"可再生能源与建筑集成技术研究与示范"项目——课题二:太阳能供热、制冷、通风系统与建筑接口技术研究

课题总目标开发成功以太阳能为主的建筑复合能量系统、设备,掌握相关建筑接口技术,包括太阳能空调制冷设备,太阳能除湿设备的定型化、系列化．太阳能复合系统与建筑的容量匹配等硬件接口技术以及太阳能复合能量系统与建筑集成的设计指南、规范、相关技术标准和图集等软件接口技术。并满足建筑采暖、制冷和通风系统的相关技术要求。     

光伏建筑一体化建筑空调负荷特点及节能对策分析

认为光伏建筑一体化和并网发电将是人口密集的城市利用太阳能的主要形式。分析了光伏一体化建筑中光伏器件对空调系统的影响、此类建筑空调负荷的特点及计算方法问题,从复合能量系统的角度提出了有利于空调通风系统节能发展的新策略。     

太阳能通风墙系统结构及其关键因素综述

建筑通风是当前建筑能耗过高的主要因素之一,降低建筑通风能耗对于降低建筑能耗和减少碳排放具有重要意义。与主动式通风相比,被动式建筑通风具有结构简单、成本低廉、低碳环保等诸多优点。本文通过对国内外相关文献调研,综述了2种典型太阳能通风墙系统在结构及其关键影响因素上的研究进展和相关成果。首先分别调研了4种类型的Trombe墙和3种类型的太阳能烟囱的结构及特点,然后阐述了影响太阳能通风墙系统性能的关键因素及评价指标,最后基于各项影响因素的研究指出了太阳能通风墙系统未来的研究方向和重点。本研究内容可供太阳能通风墙系统的研究参考。     

多种节能技术在联体别墅中的应用

分别从太阳能空调、地暖、全天候热水复合能量系统及自动控制方式,通过太阳能与建筑结合,太阳能烟囱设计,温屏节能玻璃性能等方面介绍了联体别墅节能技术的应用情况.特别对太阳能空调、地暖、全天候热水复合能量系统进行了详细的阐述.     

空气-水双热源复合热泵工程应用方案探讨

采用复合热泵技术将太阳能、空气能、地源热泵等两种或几种可再生能源利用形式结合成联合供能系统应用于建筑中,改善单一形式可再生能源在应用中的条件,既可达到节能减排的目的,又能保证系统能量供应的稳定性,具有很好的推广应用价值。从工程应用角度出发探讨了空气-水双热源复合热泵技术在太阳能热水、太阳能供暖、太阳能光/热一体化、地源热泵、余热/废热回收利用等方面的应用方案,为复合源热泵技术在建筑中的推广应用提供参考。     

仿生与建筑中太阳能利用的解析

该文针对太阳能在建筑中应用的各种形式、方法,结合建筑仿生学、生态学的相关研究,提出从仿生角度解析建筑中太阳能的利用,即建筑中能量、物质的运行不是单一的体系,而是复合的“类生命系统”.     

太阳能烟囱辅助教室混合通风的温度分布特征研究

由于教室人员密集,通风非常重要,自然通风与机械通风相结合的混合通风是一种适合于教室的通风方式,而太阳能烟囱可以提高自然通风的热压作用。本文对太阳能烟囱辅助教室混合通风进行了研究,采用模型实验和数值模拟的方法对室内热源强度、机械送风口位置、机械送风速度和太阳能烟囱辐射强度对教室内空气温度的影响进行了讨论,分析了太阳能辅助教室混合通风的室内空气温度分布特征。     

浅谈太阳能建筑设计

高效利用太阳能提供给建筑的复合能量,以满足建筑的使用功能需求,实现安全、便利、舒适、健康的环境,是太阳能建筑设计的目标。研究开发利用可再生能源,为建筑供能,是解决建筑能耗问题的一个有效途径。主要阐述了太阳能供热采暖、太阳能热泵等太阳能与建筑一体化技术,以及存在的问题,并展望其发展前景。     

通风式太阳能调温系统

通风式太阳能调温系统沈凤会（山东泗水县泉林镇泉林村）本文研究和提出一种通风式太阳能调温系统的设计方案，并结合砌块建筑的实践解决有关经常遇到的问题。笔者确信，这一方案的实施，定会给砌块建筑的顶层尤其是南方炎热地区砌块建筑的顶层带来良好的调温效果，有助于...     

地道风与太阳能烟囱通风复合系统适应性研究

通过建立地道风与太阳能烟囱通风复合系统三维稳态模型,采用正交模拟试验研究了系统在地道长度、太阳能烟囱高度、地道进风口与太阳能烟囱出风口面积比等因素影响下的适应范围。研究结果表明:地道进风口与太阳能烟囱出风口面积比是影响房间通风量的主要因素,面积比为0.8时,通风量最大;地道长度和太阳能烟囱高度是影响室内温度的主要因素,烟囱高度为2~3 m时,降温效果最佳,可降低约4.6℃,地道长度保持在1倍房间长度以上,该复合系统的降温效果最佳,可适应的室外温度最高限值约为32.6℃。     

强化室内通风研究进展

首先解释了自然通风和强化室内通风。接着介绍了强化室内通风的主要结构形式,包括太阳能强化室内通风(太阳能通风墙、太阳能烟囱、太阳墙、太阳能通风屋顶、太阳能蓄能通风)、多元通风和通过改良设计强化室内通风,并对国内外专家和学者的主要研究进展进行阐述。最后指出目前强化室内通风在研究应用的一些不足之处和未来的研究方向。     

生态模拟技术在绿色建筑设计中的应用探析

通过对丽泽金融商务区日照、风场、噪声等进行了模拟计算,建议将自然光引入室内,以弥补日照不足的影响或选用低能耗照明灯具进行人工采光;建议地块业主做好太阳能光伏发电利用设计;建议在底部裙房处采用对外开放式结构,对自然风起导风处理,增强通风效果;根据建筑不同高度的隔声量要求和位于同一高度不同立面方向的隔声量要求选用不同材质、性能的隔声窗,以保证区域内建筑最大限度地利用自然采光、自然通风以及区域建筑节能和环境优化,满足人群对室内外舒适度的要求。     

中庭空间的可再生资源利用

建筑设计中利用可再生能源节能方法成为人们关注的焦点。中庭空间作为室内气候环境和室外自然气候环境相交融的气候交换空间,能调节建筑空间气候环境。本文探讨了在中庭空间设计中利用太阳能辐射供热与自然通风的基本方法。     

Effects of outdoor air conditions on hybrid air conditioning based on task/ambient strategy with natural and mechanical ventilation in office buildings

This research aims to clarify the effects and indoor environmental characteristics of natural and mechanical hybrid air-conditioning systems in office buildings during intermediate seasons and to obtain design data. Natural and mechanical hybrid air conditioning is an air-conditioning system that utilizes natural ventilation and mechanical air-conditioning systems to improve the quality of the indoor thermal and air environment, and to reduce energy consumption. This report first categorizes the available natural ventilation conditions and estimates the amount of natural ventilation available in a model building. Furthermore, based on the concept of task-ambient air conditioning, after controlling the average temperature in the task zone to a target air conditioning temperature (26°C), changes in the outdoor temperature/humidity and the inflow rate, and the indoor environment and amount of cool heat input were studied with changes in the size of the natural vent using three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The results of these studies indicated that natural ventilation at temperatures lower than the indoor temperature effectively covered the lower indoor task zone through negative buoyancy, which enabled energy-saving air conditioning in the task zone.     

室内变电站混合通风模式研究及探讨

本文对混合通风方式在室内变电站的应用进行了研究,提出了混合通风模式下自然通风临界温度TL的概念,探讨了其在变电站混合通风潜力分析、噪声控制、节能效果评估、控制策略设定中的应用.本文研究结论对指导室内变电站降噪节能设计具有重要意义.     

Effects of double skin envelopes on natural ventilation and heating loads in office buildings

The influence of natural ventilation on heating load and energy savings in a building with a double skinned envelope (DSE) was examined in this study. Field measurements and computer simulations were performed under various weather conditions. The DSE was effective for saving energy and creating natural ventilation rates under clear and partly cloudy skies. Due to insufficient irradiance, the DSE was not effective for reducing the heating load under overcast sky conditions. When natural airflow rates from the cavity space between internal and external skin to the indoor space were controlled, the southwest-facing DSE effectively reduced heating loads due to the accumulation of solar irradiance.Regression models showed that outdoor air temperature was the most significant factor governing variations in cavity temperature under all sky conditions. Computer simulations indicated that natural ventilation was practical at an appropriate supply temperature only when the sky ratio was less than 0.7. The airspace in cavity of the DSE provided additional natural ventilation rates to the indoor space and effectively reduced heating loads. Natural ventilation was available for 135 h during three winter months without consuming additional energy to heat the outdoor air. The heating load was reduced by the DSE ranged from 17.98% to 18.7% depending on the airflow control options for the cavity space.     

自然通风与建筑节能

自然通风是改善室内热环境和空气品质的主要手段,热压、风压是通风形成的基本条件,合理组织自然通风能够节约建筑耗能,通过分析建筑室内通风组织的措施,为建筑师提供一定的设计依据。     

某报告厅利用自然冷源被动通风降温的理论计算与模拟分析

该文拟利用被动复合式下向通风降温技术在过渡季节对武汉某高校报告厅室内热环境进行研究,首先根据武汉市气候条件确定过渡季节该报告厅的室内外设计参数,然后通过理论计算确定报告厅采用该技术通风降温的可行性,最后利用计算流体力学（CFD）软件Airpak对过渡季节室内气流组织进行模拟和分析,验证该设计方案的通风效果。由于报告厅进深较大,为了保证其室内温度和风速分布均匀,该文分别对单向和双向两种送排风方案进行了比较研究,结果证明该系统能够替代常规空调解决武汉地区过渡季节利用自然冷源对报告厅的通风降温,不仅节约了能源,还改善了室内空气品质。     

Natural ventilation performance of a double-skin façade with a solar chimney

Double-skin façade is getting more and more attention as it provides many possibilities for energy conservation and at the same time creates good indoor environment. In this paper, natural ventilation performance of a double-skin façade is highlighted. A prototype building is proposed, which is thought to be an eight-storey office building with an atrium space in the north side. The south façade of the building is a double-skin façade and a thermal storage space called solar chimney is considered above the double-skin space. Actually, the double-skin space is connected with the chimney channel. Reduced scale model experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis are carried out in this research to evaluate the natural ventilation performance of the prototype building.     

Comparative monitoring of natural,hybrid and mechanical ventilation systems in urban canyons

A number of field and indoor experimental procedures were performed in three typical apartment buildings located in two street canyons characterized by different urban features, during summer period 2002 in Athens. Natural, mechanical and hybrid ventilation measurements were performed based on the tracer gas method on a circular basis within the 24-h period. The indoor exchange rates are estimated using both single and multi-zone approaches based on the mass balance of two tracer gases (N₂O and SF₆). The experiments pointed out that, in spite of the canyon effect, appreciable ventilation rates can be obtained with natural ventilation, especially when cross ventilation with two or more windows is measured. In the presence of cross ventilation and with sufficient ambient wind speeds, natural ventilation is shown to be more effective, with regard to ACH, in comparison with hybrid. However, when only single-sided ventilation is possible or under calm conditions hybrid ventilation has a slight advantage over natural. A comparative analysis is made for the total air change rates estimated with the single and multi-zone methodologies. The multi-zone approach, in spite of its better theoretical basis, has been found more sensitive to the accuracy of the measured concentrations, especially when a single tracer is used.