电镀废液回收纳米铜粉作为润滑添加剂的摩擦学性能研究

以化学还原法从电镀铜废液中回收的纳米铜粉为固体润滑油添加剂,在四球式摩擦磨损试验机上研究纳米铜粉的加入量对润滑油摩擦学性能的影响。采用SEM、EDAX等分析磨斑表面,初步探讨纳米铜粉抗磨减摩机制。结果表明:纳米铜粉的添加显著提高基础油的抗磨减摩性能,当纳米铜粉加入量为0.3%(质量分数)时,其摩擦因数和磨斑直径分别比基础油减小33.4%和19%。含纳米铜粉润滑油在高载荷下具有更好的抗磨减摩性能。纳米铜粉在摩擦过程中抗磨减摩机制主要为填充作用和沉积自修复膜作用机制。     

纳米铜粉作为润滑油添加剂的性能研究

利用MMW-1型和MS-800型试验机,研究了纳米铜粉添加剂对润滑油摩擦学性能和承载能力的影响.结果表明润滑油中添加纳米铜粉可以降低摩擦,减少磨损,并可提高润滑油的承载能力.添加纳米铜粉的润滑油更能适应高速重载和瞬时失油等恶劣工况.     

油溶性纳米铜的制备、表征及其对SF15W/40汽油机油摩擦性能的影响

采用界面生长法,以醋酸铜为母体,抗坏血酸(Vc)为还原剂,吐温-85为修饰剂,正丁醇为生长剂,合成了粒径约15.5 nm的油溶性球形纳米铜粉;通过X-射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对纳米铜粉进行了表征;将其作为润滑油添加剂分散于SF15W/40汽油机油中制得纳米润滑油;通过高浓度激光粒度仪考察了纳米润滑油的分散稳定性;通过UMT-Ⅱ摩擦磨损实验机考察了纳米润滑油的摩擦学性能;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了磨损表面形貌.结果表明:纳米铜粉在润滑油中具有优异的分散稳定性;纳米铜粉显著改善了SF15W/40汽油机油的润滑性能,其最佳添加量为0.8%.分析认为纳米铜在摩擦表面的划痕和犁沟处沉积并铺展成膜,从而改善了摩擦磨损性能.     

纳米级金属粉改善润滑油摩擦性能的研究

在MPX200实验机上考察了粒径为20～30hm的铜粉和锡粉加入Q030润滑油后的摩擦性能,结果表明该铜粉能够提高Q030润滑油的极压性能,而将铜粉和锡粉一起加入该润滑油则效果更佳。     

CO_2/润滑油混合物在水平管内流动沸腾换热的试验研究

为了测试润滑油对CO2流动沸腾换热特性的影响,以指导CO2换热器的设计,对CO2/润滑油混合物在水平管内的流动沸腾换热系数进行了试验研究,试验工况质量流量为2.74~5.61kg/h,热流密度为3.2~5k W/m2,测试段入口干度为x=0.2~0.5,蒸发温度在-4~8℃之间,选择PAG作为润滑油,浓度为0~6%。试验结果表明,润滑油浓度越大,CO2的局部换热系数越小;润滑油浓度较低时(<3%),换热系数下降较大,再增大含油量,换热系数下降的趋势减缓。增大蒸发温度可以延迟干涸的发生,相反地,大的热流密度和质量流量可以使管内提前出现干涸。CO2/润滑油混合物的换热系数随蒸发温度的升高而增大,随热流密度和质量流量的增大而减小。     

低黏度机油对发动机性能的影响

车用发动机通过使用低黏度的润滑油,可获得更大的动力性和经济性。以某1.5 L 4缸自然吸气发动机为例,研究采用较低黏度的SM-5W20代替原使用的SM 5W30对发动机性能的影响。采用Flowmaster软件建立发动机润滑系统模型,分析润滑油黏度对发动机润滑系统润滑油压力、流量和润滑油泵功耗的影响,分析表明,采用较低黏度的SM 5W20代替SM 5W30,润滑系统的流量增大了0.83%~6.72%,润滑油压力降低1.45%~5.98%,润滑油泵功耗降低了1.4%~6.58%。通过发动机台架试验,研究黏度对发动机摩擦功、功率、扭矩及油耗的影响,结果表明,使用SM-5W20比使用SM-5W30的发动机摩擦功低,在中低速下的燃油经济性提升。     

采用低黏度润滑油对发动机性能的影响

车用发动机通过使用低黏度的润滑油,可获得更大的动力性和经济性。以某1.5 L 4缸自然吸气发动机为例,研究采用较低黏度的SM 5W20代替原使用的SM 5W30对发动机性能的影响。采用Flowmaster软件建立发动机润滑系统模型,分析润滑油黏度对发动机润滑系统润滑油压力、流量和润滑油泵功耗的影响,分析表明,采用较低黏度的SM 5W20代替SM 5W30,润滑系统的流量增大了0.83%~6.72%,润滑油压力降低1.45%~5.98%,润滑油泵功耗降低了1.4%~6.58%。通过发动机台架试验,研究黏度对发动机摩擦功、功率、扭矩及油耗的影响,结果表明,使用SM 5W20比使用SM 5W30的发动机摩擦功低,在中低速下的燃油经济性提升。     

纳米TiN润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能研究

使用四球摩擦试验机研究纳米TiN作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能, 并利用磨斑测量系统、激光共聚焦显微镜OLS1100和EDS测试分析其磨损特性和自修复性能。实验结果表明：纳米TiN作为润滑油添加剂具有良好的抗磨减摩和自修复性能;在润滑油中加入质量分数为05%的纳米TiN添加剂和10%的PEG 200分散剂,可达到最佳的抗磨减摩效果。在高载荷下,纳米TiN润滑油的自修复比表面抛光的效果更好。     

微乳液进样-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定润滑油中锌

润滑油、Tween80、与 1%硝酸溶液三种组分按 1.5 :3:18的配比可形成稳定的微乳液。采用标准加入法 ,微乳液直接进样 ,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定润滑油中锌。进样量为 2 0 μL ,对最佳原子化条件进行了试验。方法的精密度为 2 .9% ,检出限为 0 .12 μg·mL-1,回收率为 92 .5 %～ 98.8%。     

铬青R-溴化十六烷基吡啶分光光度法测定润滑油中微量铝

在pH=5～6的弱酸性介质中,铬青R与铝生成紫色络合物(λ_(max)=535毫微米)。加入溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)后,生成红紫色三元络合物(λ_(max)=590毫微米)。本文探讨了该三元络合体系应用于测定润滑油中微量铝的基本条件。试验证明,其灵敏度较高,ε_(590)=6.9×10~4。本文还研究了在铁、铜等阳离子干扰下的测定情况,在铜含量为2微克/25毫升、铁含量为10微克/25毫升时,相时误差小于10%。该三元络合体系在铝含量为0～2微克/25毫升范围内服从比尔定律。本法可不经分离,直接测定润滑油中微量铝。已应用于监测柴油机用润滑油中的铝含量,结果满意。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.