection measurements, lamina fiber volume fraction, fiber and matrix properties, boundary conditions, and applied end load distribution. Results that include the effects of these traditional and nontraditional imperfections and uncertainties on the nonlinear response characteristics, buckling loads and failure of the shells are presented. The analysis procedure includes a nonlinear static analysis that predicts the stable response characteristics of the shells, and a nonlinear transient analysis that predicts the unstable response characteristics. In addition, a common failure analysis is used to predict material failures in the shells.     

Buckling of cracked cylindrical thin shells under combined internal pressure and axial compression

Linear eigenvalue analysis of cracked cylindrical shells under combined internal pressure and axial compression is carried out to study the effect of crack type, size and orientation on the buckling behavior of cylindrical thin shells. Two types of crack are considered; through crack and thumbnail crack. Our calculations indicate that depending on the crack type, length, orientation and the internal pressure, local buckling may precede the global buckling of the cylindrical shell. The internal pressure, in general, increases the buckling load associated with the global buckling mode of the cylindrical shells. In contrast, the effect of internal pressure on buckling loads associated with the local buckling modes of the cylindrical shell depends mainly on the crack orientation. For cylindrical shells with relatively long axial crack, buckling loads associated with local buckling modes of the cylindrical shell reduce drastically on increasing the shell internal pressure. In contrast, the internal pressure has the stabilizing effect against the local buckling for circumferentially cracked cylindrical shells. A critical crack length for each crack orientation and loading condition is defined as the shortest crack causing the local buckling to precede the global buckling of the cylindrical shell. Some insight into the effect of internal pressure on this critical crack length is provided.     

Zum Tragverhalten flacher Schalentragwerke unter Kriechbeanspruchung

On the bearing Behaviour of shallow shell Structures under creep Loading The close‐to‐reality prediction of the bearing behaviour of RC shell structures is still a challenging task for civil engineers. In this contribution, different influence parameters on the long‐term performance of buckling‐sensitive structures are presented exemplarily in the context of concrete creep by means of a cylindrical shell roof with regard to structural failure due to sustained loads.     

Elephant's foot buckling in pressurised cylindrical shells

Metal cylindrical bins, silos and tanks are thin shell structures subject to internal pressure from stored materials together with axial compression from the frictional drag of stored materials on the walls and horizontal loads. The governing failure mode is frequently buckling under axial compression. The internal pressure exerted by the stored fluids or solids can significantly enhance the buckling strength, but high internal pressures lead to severe local bending near the base. Local yielding then precipitates an early elastic‐plastic buckling failure. This failure mode, commonly known as “elephant's foot buckling”, has received relatively little attention to date and until recently was often ignored in tank and silo design. This problem is an unusual buckling condition, because it involves very high tensile stresses in one direction, coupled with rather small compressive stresses in the orthogonal direction. Thus, although it is a buckling failure involving considerable plasticity, it occurs at low buckling stresses and under conditions that appear to be classically “slender”. The normal concatenation of “slender” with “elastic” in buckling formulations does not apply at all here. This paper describes alternative approaches to the formulation of design rules for the elastic‐plastic instability and collapse of axially‐loaded internally‐pressurised thin cylindrical shells adjacent to the base support. The differences between the different approaches arise from different conceptual models for the manner in which an elastic‐plastic slender structure instability should be treated.     

Experimental collapse of thin cylindrical shells submitted to internal pressure and pure bending

A thin-walled pressurised cylindrical shell is sensitive to buckling phenomena when it experiences locally a compressive stress. It is often considered that its behaviour under bending is rather similar to pure compression, but very few are the experimental investigations that precise the real behaviour of a thin pressurised cylinder submitted to a bending load. A large amount of experimental results is presented here, obtained on thin shells (550<R/t<1450) of moderate length (L/R≈2). The evolution of the cylinders' behaviour that has been recorded when internal pressure increases is outlined. It is shown that one must distinguish between local buckling and global collapse of the structure. A comparison of our experimental data to design recommendations given by two standards (NASA SP8007 and Eurocode 3) is finally achieved, putting in advance safety margins provided by these codes.     

Buckling of intermediate ring supported cylindrical shells under axial compression

This paper is concerned with the elastic buckling of axially compressed, circular cylindrical shells with intermediate ring supports. The simple Timoshenko thin shell theory and the more sophisticated Flügge thin shell theory have been adopted in the modeling of the cylindrical shells. We used these two representative theories to examine the sensitivity of the buckling solutions to the different degree of approximations made in shell theories. By dividing the shell into segments at the locations of the ring supports, the state-space technique is employed to derive the solutions for each shell segment and the domain decomposition method utilized to impose the equilibrium and compatibility conditions at the interfaces of the shell segments. First-known exact buckling factors are obtained for cylindrical shells of one and multiple intermediate ring supports and various combinations of boundary conditions. Comparison studies are carried out against benchmark solutions and independent numerical results from ANSYS and p-Ritz analyses. The influence of the locations of the ring supports on the buckling behaviour of the shells is examined.     

真空引起的薄壁圆筒屈曲压力预测

研究均匀外压力下初始缺陷对圆柱形薄壳结构屈曲性能的影响。对缩尺薄壁圆筒的外形进行分析以测量壳体表面的几何缺陷。有限元分析时将这些初始缺陷考虑在内,并进行静态几何非线性分析。在实验室进行圆筒的倒塌试验,并将试验结果和有限元分析结果进行比较。结果表明,有限元分析能够准确预测圆筒的破坏坍塌压力和后屈曲模态。     

薄壁钢梁稳定性计算的争议及其解决

在规范修订过程中,对钢梁的整体稳定性计算,有学者对《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)所依据的临界弯矩计算公式提出了质疑,并提出了新的计算公式。本文对规范所依据的公式和新提出的公式所依据的理论进行了对比,对新公式所依据的理论提出了疑问。为避免薄壁构件理论引入的各种假设带来思辨上难以解决的争议,本文采用ANSYS通用有限元程序的三维板壳单元SHELL63进行了6组共36根梁的整体失稳分析。有限元分析结果表明,采用板稳定理论求得的梁临界弯矩与《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)所依据的公式符合较好,而与新提出的公式比较相差较大。本文根据薄壁梁弯扭稳定理论,推导了考虑非线性正应变和剪应变的梁失稳过程应变能的变化公式,从而解释了考虑非线性剪应变的理论与ANSYS分析结果不符的原因,并对传统的稳定理论得到的结果进行了肯定。     

Buckling analysis of a cooling tower shell with measured and theoretically-modelled imperfections

Geometrical imperfections were measured using photogrammetric techniques on an existing reinforced concrete cooling tower shell. The imperfections, related to the radii of such a real shell, were used as input data to create a real shape of the cooling tower. Numerical analysis was carried out for three models: (P) perfect shell of revolution, (M) shell with measured imperfections, (T) shell with a theoretical imperfection corresponding to the primary buckling mode under dead load. The buckling analysis was related to the linearized eigenvalue problem of elastic shells. The shell midsurface was approximated by eight-node quadrilateral isoparametric finite elements. Computations were carried out using the ANKA computer code. Critical values of the load parameter enable confirmation of a partial correlation between existing imperfections and buckling modes under dead load. The most disadvantageous direction of the wind load application on the real shell was found, in order to evaluate the decrease in the load-carrying capacity of the cooling tower shell against buckling. Theoretically modelled imperfections give rather unrealistic values of buckling loads of the real shell.     

Dynamic buckling of fiber composite shells under impulsive axial compression

The paper deals with dynamic buckling due to impulsive loading of thin-walled carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) shell structures under axial compression. The approach adopted is based on the equations of motion, which are numerically solved using a finite element code (ABAQUS/Explicit) and using numerical models validated by experimental static buckling tests. To study the influence of the load duration, the time history of impulsive loading is varied and the corresponding dynamic buckling loads are related to the quasi-static buckling loads. To analyse the sensitivity to geometric imperfections, the initial geometric imperfections, measured experimentally on the internal surface of real shells, are introduced in the numerical models. It is shown numerically that the initial geometric imperfections as well as the duration of the loading period have a great influence on the dynamic buckling of the shells. For short time duration, the dynamic buckling loads are larger than the static ones. By increasing the load duration, the dynamic buckling loads decrease quickly and get significantly smaller than the static loads. Since the common practice is to assume that dynamic bucking loads are higher than the static ones, which means that static design is safe, careful design is recommended. Indeed, taking the static buckling load as the design point for dynamic problems might be misleading.     

异型混凝土壳体大跨屋盖整体稳定分析研究

针对异型钢筋混凝土壳体结构在整体稳定的计算分析方法、荷载因子限值等方面存在的问题,开展了理论和实践研究。提出了采用通用有限元程序Abaqus进行考虑混凝土强度破坏的壳体稳定分析方法,并探讨了大型混凝土壳体强度破坏和失稳破坏相互耦合时的合理安全因子,建议该系数可取为2.0。最后以大同大剧院项目为案例进行实践研究,结果表明该屋盖结构以材料强度破坏为主导,综合安全系数满足要求。本文采用的分析和评价方法对其它类似结构具有参考意义。     

Limit analysis of local failure in shallow spherical concrete caps subjected to uniform radial pressure

Many thin-walled shallow concrete shells (or caps or domes) have experienced structural collapse during or subsequent to their erection. Very few experimental investigations have been reported of shallow concrete spherical caps that allow for the effects of geometric and material non-linearities and imperfections to be identified, despite this information being essential for the validation of sophisticated numerical treatments. Classical thin-shell theories for axisymmetric domes predict a global buckling mode, but observations from experimental tests show that failure in concrete spherical caps is usually localised within a relatively small region and at a load significantly less than the classical buckling load. An investigation of the non-linear behaviour of thin-walled concrete spherical caps is currently being carried out both experimentally and theoretically at The University of New South Wales. As part of this study, an approach based on limit analysis has been developed on the basis of a local failure model and it is used for analysis of concrete/mortar spherical caps described in the published literature. The ultimate bending strength of a unit width of a spherical shell section is derived from a typical non-linear concrete stress-strain relationship and the in-plane thrust from shell membrane theory. The analytical results based on a local failure yield line model are compared with the available experimental results in the literature as well as with classical theoretical buckling results.     

基于改进一致缺陷模态法的轴压圆柱薄壳极限承载力分析

对结构进行缺陷稳定分析的主要方法是一致缺陷模态法和随机缺陷模态法,一致缺陷模态法对薄壁圆柱壳结构进行非线性分析得到的极限承载力与其实际承载能力有一定差距,随机缺陷模态法则工作量很大。基于圆柱薄壳轴压失稳呈现出多模态屈曲的特点,本文提出改进一致缺陷模态法,通过对圆柱壳分别施加不同屈曲模态找到最不利缺陷分布形式。文中通过有限元法验证了改进一致缺陷模态法的可靠性,同时指出按照某一类高阶屈曲模态施加初始缺陷能得到薄壳的最不利极限承载力。     

Elasto-plastic instability of single-layer reticulated shells under dynamic actions

This paper addresses the issue on dynamic collapse mechanism of single-layer reticulated shells subjected to harmonic load, sudden load and seismic load. The method for failure mechanism has reviewed the relationship between the response of the reticulated shell and the peak acceleration of dynamic action. Besides, the steel damage accumulation is considered in the method by compiling a user subroutine based on the computing program ABAQUS. An example is introduced to describe dynamic instability collapse resulting from geometric nonlinearity of the shell and the other example is presented to describe strength failure resulting from excessive development of plastic deformation, for it is discovered that the structure is not only to be prone to instability collapse in dynamic action. According to the responses of the single-layer reticulated shell under dynamic loads, this study discusses the relationship between the failure model and the corresponding dynamic load parameters. Then, the method for distinguishing failure modes is proposed based on the fuzzy synthetic evaluation theory and the structural responses of sufficient samples at the failure state. The technique feasible to be used to distinguish different failure modes of single-layer reticulated shells under different dynamic loads is validated.     

现浇楼板对钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌模式的影响

地震作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构通常呈现弱柱型破坏模式而倒塌。针对其破坏特征,将钢筋混凝土框架结构离散为“板-柱”和“梁-柱-节点”体系,结合块体间碰撞作用的冲量模型,基于离散单元法建立考虑构件间碰撞作用的钢筋混凝土框架结构空间倒塌反应计算机仿真系统,并通过2个框架结构模型的倒塌试验对其进行了验证。利用计算机仿真系统模拟分析了现浇楼板对钢筋混凝土框架结构倒塌模式的影响。结果表明：考虑块体间碰撞作用的框架结构倒塌仿真系统可以真实再现地震作用下框架结构的倒塌过程和废墟堆积情况;考虑楼板影响时,强柱型框架结构可能会出现弱柱型倒塌,局部倒塌型框架结构则可能不倒或呈弱柱型倒塌;框架结构抗震设计或评定中应充分考虑现浇楼板对框架抗震性能的影响。     

Beulbemessung diskret gelagerter dünnwandiger kreiszylindrischer Stahlsilokonstruktionen nach EN 1993‐1‐6

Buckling design of discretely supported thin‐walled steel silo structures according to EN 1993‐1‐6. This paper deals with the exemplary application of alternative buckling design procedures, as introduced by the new European Standard on buckling of steel shells, to a practical thin‐walled steel silo structure. First the general features of these design procedures as well as relevant issues of structural modelling are outlined. Then the outcomes of the different buckling design procedures are compared to each other and critically evaluated.     

Static buckling analysis of thin cylindrical shell with centrally located dent under uniform lateral pressure

One of the common failure modes of thin cylindrical shell subjected to external pressure is buckling. The buckling pressure of these shell structures are dominantly affected by the geometrical imperfections present in the cylindrical shell which are very difficult to alleviate during manufacturing process. Dent is one of the common geometrical imperfections present in thin shell structures which may be formed due to mechanical damage caused by accidental loading or impact. In this work, influence of various dent parameters (dent length, dent width, dent depth and angle of orientation of the dent) on the critical buckling pressure of thin cylindrical shells with a centrally located dent is studied using non-linear static finite-element analysis of ANSYS under external pressure with simply supported boundary conditions at the top and bottom edges of the thin cylindrical shell.     

Buckling of super ellipsoidal shells under uniform pressure

This article is concerned with the elastic buckling of super ellipsoidal shells under external uniform pressure. The middle surface of a super ellipsoidal shell is defined by the following equation: (x/a)²ⁿ +(y/b)²ⁿ + (z/c)²ⁿ  = 1 where n is an integer varying from unity to infinity. It is clear from the equation that the range of shell shapes covered sphere (n = 1, a = b = c) to cube (n = ∞, a = b = c) and ellipsoid (n = 1) to cuboid (n = ∞). By adopting a recently proposed solid shell element for the buckling analysis, the critical buckling pressures of thin to thick super ellipsoidal shells are obtained and tabulated for engineers. The shell element allows for the effect of transverse shear deformation, which becomes significant in thick shells. Their buckling shapes are also examined. In addition, a simple approximate formula for predicting the critical buckling pressure of thick spherical shells is proposed.     

Plastic buckling of thin hemispherical shell subjected to concentrated load at the apex

This study presents the analytical, numerical, and experimental results of thin hemispherical metal shells into the plastic buckling range illustrating the importance of geometry changes on the buckling load. The hemispherical shell is rigidly supported around the base circumference against horizontal and vertical translation and the load is vertically applied by a rigid cylindrical boss at the apex. Kinematics stages of initial buckling and subsequent propagation of plastic deformation for rigid-perfectly plastic shells are formulated on the basis of Drucker–Shield's limited interaction yield condition. The effect of the radius of the boss, used to apply the loading, on the initial and subsequent collapse load is studied. In the numerical model, the material is assumed to be isotropic and linear elastic perfectly plastic without strain hardening obeying the Tresca or Von Mises yield criterion. Both axisymmmetric and 3D models are implemented in the numerical work to verify the presence of non-symmetric deformation modes in the case of thin shells. In the end, the results of the analytical solution are compared and verified with the numerical results using ABAQUS software and experimental findings. Good agreement is observed between the load–deflection curves obtained using three different approaches. A secondary bifurcation point is detected in thin shells in which the deformation degenerates from symmetric to non-symmetric behavior. The bifurcation point depends on the (R/t₀) ratio and the material parameters.