球面近远场和远近场变换算法

天线的远场对于研究天线辐射特性具有重大意义，近场测量技术因其能够避免直接测量远场而得到广泛应用，该技术采用近远场变换获得远场，然而，检验该远场的准确性也是很重要的.为了解决此类问题，文中以球面近场测量为例，提供了一种解决方案.该方案主要探讨了球面波模式展开理论，该理论是实现球面近远场变换算法的关键，其将待测天线在空间建立的场展开成球面波函数之和，天线的加权系数既包含了远场信息也包含了近场信息.因此，不仅能够利用近场测量信息获得远场辐射特性，同样能够利用远场辐射特性反推得到近场处电场，这样就能检验由近远场变换算法得到的远场是否准确.文中首先推算得到了近远场变换公式，随后进一步推算得到远近场变换的公式，最后将本文算法计算结果与FEKO测量结果进行比较，二者吻合良好，从而证实了本文两种算法的有效性.     

球面非探针校准近—远场变换

采用球面波展开方法实现“近－远”场变换。对矩形角锥嗽叭天线球面近场扫描测量的数据进行了近远场变换，得到与实测的远场十分吻合的变换远场。     

平面近远场变换的快速算法

基于考虑探头补偿的平面近远场变换理论 ,根据实际需要 ,提出了一种工程实用的平面近远场变换快速算法。通过该算法由近场测量数据变换得到的天线远场方向图 ,既能达到任意分辨率 ,又能节约计算内存和提高计算速度。     

天线近远场变换的快速算法

基于考虑探头补偿的平面近远场变换理论,根据实际需要,提出了一种工程实用的平面近远场变换快速算法。通过该算法由近场测量数据变换得到的天线远场方向图,既能达到任意分辨率,又能节约计算内存和提高计算速度。     

FDTD中近远场变换计算天线方向图的新方法

针对FDTD中时域近远场外推求方向图的方法运算量太大的缺点,提出一种在时域迭代中对等效面上的场进行傅立叶变换,时域迭代完后得到频域场,再进行频域近远场变换求天线方向图的方法。对该方法的消耗额外内存和消耗额外机时(相对于仅算近场而言)进行分析,数值试验表明,该方法的优点是计算量小而且简单。     

FFT在天线波瓣计算中的应用

天线口径上的电流分布与天线的远区波瓣,是一对付立叶变换。把快速付立叶变换方法,用于天线远场波瓣的计算,能大大节省计算时间。对于一些原先由于计算工作量过大,不能计算的问题,此时就可算出,这非常有助天线设计研究工作。     

时域平面近场测量的数值分析方法

本文以H面喇叭为例,研究了天线时域近场的运动状态,用谱域法分析了平面近场分布状况,得出采样原则,为平面近场扫描测量提供了理论依据。介绍了时域平面近场测量的近远场变换公式,包括时域和频域两种计算途径。对各自的优点作出了探讨。运用近远场变换方法计算了时域远场和频域方向图。     

应用球模展开实现近远场变换

本文讨论了应用球模展开实现近远场变换的理论和计算方法。提出了提高精度,同时减少占用内存的数据处理方法和充分利用软件功能在微机上实现近远场变换的技术。用典型问题检验了理论和计算机软件的可行性。对x波段喇叭给出了实测的远场、由近场数据推算的远场以及理论计算的远场之间的比较,三者符合得很好。     

面向远场计算的波谱射线方法

根据天线远区场对口径波谱的局部依赖特性,引入有效近场的概念,提出一种面向远场计算的波谱射线方法,该法采用波谱射线抽取的方法计算有效近场,通过近场空域积分计算远场,适合于具有雷达罩,透镜等近区散射体的天线远场计算。文中以带罩连续口径及阵列天线的远场方向计算为例,验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

平面近场测量中有探头补偿的坐标系之间的变换

天线方向图及其参数（如波束指向,最大副瓣等）都是建立在特定的坐标系上的。天线测量中,经常需要在各种坐标系之间进行变换,因此对此加以研究有一定的必要性。本文分析了带探头补偿近远场变换中的远场公式在常用的三种坐标系之间的变换,并将计算结果与实测数据相比较,证实了变换公式的准确性。     

Fully Probe-Corrected Near-Field Far-Field Transformation Employing Plane Wave Expansion and Diagonal Translation Operators

Near-field antenna measurements combined with a near-field far-field transformation are an established antenna characterization technique. The approach avoids far-field measurements and offers a wide area of post-processing possibilities including radiation pattern determination and diagnostic methods. In this paper, a near-field far-field transformation algorithm employing plane wave expansion is presented and applied to the case of spherical near-field measurements. Compared to existing algorithms, this approach exploits the benefits of diagonalized translation operators, known from fast multipole methods. Due to the plane wave based field representation, a probe correction, using directly the probe's far-field pattern can easily be integrated into the transformation. Hence, it is possible to perform a full probe correction for arbitrary field probes with almost no additional effort. In contrast to other plane wave techniques, like holographic projections, which are suitable for highly directive antennas, the presented approach is applicable for arbitrary radiating structures. Major advantages are low computational effort with respect to the coupling matrix elements owing to the use of diagonalized translation operators and the efficient correction of arbitrary field probes. Also, irregular measurement grids can be handled with little additional effort.     

Far-field errors due to random noise in cylindrical near-fieldmeasurements

A full characterization of the far-field noise obtained from cylindrical near-field to far-field transformation, for a white Gaussian, space stationary, near-field noise is derived. A possible source for such noise is the receiver additive noise. The noise characterization is done by obtaining the autocorrelation of the far-field noise, which is shown to be easily computed during the transformation process. Even for this simple case, the far-field noise has complex behavior dependent on the measurement probe. Once the statistical properties of the far-field noise are determined, it is possible to compute upper and lower bounds for the antenna radiation pattern for a given probability. These bounds define a strip within the radiation pattern with the desired probability. This may be used as part of a complete near-field error analysis of a particular cylindrical near-field facility     

The SNFGTD method and its accuracy

The spherical near-field geometrical theory of diffraction (SNFGTD) method is an extended aperture method by which the near field from an antenna is computed on a spherical surface enclosing the antenna using the geometrical theory of diffraction. The far field is subsequently found by means of a spherical near-field to far-field transformation based on a spherical wave expansion of the near field. Due to the properties of the SNF-transformation, the total far field may be obtained as a sum of transformed contributions which facilitates analysis of collimated beams. It is demonstrated that the method possesses some advantages Over traditional methods of pattern prediction, but also that the accuracy of the method is determined by the quasioptical methods used to calculate the near field.     

Radial field retrieval in spherical scanning for currentreconstruction and NF-FF transformation

A near-field to far-field (NF-FF) transformation is addressed for the case of spherical scanning using equivalent magnetic currents (EMCs) and matrix methods. It is based on the decoupling of the field components and the iterative retrieval of the radial component of the electric field. The technique is applied for far-field calculation as well as for the estimation of the current distribution of the antenna under test (AUT) using spherical near-field facilities. Results from measured near-field data of several antennas are presented and compared to those of the analytical solution via a spherical wave mode expansion method     

Near-field diagnostics of small printed antennas using theequivalent magnetic current approach

A near-field to far-field transformation based on the antenna representation by equivalent magnetic current (EMC) sources has been proposed and validated experimentally on large high-directivity antenna arrays. In this paper, the use of EMC is extended to the diagnostics of low-directivity printed antennas. The limitation of the near-field to far-field transformation applied to EMC models of low-directivity antennas, caused by the finite dimensions of the antenna ground plane, is demonstrated. A method to partially overcome this limitation by including the contribution of diffracted rays is implemented, and its effectiveness is demonstrated with antenna prototypes. It is shown that the agreement between the far-field patterns measured in an anechoic chamber and the patterns computed from the EMC model obtained from the near-field measurements is significantly improved upon, within a sector of ±90° with respect to the antenna boresight in the E plane. The influence of the near-field sampling density and topology of the EMC model on the accuracy of the predicted far-field pattern is examined     

Prediction of far-field from uniform and non-uniform under-sampled near-field data in planar near-field antenna measurements

In near-field antenna measurements various forms of uniform and non-uniform sampling techniques have been widely deployed. Considering the fact that the near-field pattern of any antenna is a spatially quasi-band-width-limited function of space coordinates, Shannon's theorem simply defines the sampling frequency. Based on the sampling theorem, in order to precisely reconstruct a band-limited signal from its samples, the sampling frequency must be at least twice as much as the signal's bandwidth. Through the simulations and theoretical evaluations this research shows that if the near-field pattern is either uniformly or non-uniformly under-sampled due to any practical reasons, yet a good estimation of far-field pattern can be obtained especially if the antenna under test (AUT) is a directive high-gain or super high-gain antenna. Also the time efficiency of far-field prediction from under-sampled near-field data is discussed and the advantages and disadvantages are highlighted.     

Near-field scattering by physical theory of diffraction andshooting and bouncing rays

This paper proposes a method to compute the near-field RCS and Doppler spectrum of a target when the distances to the antennas are comparable to the target size. By dealing with a small piece of the target surface at a time, the transmitting antenna, and the receiving antenna are in the far-field zone of the small piece of the induced currents. The electromagnetic field produced by this small piece of induced currents can be written as a spherical wave. Sum up all spherical waves produced by every small piece of induced currents and we can obtain the total scattered field at the receiving antenna. The physical theory of diffraction (PTD) and the method of shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) are modified to evaluate the received signals. Numerical results based on these techniques are obtained and discussed. The formulation applies the simple concepts of “equivalent” image and vector effective height, which are believed to be novel     

Linear spiral sampling for the bipolar planar near-field antennameasurement technique

This paper investigates linear spiral sampling for bipolar planar near-field antenna measurements. This sampling scheme is, depending on range implementation, the most rapid polar near-filed data acquisition mode. The near-field to far-field transformation is performed using a modified optimal sampling interpolation (OSI)/fast Fourier transform (FFT) approach. Measured far-field pattern results for a waveguide-fed slot array antenna are presented and are shown to have excellent agreement with results obtained from a conventional bipolar measurement     

Planar near-field to far-field transformation using an equivalentmagnetic current approach

An alternative method is presented for computing far-field antenna patterns from near-field measurements. The method utilizes the near-field data to determine equivalent magnetic current sources over a fictitious planar surface that encompasses the antenna, and these currents are used to ascertain the far fields. Under certain approximations, the currents should produce the correct far fields in all regions in front of the antenna regardless of the geometry over which the near-field measurements are made. An electric field integral equation (EFIE) is developed to relate the near fields to the equivalent magnetic currents. The method of moments is used to transform the integral equation into a matrix one. The matrix equation is solved with the conjugate gradient method, and in the case of a rectangular matrix, a least-squares solution for the currents is found without explicitly computing the normal form of the equation. Near-field to far-field transformation for planar scanning may be efficiently performed under certain conditions. Numerical results are presented for several antenna configurations