岷江上游羌族传统村寨人居环境营造特色解析 # ——以老木卡寨为例

羌族是我国最古老的民族之一,主要聚居在四川省境内岷江上游一带。岷江上游水网密集、山峦更迭的生态背景,多元的民族文化背景,影响着羌族传统村寨人居环境的营造特色。将传统羌族村寨的人居环境分为生态格局、支撑系统与民居单元三项基本内容,归纳出传统羌族村寨“山 - 林 - 水 - 寨 - 地”的人居环境生态格局特征、支撑系统的防御性特征与民居单元的山地性特征。以四川省理县老木卡河谷羌寨为例,进一步从村寨布局与民居建筑等多方面具体阐述羌族传统村寨人居环境营造的生态特色、防御特色与山地特色,为传统羌族村寨的保护与修复提供新的思路。     

Changes in the landscape structure of the Nagara River Basin, central Japan

A watershed is a structural and functional unit of a landscape consisting of various environments and sustaining a certain biodiversity. Conservation of watershed environments is important at both the regional and the national level. As a basis for conservation management, sufficient information about landscape structure should be provided for the whole terrestrial area of a watershed. In the present study, we reconstructed the former landscape structure and elucidated the changes in land use patterns during a period of about 80 years after 1900 (late Meiji era) in the Nagara River Basin, central Japan. We used three sets of maps for the analyses: old and modern topographical maps made in 1909, 1971 and 1992 by the Geographical Agency. Each map (ca. 18 km×22 km) was divided into 400 (20×20) grid cells, according to latitude and longitude. The dimension of each grid cell was about 1 km² (0.9 km×1.1 km). In each grid cell, all land-cover types were inventoried and the most dominant one was determined to be the dominant land-cover. The relative dominance (RD), frequency (FQ) and similarity index (SI) were calculated for analyses. The relative dominance of broad-leaved forest decreased, whereas those of conifer forest and residential areas increased throughout the whole study area during the 80-year period. However, regional differences in landscape change were found. In the upriver area, the relative dominance of broad-leaved forest decreased, while that of conifer forest increased. In the mid-river area, the relative dominance of conifer forest decreased, while that of broad-leaved forest increased. In the present study, we revealed the basic regional differences in landscape structure and their changes in the Nagara River Basin. Land use history with reference to socio-economics should be considered as an important factor affecting the present landscape structure.     

由单一走向多样：平原农业区生物多样性 保护的规划途径——以辽宁省黑山县为例

平原农业区的生产和土地利用方式严重影响区域的生物多样性,利用融合多学科的景观空间规划构建有效的评价方法和格局优化模式以实现多样化的生境保护和恢复,提升生物多样性具有重要的作用。以辽宁省黑山县为例,首先梳理了平原农业区对于生物多样性威胁的机制和研究的框架;其次识别平原农业区的特殊生境类型,使用景观格局指数和In VEST模型的生境质量评价构建多尺度生境质量评价机制;同时使用基于图论和电路理论的LinkageMapper软件,识别和分级空间中的重要生态源地、潜在廊道及廊道上的关键夹点区域。结果显示,农业景观中空间异质性和连接性影响生物多样性;研究区有主要生境23类,整体生境质量较差,农田面积较大是造成该问题的主要原因;识别出核心斑块33个,重要廊道34条,通过与卫星图比照,廊道位置与线性生境重合;关键夹点区域位于靠近农村居民点的自然生境上,故营造人类干扰与生态平衡农村居住区是空间规划的重点;同时根据以上研究提出了多尺度的空间规划途径,为平原农业区生境优化和生物多样性保护提供了一定的理论参考。     

The influence of forest management on landscape structure in the cool-temperate forest region of central Japan

Comprehension of historical changes in landscape and forest management will provide valuable insights into current ecosystems and biodiversity and will support future management decisions and conservation strategies. This study clarified changes in the forest landscape of the cool-temperate forest region of central Japan from 1947 to 1997. We used a geographic information system to reconstruct past forest landscapes at four times (1947, 1962, 1975, and 1997) based on interpretation of aerial photographs and landscape metrics calculated using the FRAGSTATS software for spatial pattern analysis. Our results showed that secondary forests, the dominant land use in 1947, decreased greatly in area and became more fragmented, whereas coniferous plantations, which occupied approximately 20% of the total land area in 1947, became the dominant land use (almost 40% of the total land) by 1997. The young coniferous plantations have been established at increasing elevations over time and were mainly created by conversion of secondary forest until 1975. The number of young coniferous plantations and their patch spacing depended on the type of forest management. In the study area, landscape structure changed in response to changes in management of national forests, especially the expansion of afforestation in the 1950s and 1960s and changes in harvesting systems.     

Landscape influence on recent rural migration in the U.S.

This study of recent rural (nonmetropolitan) migration in the U.S. finds that, consistent with research on landscape preferences, people have been most drawn to areas with a mix of forest and open land, water area, topographical variation, and relatively little cropland. A simultaneous equation model of 1990–2000 change in jobs and net migration indicates that landscape features influenced migration directly, not through effects on employment. An inordinate rise in housing values in the most highly scenic areas in 1990–2000 was associated with an exceptional slowing of migration to those areas in 2000–2005, an indication that housing supply constraints such as land use regulation may now be dampening the ties between landscape preferences and migration in rural areas. The study findings on current habitat selection are particularly interesting given the frequent conjecture that landscape preferences are adaptive, reflecting the most suitable habitats for early man.     

闽江流域传统村落景观特征提取与区系划分

为准确识别闽江流域传统村落景观特征,以闽江流域111个国家级传统村落为对象,基于景观基因相似度理论,依据其民居景观特征将闽江流域划分为客家合院区、邵将合院区、闽中合院区、闽中围楼区、闽东合院区、闽东围楼区、闽东混合区、闽南合院区、闽北合院区9大景观区系,以期为整合区域传统村落旅游资源,凸显区域景观特色,提升区域旅游价值提供理论依据。     

土地利用类型视角下重庆市主城区生态 控制区区划及生态廊道构建研究

科学合理地构建生态网络并划定生态控制区能够有 效提升城市韧性,保护生物多样性。以重庆市主城区为研究对 象,采用形态学空间分析(MSPA)和景观指数法,对土地利用 类型中的耕地、林地、水体和草地进行网络要素组成统计和景 观格局分析,并提取耕地、林地2类重要的土地利用类型,依 据斑块面积和斑块重要性指数进行重要性分级,将级别高的斑 块作为生态源地。而后,基于最小累积阻力模型(MCR)构建 生态廊道,通过重力模型完成了生态廊道的重要性分级。结果 表明：1)重庆市主城区中耕地与林地面积之和占比达69.86% 且景观破碎化程度较为严重;2)应对耕地和林地斑块进行分级 规划保护,划分耕地与林地的生态控制区;3)重庆市主城区共 计构建出281条廊道,其中林地型廊道28条、耕地型廊道253 条;4)通过识别生态廊道的土地利用类型,根据重要性分级结 果对生态控制区进行调整,最终识别和划定了重庆市耕地控制 区和林地控制区。研究结果可为重庆市主城区生态控制区的划 定、调整及生态网络的构建提供依据和启示。     

基于城市生物多样性保护的环滇池鸟类生境识别与网络构建

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的重要基础,城市生物多样性是其重要组成部分。鸟类是城市生物多样性的指示物种和伞护物种,具有重要研究价值。基于城市生物多样性保护的目的,利用MaxEnt模型预测识别滇池沿岸鸟类适宜生境,完成生境制图,并利用最小成本距离模型和电路理论构建及优化鸟类生境网络。结果表明：1)MaxEnt模型识别环滇池湖滨水陆相交区域为鸟类高适宜区生境,距滇池一级保护区距离与植被覆盖度是影响鸟类生境适宜性的主要因子;2)生境制图结果显示,高适宜区生境以湿地与林地为主,两者占比分别为39.34%和28.67%;3)基于最小成本距离模型构建了滇池沿岸及昆明城市范围内的鸟类生境网络;4)基于电路理论识别了生境网络的生态“夹点”和“障碍点”,改进网络的连通性。研究成果形成鸟类生境识别和网络构建的系统方法,为城市生物多样性保护提供科学依据与参考。     

城市用地紧凑变化对河岸带生境的影响 ——以汉江小流域武汉段为例

流域尺度上的城市扩张会对河岸带生境产生显著的 负面影响,目前还不清楚何种用地模式能更有效地支持河岸带 生物多样性。以汉江小流域武汉段为研究对象,从用地强度、 形态和布局3个维度构建了城市用地紧凑度评价指标体系。根 据河岸带生境结构及其联系构建城市河岸带生境质量评价体 系。运用Spearman相关性分析和RDA分析探究子流域水平 上的城市用地紧凑变化对河岸带生境的影响。结果表明：随用 地紧凑度提升,河岸带综合生境质量显著降低;开发利用强 度、居住用地占比及土地利用混合度是致使河岸带生境变差的 主导因子;用地形态与布局的紧凑变化对河岸带生境质量的影 响不显著,且分形维度指数与河岸带生境质量呈正相关关系。 研究证明了在同等开发强度下,提升城市用地形态与布局紧凑 度是协同城市化与河岸带生物多样性提升的有效策略。     

基于Maxent模型的深圳湾鸟类热点生境 判别及修复研究

鸟类热点生境判别对于掌握鸟类空间分布格局、 识别保护空缺及指引生境修复策略具有科学价值。采用最大 熵模型确定深圳湾2000与2020年的鸟类热点生境,分析鸟 类生境的变化及其与景观格局演变的关系。结果表明：1)各 环境因子对不同生态类群的鸟类影响程度各不相同,除鸣禽 以外水源距离对其他类群鸟类的影响较大,其次为高程和 年降水量;2)2020年深圳湾的鸟类热点生境占总研究区的 3%(22km2),呈现从自然保护区向城市内陆逐渐减少的趋 势,存在2km2的保护空缺;3)20年间深圳湾鸟类的热点生 境减少了7%,热点生境下降的地区主要集中在深圳湾沿海滩 涂、香港山贝河与屯门河流域中,且猛禽与游禽的生境退化最 为严重;4)鸟类热点生境面积随斑块的数量、密度、形状与用 地类型等景观指数的增加而降低,景观破碎化和景观连通性降 低是导致鸟类生境退化的主要原因。研究为深圳湾鸟类多样性 保护及生境修复提供了参考,对粤港澳大湾区协同生态保护与 城市建设的关系具有重要意义。     

先升后降：2000—2020年博尔塔拉河流域景观生态风险演变

博尔塔拉河流域是典型的干旱区内陆河流域,正面临着因气候变化、人为活动干扰所造成的生态环境恶化现象。景观生态风险评价是评估生态系统变化与城市建设发展相互作用的有效工具,对生态脆弱的西北干旱地区进行全面的景观生态风险评价以作为城市建设必不可少的依据。基于2000、2010、2020年3期土地利用数据和DEM高程数据,对博尔塔拉河流域进行流域划分,以子流域为景观生态风险评价单元,联用Arc GIS、Fragstats和Geo Da软件计算得到景观生态风险指数及其空间分布特征,构建景观生态风险指数评价模型,对博尔塔拉河流域进行景观生态风险综合评价。结果表明：2000—2010年,研究区内大面积草地、湿地、森林等类型的退化是造成景观生态风险恶化的直接原因,这和第一、二产业的快速发展、无序垦荒、过度放牧等人类活动干扰有极大的关系。2010—2020年,随着国家对生态治理的高度重视,多种防治手段并行,景观生态风险等级大幅度降低,整体景观生态风险指数值呈降低趋势。整个研究期间,生态环境局部改善与部分退化并存,博尔塔拉河流域的景观生态安全情况不容乐观。未来建议从改善产业结构、推动绿色经济体系发展入手,同...     

基于ISODATA空间镶嵌聚类的流域生境质量演变——以河南省黄河流域周边城镇为例

基于空间异质性原理和大量实证研究结果认为,在生境质量评估过程中,使用空间镶嵌分类代替土地利用/覆被分类可以更加完整地捕捉土地空间组分、结构与生态功能差异。以河南省黄河流域周边城镇为研究区,提出以ISODATA聚类为核心的空间镶嵌分类框架,并将分类结果用于InVEST生境质量模型评估过程,最终探讨研究区2000—2020年生境质量演变的整体与样带特征。结果显示：研究区拥有5类支柱性和6类过渡性空间镶嵌类型,各类空间的演变体现出建设用地等扩张对空间镶嵌模式全局的差异性和联动性影响;研究区生境质量整体呈“西北高、中东低”的分布格局,研究期内Ⅲ等生境质量空间大幅减少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ等生境质量空间逐渐增加,过渡性空间在其中起到了重要影响,该影响在自然地理样带和城镇发展样带典型的过渡地段均有所体现。研究结果对黄河流域生物多样性保护和生态系统功能调控具有一定理论与实践价值。     

GIS技术支持下的农村土地利用景观格局分析——以湖北省麻城市为例

利用景观格局分析软件Fragstats,对麻城市各种景观类型进行相关分析。研究结果表明,麻城市景观格局以林地和耕地为主,对研究区整体景观产生深刻影响。水域及水利设施用地最为破碎。城镇中心城区范围小,农村居民点分布广泛且分散。园地、草地及其他土地破碎度较高。交通运输用地布局差异较大。总体景观多样性程度处于中等水平,区域内各类景观发育程度较好,整体破碎化程度较低,景观基质为林地。综合景观弹性度指数,麻城市景观格局稳定性处于较高水平。     

重庆梁平区景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局及其变化是生态系统服务价值(ESV)调控的关键因素之一,关系着区域生态安全和可持续发展。以梁平区1999、2009和2018年遥感影像为源数据,运用景观格局指数、ESV评估模型、热点分析等方法研究景观格局和ESV时空变化特征,并在此基础上探讨景观格局演变对ESV的影响。结果表明:(1)1999—2018年,耕地和水域面积总体呈减小趋势,而其他景观类型面积则呈增加趋势;研究区整体景观连通性降低、景观破碎度增大,空间异质性增加。(2)19年间研究区ESV增加6.47亿元;各景观类型中,林地ESV最高;单项生态系统服务价值中,水文调节ESV贡献率最大。ESV在空间分布上具有一定差异性:高值区主要集中分布于梁平区东部和西部高海拔林区及低海拔水域集中区;低海拔耕地和建设用地区为低值区。(3)ESV与景观格局密切相关,梁平区总ESV与景观形状指数、景观多样性指数、景观均匀性指数呈显著正相关,与蔓延度指数、散布与并列指数呈显著负相关。研究揭示了景观格局与总ESV变化的关系,可为梁平区资源可持续开发利用提供科学参考。     

Recolonisation of powerline corridor vegetation by small mammals: Timing and the influence of vegetation management

Powerline corridors through forested ecosystems have been criticised due their potential to fragment the landscape and facilitate the intrusion of undesirable species into natural areas. This study investigates the effects of vegetation management (slashing), on: (1) timing of small mammal recolonisation; (2) vegetation characteristics that drive small mammal responses; and (3) the point where corridor resources are sufficient to provide functional habitat for native species. Small mammal trapping was undertaken within Bunyip State Park, Australia, across three sites, once a month from January 2001 to May 2002 and every 2 months thereafter until January 2004. Changes in vegetation around each trap station were assessed annually in the forest and bi-annually in the corridor. Principal components analysis on the vegetation structural complexity values produced factors for use in species abundance models. Native small mammal species recolonised the corridor 1.5–3.5 years after management and the corridor supported a breeding population of small mammals around 2.5 years post-management. Males however, generally recolonised the corridor first, resulting in a sex-biased population in these areas. Species corridor habitat models for five native and one introduced species suggested cover and shelter were more important in determining corridor use than plant species per se. Powerline corridors have the potential to create a mixture of different successional stages, enhancing habitat availability for many species. However, the intensity of current management needs to be reduced and an integrated approach to management needs to be undertaken if powerline corridors are to continuously provide habitat for native small mammal species.     

基于PLUS-InVEST模型的碳储量时空演变 与预测模拟

城市化的快速推进导致生态空间萎缩、景观破碎化等 问题,极大降低了城市生态系统的碳存储能力。在此背景下, 探究城市碳储量的时空演变特征、未来变化趋势及与景观格局 的空间关联性意义重大。以深圳市为研究对象,基于2000— 2020年土地利用数据,耦合PLUS-InVEST模型对土地利用和 碳储量的时空演变进行分析。设定多种情景发展模式,对不同 模式下土地利用和碳储量的变化进行预测模拟。最后,结合双 变量空间自相关分析碳储量与景观格局的关联性及空间集聚特 征。结果表明：1)2000—2020年深圳市碳储量呈下降趋势, 耕地、林地等生态用地向建设用地的转换是区域碳储量下降的 根源;2)未来3种情景下的碳储量和生态用地面积均明显下降, 其中生态优先情景下碳储量下降最少;3)在高度城市化区域, 碳储量与生态面积、景观破碎度均呈正相关关系,三者综合指 数的空间布局特征与人类活动的开发程度息息相关。研究结果 为土地紧缺的城市实现低碳高质量发展提供依据和参考。     

Factors affecting changes in landscape diversity in rural areas of the Fagus crenata forest region of central Japan

We compared landscape diversity in a primary forest site and a coppice forest site in rural area of the Fagus crenata forest region of central Japan. We focused on the factors affecting landscape diversity, with special reference to land ownership, and the relationship between changes in landscape diversity and the spatial distribution of landscape elements. We were able to identify two patterns that led to increased landscape diversity in the study sites. In the first, which was most apparent in the primary forest site, increased diversity resulted primarily from an increase in the number of landscape elements. In the other, which was seen in the coppice forest site, increased diversity resulted from a decrease in the difference between the numbers of grid squares dominated by each landscape element while the number of landscape elements remained unchanged. Land ownership also had different implications for the increase of landscape diversity. The changes in the Contagion Index, which decreased in private land and increased in the national forest, showed that private land contains many small patches while the landscape of the national forest consists of a few large, contiguous patches. Thus, an evaluation of changes in landscape structure requires measuring a variety of indexes in addition to the diversity.     

景观融合视角下建设用地适宜性评价的 方法构建及实践探索

基于景观融合视角构建建设用地适宜性评价指标体系,采取BP神经网络模型预测建设用地适宜性,在保障城市建设安全的同时为景观建设留有余地,实现城市建设的可持续发展。景观融合可以从景观风险消极影响及景观资源积极影响2个方面的多个单元来构建建设用地适宜性评价指标体系。评价结果将建设用地分为适宜建设区、较适宜建设区、较不适宜建设区和不适宜建设区,在此基础上提出集约用地和优化城市景观网络的规划建议。     

长江三峡库区重庆段古塔的景观特征 研究

古塔是中国传统建筑的一个特殊类型,是重要的风景要素。长江三峡库区的古塔蕴含着浓郁的巴渝地域特色、丰富的历史文化信息及传统生态智慧。古塔的营建体现着该地区特殊的传统文化和人们对环境的整体思考。以长江三峡库区重庆段古塔为研究对象,以选址特征为切入点,对其相地策略、景观表征、环境协同等方面进行剖析,厘清长江上游沿线风景要素“塔”的营建智慧与作用机制,以期为风景园林遗产,特别是长江三峡的景观遗产研究作出贡献。