无铅无镉化学镀镍复合添加剂的研究

在前期确定的基本化学镀镍配方的基础上,通过正交试验优选出一组无铅无镉复合添加剂:20mg/L硫酸铜、3mg/L硝酸银、4mg/L碘酸钾、10mg/L硫酸铈和4mg/L唑类添加剂M。研究了该无铅无镉复合添加剂对化学镀镍液的稳定性、镀速、镀层孔隙率及外观的影响。结果表明,该添加剂使镀液的稳定性由23s升高至10h,v=15μm/h,孔隙率=0,w(镀层中磷)=10.1%;所得镀层外观光亮、细致。与某公司商品含铅镉添加剂相比,该复合添加剂对镀液、镀层性能的改善作用更为优异。     

低温化学镀镍磷合金工艺

以A3钢为基体,在低温下以化学镀制备镍磷合金。研究了镀液中复合配位剂含量、添加剂含量、温度、pH等条件对镀速的影响,以优化化学镀镍磷合金工艺。对镀层的外观、结合强度、耐蚀性、孔隙率等性能进行了表征。得到化学镀Ni-P合金较优的工艺条件为:NiSO4.6H2O30g/L,NaH2PO2.H2O30g/L,柠檬酸钠10g/L,植酸18g/L,NaF6g/L,巯基乙酸0.6g/L,温度50°C,pH9.0,氨水缓冲剂适量。在此条件下得到的Ni-P合金镀层具有良好的外观,孔隙率低,结合力强,耐蚀性好。     

符合RoHS、ELV欧盟指令的环保化学镀镍工艺

为了顺应RoHS、ELV指令的要求,开发了无铅/镉化学镀镍工艺。从镀层合金成分、中性盐雾实验、硬度、耐磨性、整平性、内应力、微观形貌、镀速、镀液稳定性和含磷量等方面与中磷化学镀镍工艺进行了比较。结果表明,无铅/镉化学镀镍工艺镀液更稳定,所得的镍镀层内应力稍高;硬度、耐蚀性、可焊性、附着力等性能相当;而耐磨性、耐污性、沉积速度和含磷量均高于中磷化学镀镍工艺,尤其是镀层亮度、微观结构和整平效应表现更优。     

无铅无镉光亮化学镀Ni-P合金

研发了一种无铅无镉的化学镀镍新工艺,以两种新型稳定剂复合使用替代铅和镉,确定稳定剂SY-2的最佳用量为4 m g/L镀液在6周期仍保持清澈透明,具有良好的稳定性;镀速在0~6周期之间为27~21μm/h,镀层磷质量分数为5.6%~9.0%,所得镀层光亮、硬度高、孔隙率低,具有良好的结合力和耐腐蚀性。该工艺镀液稳定性和镀层性能在一定程度上已超过了有铅有镉工艺,完全可以作为含铅、镉化学镀镍的替代品。     

化学镀镍磷合金复合加速剂的研究

为了提高化学镀Ni–P合金的沉积速率,采用正交试验法研究了以乳酸为配位剂的复合加速剂。通过测定镀速、镀液稳定性、镀层孔隙率及耐盐雾腐蚀性能,得出最佳的复合加速剂配方为:20mL/L乳酸 8g/L丁二酸 3mL/L有机酸加速剂 4g/L钠盐加速剂。采用此复合加速剂,镀速达32μm/h,镀液在PdCl2加速试验中的稳定时间为7.49h,镀层孔隙率为0.09个/cm2,耐盐雾腐蚀时间达925h。     

TiO2纳米粒子对低磷化学复合镀Ni-P合金的影响

以不锈钢为基体,采用化学镀方法制备Ni-P合金,然后在镀液中添加TiO_2纳米粒子制备出低磷化学复合镀Ni-P合金,以镀层硬度、孔隙率、磷含量、沉积速率等为评价指标,研究了TiO_2纳米粒子对低磷化学复合镀Ni-P合金的影响。结果表明,镀液中添加纳米TiO_2后,镀层硬度增大、孔隙率降低、磷含量增加。TiO_2纳米粒子的最优添加量是0.50 g/L。     

正交试验法优选电镀镍复合添加剂

通过正交试验确定了最佳镀镍复合添加剂配方:吡啶衍生物(NPB)15 mg/L,糖精钠(BSI)1 000 mg/L,苯亚磺酸钠(BSS)120 mg/L,2–乙基己烷磺酸钠(EHS)500 mg/L,烯丙基磺酸钠(SAS)1 500 mg/L和丙炔磺酸钠(PS)45 mg/L。研究了各组分对镀层光亮度和镀液分散能力的影响,结果表明,各组分对镀层亮度的影响大小顺序为NPB>BSS>EHS>SAS>PS>BSI;对镀液分散能力影响的大小顺序为BSS>NPB>EHS>BSI>PS>SAS。与某市售镀镍添加剂相比,该复合添加剂在镀层亮度、镀液分散能力、微观形貌和降低孔隙率等方面都有所提高。     

泡沫基体上低磷化学镀镍工艺

探讨了泡沫基体上化学镀镍过程中,NiSO4、醋酸、次磷酸钠、加速剂(氨基酸类物质)的含量,温度及pH对镀层中磷含量的影响。得到了泡沫基体上化学镀镍最佳工艺条件:30g/LNiSO4·6H2O,110g/L醋酸,10g/L次磷酸钠,4g/L加速剂,pH10,温度45°C。该工艺可获得磷含量为3%的镀层,镀液稳定性良好。     

化学镀镍复合配位剂的研究

采用对比试验和正交试验,以镀速、孔隙率、镀液稳定性和镀层硬度为评价指标,研究了单一配位剂及复合配位剂对镀液和镀层性能的影响,得到了复合配位剂的最优组合:8.4g/L乳酸,6g/L苹果酸,9g/L柠檬酸,8g/L丁二酸,1g/L丙酸。采用该复合配位剂的工艺配方可提高镀液使用寿命,获得性能优良的镀层。     

Ni-P-SiC-MoS2化学复合镀工艺

研究了Ni-P-SiC-MoS2化学复合镀工艺,给出了化学复合镀液成分及实验方案,讨论了温度及表面活性剂质量浓度对化学复合镀速、镀层与基体的结合强度和镀层硬度的影响。实验结果表明,当施镀温度为90°C,表面活性剂质量浓度为60mg/L时,镀速最快,镀层与基体的结合强度较好,镀层显微硬度可达684HV。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。