Gas-phase ion thermochemistry in organometallic systems

This review represents a general overview on the determination of bond energies in gas-phase organometallic systems. The paper focuses on articles published in the last 7 years, whose main scope was to experimentally measure metal ion-ligand binding energies. Therefore, studies of reactivity and characterization of ion complexes are not included, even if some of them display bond energies among the data measured. Bond energies are presented according to the metal ion complexed, in increasing order of atomic number. Periodic trends of binding energies and correlations among the various ligand are discussed. A brief summary of the most used techniques specifically devoted to gather bond energies is also provided.     

Atmospherically relevant ion chemistry of ozone and its cation

The importance of ionic processes that occur in terrestrial, planetary, and stellar atmospheres is receiving increasing recognition. Actually, ions play important, often crucial, roles in a variety of atmospheric processes throughout the universe, and a strong link with the neutral chemistry is also apparent. In the terrestrial atmosphere, the ionic reactions are most relevant in those transient and fleeting events, e.g., lightning, coronas (in thunderstorm clouds and along power lines), where the local ion density is much higher than in unperturbed air, and the chemical systems are typically far from equilibrium. In such cases, ozone, a key molecule for the terrestrial atmosphere, is also present in high local concentrations; it is formed from O(2) by the same transient event. Accordingly, this review provides a survey of the positive ion chemistry of ozone with several of the most important "atmospheric" species: the reactions, the products, and the importance of the examined processes are discussed also in the light of the local thermodynamic disequilibrium (LTD) approach to the chemistry of transient atmospheric events. In all such studies, mass spectrometry is traditionally, and remains today, the experimental technique of choice. The novel application of mass spectrometry to the study of neutral species (NRMS), highly successful for the preparation and positive detection of long-sought, otherwise inaccessible, short-lived neutrals, makes mass spectrometry the most powerful tool now available for the study of the species and processes that are relevant to atmospheric chemistry. Selected examples of the interlink between the neutral and the ionic chemistry are also illustrated.     

High spatial resolution secondary ion imaging and secondary ion mass spectrometry of aluminium-lithium alloys

Samples of aluminium-lithium alloys have been observed by scanning ion microscopy and analysed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The high signal-to-noise ratio of the positive secondary lithium ion opens up the possibility of both high resolution imaging and microanalysis of lithium distributions in aluminium and other materials. Some of the problems encountered due to sample preparation are discussed and ion images of both the artefacts and the true lithium distribution are shown.     

几种新型号二次离子质谱仪采用的新技术

本文简要叙述法国CAMECA公司 ,德国IONTOFGmbH公司新型的NanoSIMS5 0IMSWFIMSSCUITRATOFSIMSIV型二次离子质谱的特色 ,着重介绍这些仪器改进过的和新增加的仪器部件的原理、性能及功用     

Four decades of joy in mass spectrometry

Tremendous developments in mass spectrometry have taken place in the last 40 years. This holds for both the science and the instrumental revolutions in this field. In chemistry the research was heavily focused on organic molecules that upon electron ionization fragmented via complex mechanistic pathways as shown by isotopic labeling experiments. These studies, including ion structure determinations, were performed with use of double focusing mass spectrometers of both conventional and reversed geometry, and equipped with various types of metastable ion scanning and collision-induced dissociation techniques developed by physical and analytical chemists. Time-resolved mass spectrometry by use of the field ionization kinetics method, developed by physical chemists, was another powerful way to unravel details of unimolecular gas phase ion dissociations. Then the development of new ionization methods, such as desorption chemical ionization, field desorption, and fast atom bombardment permitted not only to analyze unvolatile, thermally labile and higher molecular weight compounds, but also to study their chemical behavior in the gas phase, initially with use of double focusing instruments and later on with multisector and hybrid mass spectrometers. These ionization methods also enabled to study organometallic compounds and increasingly the field of medium-sized to large biomolecules, the latter being exploded in the last decade by the development of electrospray- and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Another area of research concerned the bimolecular chemistry of organic ions with organic molecules in the gas phase. Initially this was performed with use of among others drift-cell ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy, that later on was replaced by the developed method of ion trapping and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. Combination of the latter with the afore-mentioned ionization methods has shifted also in this case the research on organic molecules to organometallic/inorganic systems, and predominantly to biomolecules in the last decade. This invited review will describe the research efforts made by the author's group over the last 40 years together with some personal experiences during his career.     

Scanning ion microprobe analysis of composite materials

Applications of scanning ion imaging with high lateral resolution in the microchemical investigation of metal – and ceramic-matrix composites are described. The technique, which combines a scanning ion microprobe with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), is ideally suited to the study of complex, multicomponent composite structures. Most elements can be detected with good sensitivity, enabling the determination of spatial distributions for major and minor elements. Analytical images obtained with this technique reveal unprecedented chemical information about interfacial segregation and interdiffusion phenomena. As examples, the characterization of both ceramic–matrix (Al borate–SiC) and metal–matrix (Ni alloy–Al₂O₃) composite materials is described.     

Low-vacuum cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometry

Low-vacuum mass spectrometry is desirable because it reduces the size, weight, cost, and power of the instrument by reducing the workload of the pumping system. To investigate low-vacuum mass spectrometry methods, a cylindrical ion trap (CIT) instrument was built. The platform used an electron impact source as the ionization source, a custom CIT as the mass analyzer, and an electron multiplier as the ion detector. The dimensions of the CIT were r₀?=?10?mm and z₀?=?8.98?mm. Aiming at low-vacuum conditions, its working parameters were optimized. By increasing the frequency of the radio frequency (RF) voltage, optimizing the electron impact source, using a higher voltage on the electron multiplier, and improving the current preamplifier, the mass spectrometry of methyl salicylate was successively performed at helium buffer gas pressures up to 2?Pa, which was dozens of times higher than the upper pressure limit of ion trap mass spectrometers. More importantly, this pressure can be obtained using a single pump, avoiding the use of a bulky turbo pump. In addition, we measured and analyzed the mass deviation of methyl salicylate with the changes in the background gas pressure and RF voltage frequency. The results experimentally verified the theory that the stability regions expand with increasing pressure for the first time. The methods we explored could be used to develop next generation hand-portable instruments and bring new applications to mass spectrometry.     

用原位点击化学方法合成新型乙酰胆碱抑制剂

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析加入叠氮和炔构建块的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)孵育液。找到4个乙酰胆碱酯酶诱导叠氮和炔构建块发生Husigen[3+2]环加成反应的产物,然后通过常规化学合成及活性筛选证明该4种产物(syn-TZ2/QA5、syn-6TZ2/QA5、syn-8TZ2/QA5和syn-6TZ2/BA6)具有很强的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。     

Selection of calcium isotopes for secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis of biological material

The use of stable isotopes as tracers for elemental localization is a function of the background count rate which is dependent upon both the natural abundance and the quantity of interferences at the nominal mass. The occurrence of a variable and unpredictable high background count rate at mass 44+ in biological tissue, probably CO₂+, limits the usefulness of this isotope for physiological problems.     

质谱中气相离子/离子反应的研究进展

质谱仪不仅是一种重要的分析仪器,也是研究化学反应的重要工具。在质谱中,气相离子大多以单分子形式存在,反应效率较高,是研究气相离子/离子反应的理想选择。气相离子/离子反应可分为质子转移反应、电子转移反应、金属离子转移反应、电荷倒置反应和共价键生成反应。线性离子阱具有良好的离子选择和富集功能,适合作为气相离子/离子反应的反应器,使气相离子/离子反应在有机化学反应机理、多肽结构分析和气相离子化学等研究领域发挥重要的作用。本工作对近年来质谱中气相离子/离子反应的研究进行了综述,并展望了该研究未来的发展前景。     

敞开式小型线-筒电极负电晕放电离子源

针对目前商用质谱仪的离子源都为封闭式且工作在真空或者低气压环境中,应用范围十分受限这一问题,提出了一种新型的可在大气环境下工作的离子源.该离子源通过电晕放电产生离子,呈线-筒结构,由内电极和外筒电极组成,电极直径分别为0.16 mm和4 mm.外筒电极上开有对称的4个槽,用于通入样品和牵引离子.实验结果表明,在大气环境下,当载气为N2,内电极电压达到-3 800 V时,内电极和外筒电极之间发生电晕放电,可以很好地电离乙酸等负电性的化学物质.质谱图显示,大气中的N2和O2可能也参与电离,生成了NO-2 (m/z:46)、 NO-3 (m/z:62)和[M+NO-H]- (m/z: 89).结合COMSOL仿真软件,对该离子源的放电起始电压进行了理论分析,分析结果与实验结果相符.此外,该离子源接口简单,可广泛应用于敞开式质谱仪、离子迁移质谱仪(IMS)和高场非对称波形离子迁移质谱仪(FAIMS)中.     

傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱及其在药学领域的应用

傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱可以实现超高分辨率和质量精确度,在药物结构鉴定和元素分析中展现出强大的优势,并发展成为分析复杂混合物的强有力工具。本文简述了傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱的分析特性以及在药学领域的应用。     

基于电喷雾-离子淌度质谱技术检测铃木-宫浦的反应中间体

本研究主要以铃木-宫浦反应（Suzuki-Miyaura）中的C—C偶联反应为研究对象,使用四（三苯基膦）钯作为催化剂,将3-溴吡啶、3-溴喹啉、3-溴-5-苯基吡啶分别与苯硼酸、2-甲基苯硼酸、3,5-二甲基苯硼酸在甲苯溶剂环境中进行\"一锅法反应\"。反应过程中定时取样,采用电喷雾-捕集离子淌度飞行时间质谱（ESI-TIMS-TOF MS）对Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应的氧化加成过程与转移金属化过程后生成的中间体进行检测。研究表明：1） 在氧化加成过程中,由于苯硼酸并未参与中间体的形成,所以在含有不同苯硼酸参与的反应中检测到的中间体质荷比相同,然而转移金属化过程后,由于参与偶联反应的2种物质不同,检测到的中间体不同;2） 检测到的中间体同位素峰与预测图谱一致;3） 使用捕集离子滴度飞行时间（TIMS-TOF）对检测到的基团进行离子迁移率检测以区分同分异构体,同时对检测到的中间体进行MS/MS分析,研究碎裂基团,利用TIMS-TOF得到的质荷比、离子迁移率、MS/MS等数据研究有机反应机理,可为金属Pd催化的反应机制研究提供参考。