Cs、O激活方式对GaAs光电阴极的影响

利用自行研制的GaAs光电阴极多信息量测试与评估系统,比较了不同Cs、O激活方式下GaAs光电阴极的激活过程、光谱响应特性以及稳定性的差异,发现与传统的Cs源、O源交替断续激活方式相比,Cs源持续,O源断续的激活方式能获得灵敏度更高和稳定性更好的阴极,且阴极的长波响应能力也得到提高.本文利用双偶极层模型对实验现象进行了解释,认为Cs在整个激活过程中处于轻微过量状态有利于获得高性能的GaAs光电阴极,Cs量控制是决定GaAs光电阴极激活工艺好坏的主要因素.     

用变角XPS定量分析研究GaAs光电阴极激活工艺

用变角X射线光电子能谱 (XPS)技术分析了GaAs光电阴极的激活工艺 ,定量计算了阴极表面激活层和界面氧化层的厚度和组成。界面氧化物是由于O原子穿过激活层 ,扩散到GaAs与 (Cs,O)激活层的界面上而形成的。导入过量O会增加O GaAs界面层的厚度 ,而对 (Cs,O)激活层厚度影响较小。在激活过程中 ,严格控制和减少每次导入的O量是减少界面氧化层厚度 ,提高灵敏度的重要途径。在第一步激活后的阴极样品 ,通过较低温度的加热和再激活 ,能获得比第一步高出 30 %的光电灵敏度的原因是较低温度加热减少了界面氧化层的厚度和界面势垒     

用变角XPS定量分析研究GaAs光电阴极激活工艺

用变角X射线光电子能谱（XPS）技术分析了GaAs光电阴极的激活工艺，定量计算了阴极表面激活层和界面氧化层的厚度和组成。界面氧化物是由于O原子的穿过激活导，扩散到GaAs与（Cs，O）激活层的界面上而形成的，导入过量O会增加O－GaAs界面层的厚度，而对（Cs,O）激活层厚度影响较小，在激活过程中，严格控制和减少每次导入的O量是减少界面氧化层厚度，提高灵敏度的重要途径，在第一步激活后的阴极样品，通过较低温度的加热和再激活，能获得比第一步高出30％的光电灵敏度的原因是较低温度加热减少了界面氧化层的厚度和界面势垒。     

NEA GaN和GaAs光电阴极激活机理对比研究

本文结合激活过程中光电流变化规律和成功激活后阴极表面模型,研究了NEA CaN和GaAs光电阴极激活机理的异同.实验表明:NEA CaN激活过程中光电流不象GaAs那样按近似指数规律的包络慢速循环上升,而是在约1min之内就可达到峰值,Cs/O激活时引入O后光电流的增长幅度不大,NEA特性仅在Cs激活时即可获得.GaAs光电阴极激活过程中O的引入是获得NEA特性的必要条件,也是真空能级下降的重要转折点,O引入后光电流幅值有较大幅度的增长.采用双偶极层模型可以解释GaN和GeAs光电阴极Cs/O激活后表面势垒的降低,但偶极层在降低表面势垒的程度方面有较大差异,CaN光电阴极降得更低.     

GaAs光电阴极智能激活研究

研制了一套基于计算机控制的GaAs光电阴极智能激活系统,该系统可在计算机控制下严格按照标准工艺对GaAs光电阴极进行智能激活,并可在线测量阴极的光谱响应曲线.利用该系统分别进行了智能激活和人工激活实验,采集了激活过程中的光电流变化曲线,分析发现,和智能激活过程相比,由于人工激活过程出现了误操作,相邻光电流峰值间的差值下降很快,Cs、O交替的次数也较少.人工激活过程中Cs、O交替6次,光电流最大值为43μA,激活后GaAs光电阴极的积分灵敏度为796μA/lm.智能激活过程中Cs、O交替9次,光电流最大值为65μA,激活后GaAs光电阴极的积分灵敏度为1100μA/lm.     

超高真空条件下NEAⅢ-Ⅴ族半导体光电阴极的工艺与性能的研究

介绍对GaAs及1.25μm InGaAsPⅢ-Ⅴ族半导体光电阴极的激活工艺及其性能的初步研究结果。全部采用国产超高真空系统,真空度优于8×10~(-8)Pa。在真空系统中激活的GaAs(Cs,O)光电阴极的积分灵敏度约为550μA/lm,InGaAsP(Cs,O)光电阴极在1.06μm处的量子效率为0.4%。用2.06μm波长(禁带宽度E_(?)=1.25μm)、ns量级脉宽的Er,Tm,Ho:YLF激光作激发源在GaAs(Cs,O)光电阴极中实现了三光子光电发射。在液氮温度下测得的数据与室温下测得的数据相吻合,证明热发射相对于三光子光电发射可以忽略。     

真空度对MBE GaAs光阴极激活结果的影响

采用分子束外延(MBE)技术生长的GaAs光阴极材料,按照常规方法进行高-低温两步激活时,总是出现低温灵敏度比高温低的反常现象.研究中,当激活时的系统真空度从1×10~(-7)Pa提升到1×10~(-8)Pa时,发现结果能够重新出现低温灵敏度比高温灵敏度高30%的预期规律.此外,在系统真空度为10~(-7)Pa条件下,由于变掺杂材料的表面掺杂浓度较低,其出现光电流时的首次进Cs时间也较均匀掺杂材料长,而在真空度为约10~(-9)Pa条件下,这一情况也不再明显.初步分析造成该现象的原因,是与MBE材料的掺杂元素及其低温处理特性对真空度比较敏感有关.MBE阴极激活结果受系统真空度条件影响较大,因此对MBE变掺杂光阴极的制备工艺应随系统真空度条件不同而调整.     

GaAs光电阴极p型掺杂浓度的理论优化

为了获得高量子效率的GaAs光电阴极,要求GaAs材料的电子扩散长度足够长,且电子表面逸出几率大,这对p型掺杂浓度提出了两个矛盾的要求,需要进行优化.本文建立了电子扩散长度与p型掺杂浓度的关系曲线,并计算了不同p型掺杂浓度下的电子表面逸出几率,在此基础上计算了不同阴极厚度的GaAs光电阴极的理论量子效率随掺杂浓度的变化曲线.计算结果表明,p型掺杂浓度在～6×1018cm-3时可获得最大量子效率,掺杂浓度对量子效率的限制随阴极厚度的增大而增大.     

GaAs-玻璃粘接透射式阴极光电发射在线稳定性研究

为了寻找三代像增强器管内阴极灵敏度下降产生的原因,用质谱计作为质量监测手段,通过对阴极原子级洁净表面获得、阴极激活铯、氧提纯工艺参数优化研究,所制备的透射式GaAs阴极光电发射稳定性进行在线考核试验,结果表明,优化工艺激活的光电阴极在真空度10-9 Pa,主要残气为H2、N2、Ar的超高真空度中存放500h,灵敏度稳定.铟封到管内阴极灵敏度下降与真空度降低和有害气体污染有关,不是阴极自身的问题,重点应开展制管工艺质量对灵敏度影响分析研究.     

NEA光电阴极的性能参数评估

利用自行研制的动态光谱响应测试系统直接实现NEA光电阴极的光谱响应在线测试,并对光谱响应曲线进行曲线拟合,间接实现了电子表面逸出几率、扩散长度、后界面复合速率及积分灵敏度的评估。对(Cs,O)激活的GaAs反射式光电阴极进行了性能参数评估,给出了测试结果。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.