RO systems: the importance of pre-treatment

The ability or reverse osmosis (RO) to produce a continuous and dependable water product has seen its use within the water treatment industry grow. However, incorrectly designed pre-treatments to this technology can reduce the expected benefits. Simon Gare, Ecolochem International Inc, UK, explores both physical and chemical pre-treatment methods routinely used with RO systems, and discusses some of the factors that are important when choosing the right pre-treatment.     

公安办案中大麻树脂的前处理方法研究

建立了快速提取大麻树脂中3种主要组分四氢大麻酚(THC)、大麻二酚(CBD)、大麻酚(CBN)的前处理方法.实验中细致考察了提取溶剂的种类、溶剂酸碱性、辅助提取方式、滤膜孔径对提取效率的影响,使用高效液相色谱法分离分析.最终确定了以甲醇作为提取溶剂、1500r·min-1振荡10min或超声5min、离心取上清液或滤膜过滤的提取方法,该方法快速省时、简便高效,适用于公安办案中大麻树脂毒品的提取和定性定量检测.     

Process systems engineering tools in the pharmaceutical industry

The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the current state of the application of process systems engineering tools in the pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, we present the compiled results of an industrial questionnaire submitted to pharmaceutical industry professionals. The topics covered in the questionnaire include process analytics, process monitoring, plant-wide information systems, unit operation modeling, quality control, and process optimization. A futuristic view of what process systems engineering tools will enable the pharmaceutical industry will be also be presented. While the industry is regularly using the traditional Design of Experiments approach to identify key parameters and to define control spaces, these approaches result in passive control strategies that do not attempt to compensate for disturbances. Special new approaches are needed for batch processes due to their essential dependence on time-varying conditions. Lastly, we briefly describe a novel data driven modeling approach, called Design of Dynamic Experiments that enables the optimization of batch processes with respect to time-varying conditions through an example of a simulated chemical reaction process. Many more approaches of this type are needed for the calculation of the design and control spaces of the process, and the effective design of feedback systems.     

冷却水系统中微生物生长的控制方法和控制指标

扼要介绍了敞开式循环冷却水系统中微生物生长的控制指标和控制方法。所介绍的控制方法有：控制水质、采用杀生涂料、清洗与剥离、避光、旁流过滤、混凝沉淀、噬菌体法、添加杀生剂和静电水处理     

Determination and handling of total mixes in pharmaceutical systems

A method is described for studying the behaviour of homogeneous total mixes in different vibration conditions. Three different total mixes were formed using direct compression tableting excipients and a model drug, potassium chloride. The mixes were vibrated in conditions similar to those encountered during normal pharmaceutical production. Segregation tendencies of the powder mixes were studied according to the deviation in content uniformity of samples removed from different levels in the powder bed following vibration.Certain vibration conditions produced specific segregation patterns based on either percolation or a mechanism analogous to diffusion. Of the three total mixes, Dipac and potassium chloride was found to be most susceptible to segregation in all vibration conditions due to movement of a large proportion of the free fine drug particles. By comparison, Emdex and recrystallised lactose total mixes contained relatively few free drug particles and were resistant to segregation in most conditions.The results suggest that in order to minimise segregation of powders during processing, a drug/excipient combination should be selected to produce optimum interparticle adhesion. Additionally, any vibration occurring during processing should be kept within limits, so that frequencies below approximately 100 Hz and accelerations above approximately 2 G are eliminated.     

染整前处理绿色助剂及新型前处理工艺

在纺织品的染色前处理、染色、后处理阶段,由于必须使用大量的助剂和洗涤工序,产生大量的废水。在新世纪,人们越来越关心环境保护,因此,有关纺织品的各个处理阶段的环保型助剂研发和采用环保型新工艺成为纺织印染行业的重要任务。同时,还就染色前处理的绿色助剂和绿色工艺进行讨论。     

从制药厂废水中提取草酸的工艺研究

通过正交实验 ,找出了提取草酸的优化操作工艺条件 :沉淀剂的加入过量系数为 1 2～ 1 3 ,反应终点pH值 3～ 4 ,反应时间 30min ,反应温度 50℃。中试工业化实验中草酸的提取率达 90 %以上 ,所得到的草酸的质量达到GB1 62 6 - 88标准的一级品要求     

A model-based systems approach to pharmaceutical product-process design and analysis

This is a perspective paper highlighting the need for systematic model-based design and analysis in pharmaceutical product-process development. A model-based framework is presented and the role, development and use of models of various types are discussed together with the structure of the models for the product and the process. The need for a systematic modelling framework is highlighted together with modelling issues related to model identification, adaptation and extension. In the area of product design and analysis, predictive models are needed with a wide application range. In the area of process synthesis and design, the use of generic process models from which specific process models can be generated, is highlighted. The use of a multi-scale modelling approach to extend the application range of the property models is highlighted as well. Examples of different types of process models, model analysis and model generation are presented.     

电去离子技术促进我国药用水生产的发展

电去离子(EDI)技术是结合电渗析和离子交换技术而形成的一种新型膜分离过程。自从20世纪90年代以来,EDI技术已成功地用于药用水生产。介绍了EDI的基本原理和主要特点,通过对23家药厂和医院的调查以及EDI与其他纯水生产技术进行的比较,指出了EDI技术的应用前景。     

改进分光光度法测定制药行业含碘废水研究

采用亚砷酸-硫酸-氯化钠的混酸体系和硫酸亚铁铵-硫氰酸钾混合显色剂,对传统方法的催化反应和显色反应过程进行改进,使碘化物分光光度法的前处理步骤由7步简化到3步。并通过优化混酸及显色剂的配比与用量、反应温度等最佳实验条件,极大提高了方法的操作性、可控性和重现性,降低了不确定度。检出限可达到5μg/L,加标回收率在93.1%~99.3%,可用于多种复杂废水中碘化物的测定。     

Electrochemical treatment of pharmaceutical azo dye amaranth from waste water

The electrochemical behavior of pharmaceutical azo dye amaranth has been investigated in distilled water and Britton–Robinson buffer. One well-defined irreversible cathodic peak is observed. This may be attributed to the reduction of the –N=N– group. Calculation of the number of electrons transferred in the reduction process has been performed and a reduction mechanism proposed. Results indicate that the electrode process is diffusion controlled. The cathodic peak in the case of controlled potential electrolysis is found to reduce substantially with a decrease in color and absorbance. The reaction has first order kinetics with k value 5.75 × 10⁻² abs min⁻¹. The efficiency of different electrode materials (platinum and steel) for decolorisation is compared. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreases substantially from 2,680 to 96 ppm at platinum and to 142 ppm at steel. This translates to 97% COD removal at platinum and 95% at steel.     

循环冷却水系统水处理剂的药物动力学分析

采用"房室模型"分别对在敞开式和密闭式循环冷却水系统中一次性间歇投加和连续恒速投加的聚磷酸盐水质稳定剂进行药物动力学分析.结果表明,冷却水系统中水处理剂及其降解产物的浓度随时间变化的规律取决于药剂的投加方式,连续恒速投药方式有助于敞开式系统中水处理剂浓度和水解率的稳定控制.对中小型敞开式循环水系统,推荐采用控制释放投药方式,以简化操作并实现稳态运行.     

丁二烯系统爆炸原理及防止方法

用实验分析验证了丁二烯系统自动爆炸的原因,即氧气进入系统形成了丁二烯聚过氧化物。分析了丁二烯聚过氧化物的组成,用键能法计算了爆炸反应能量,结果与实例相符。在此基础上提出了预防爆炸发生的方法,即采取绝氧、氮封措施,定期进行气密性试验,加入一定量阻聚剂以及对设备进行优化设计。