刚柔组合搅拌桨强化搅拌槽中流体混沌混合

搅拌槽内普遍存在着两种不同类型的混合区域：混沌混合区和规则区。增大混沌混合区,是提高流体混合效率、降低搅拌过程能耗的重要途径。而合理设计搅拌桨有助于流体形成适宜的流动状态,实现混沌混合。柔性体与刚性体组合,可设计出具有多体运动行为的刚柔组合搅拌桨,可强化流体混沌混合行为。结合Matlab 软件,实验研究了双层桨搅拌槽内自来水体系的最大Lyapunov指数（LLE）和多尺度熵（MSE）的变化规律,对比分析了刚性桨和刚柔组合桨两种桨叶对流体混沌混合的影响。结果表明,刚柔组合桨强化流体的运动特性,使更多流体进入混沌混合状态。在转速为210 r·min^-1时,流体的混沌混合达到最佳状态,刚性桨体系的LLE为0.041,而刚柔组合桨体系的LLE为0.048;刚柔组合桨可有效耗散能量,使整个槽体的能量分布均匀,刚柔组合桨在150 r·min^-1时的多尺度熵率与刚性桨在210 r·min^-1时基本相近;刚柔组合桨体系的混合时间均低于刚性桨体系,在转速为120 r·min^-1时,刚柔组合桨使流体的混合时间缩短了26%左右。刚柔组合桨可改变流场结构和能量耗散方式,强化流体混沌混合,实现高效节能操作。     

穿流-柔性组合桨强化搅拌槽中流体混沌混合特性

刚性搅拌桨在搅拌混合过程中得到广泛的应用,在搅拌容器内容易形成两种不同的混合区域:混沌混合区和混合隔离区。强化流体混合的有效途径是合理设计搅拌桨,从而调控流体混沌混合行为。实验运用Labview和Matlab软件采集和处理流体内部压力脉动信号,并获取流体混沌特性参数Kolmogorov熵,对穿流-柔性组合桨体系的Kolmogorov熵随转速的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,相比传统刚性桨,穿流桨对Kolmogorov熵影响不大。穿流-柔性组合桨通过穿流孔与柔性部分的共同作用调控流场结构,使流体混沌混合的效果最好,在转速为180 r·min^-1时流体的混沌混合达到最佳状态,穿流-柔性组合桨体系的Kolmogorov熵为0.285,而传统刚性桨体系的Kolmogorov熵只为0.125;穿流-柔性组合桨体系的混合时间明显低于传统刚性桨体系,当转速为120 r·min^-1时穿流-柔性组合桨体系的混合时间比传统刚性桨体系缩短了17%。     

Experiment and numerical simulation of chaotic mixing performance enhanced by perturbed rigid-flexible impeller in stirred tank

To eliminate the isolated mixing regions in the stirred tank, factors associated with chaotic mixing performance were studied, including flow field structure and fluid velocity of rigid RT impeller (R-RT), perturbed rigid RT impeller (PR-RT) and perturbed rigid-flexible RT impeller (PRF-RT). The maximum Lyapunov exponent (LLE) and multi-scale entropy (MSE) were calculated by using Matlab software programming, and the differences in flow field structure and fluid velocity of the three blade systems were studied through computational fluid mechanics. The experimental and computational results showed that perturbed rigid-flexible RT impeller could destroy the boundary of the mesostatic flow field in the isolated mixing regions and the symmetry flow in the process of fluid mixing through the random disturbance of the flexible blade, eliminating the isolated mixing regions. At 90 r/min, the LLE of the perturbed rigid-flexible RT impeller is larger than that of rigid RT impeller and perturbed rigid RT impeller. The LLE of the rigid-flexible RT impeller compared with the rigid RT impeller and perturbed rigid RT impeller increases 13.29% and 7.25% respectively and the MSE of the perturbed rigid-flexible RT impeller is also larger than that of rigid RT impeller and perturbed rigid RT impeller. The perturbed rigid-flexible RT impeller enhances the flow field instability, forms an asymmetric flow field structure, and reduces the distribution range of isolated mixing regions. The perturbed rigid-flexible RT impeller enhances the energy dissipation of the blade, improves the fluid velocity at the bottom and top of the tank and the wall of the tank, and reduces the mixing time.     

错位刚柔桨强化搅拌槽内流体混合实验及数值模拟

为消除搅拌反应器中混合隔离区,对标准刚性桨（R-RT）、错位刚性桨（PR-RT）和错位刚柔桨（PRF-RT）三种桨叶体系的流体混沌特性参数、流场结构以及流体运动速度进行了探讨。采用Matlab软件编程计算最大Lyapunov指数（LLE）和多尺度熵（MSE）,通过计算流体力学研究了三种桨叶体系流场结构和流体运动速度的差异。实验及计算结果表明,错位刚柔桨通过柔性桨叶的随机扰动破坏了隔离区介稳态流场边界,较大程度地消除了混合隔离区。PRF-RT的LLE相比于R-RT和PR-RT分别提高了13.29%和7.25%,MSE也较PR-RT和R-RT大;PRF-RT增强了流场不稳定性,形成了不对称性流场结构,减少了隔离区分布范围;PRF-RT强化桨叶能量耗散,提高了搅拌槽底部、顶部液面以及搅拌槽壁区域流体运动速度,减小了流体混合时间。     

Enhancement of liquid–liquid mixing in a mixer-settler by a double rigid-flexible combination impeller

Mixing is crucial in the dispersion of two immiscible fluids. The rational design of an impeller is necessary to form suitable flow conditions and improve fluid mixing efficiency. A double rigid-flexible combination impeller was designed by connecting the upper and lower rigid impeller blades with flexible pieces. Experimental measurements were performed in a laboratory-scale mixer-settler under different impeller types. The largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) and multi-scale entropy (MSE) were investigated using Matlab. Results showed that the double rigid-flexible combination impeller enhanced liquid–liquid mixing in the mixer-settler through the multiple-body motion behavior triggered by the swings of flexible pieces. At the optimum mixing point of each impeller, the LLEs of the double impeller, double rigid combination impeller, and double rigid-flexible combination impeller were 0.018, 0.055, and 0.057, respectively. At 75 rpm, the MSE of the combination impellers was obviously greater than that of the double impeller, and the rigid-flexible combination impeller had larger MSE than the double rigid combination impeller. The mixing efficiency of the rigid-flexible combination impeller increased with increasing width and quantity of the flexible piece. The quantity of rigid blade slice also influenced the enhancement of mixing ability. The double rigid-flexible combination impeller intensified the chaotic mixing of the two-phase fluid by changing the flow field structure and energy dissipation mode, ultimately achieving an efficient-mixing operation.     

刚-柔组合搅拌桨强化流体混沌混合

合理设计搅拌反应器的桨叶,强化流体流动与混合行为,是实现流体高效、节能混合的重要手段。柔性体与刚性体组合,可设计出具有多体运动行为的刚-柔组合搅拌桨。结合PIV流场观测和CFD模拟,对比分析了刚性桨和刚-柔组合桨对流场结构及流体混沌混合行为的影响。结果表明,与刚性搅拌桨相比,刚-柔组合桨的柔性端强化能量传递,流体流速衰减速率降低25%,有利于搅拌桨输入能量在流场结构内的有效分配。传统刚性六凹叶和六直叶涡轮桨搅拌反应器内流体形成的流线结构具有明显的周期吸引子,其时均流场的分形维数分别为1.9046和1.9138。刚-柔组合六直叶涡轮桨搅拌反应器内流体流线呈明显的准周期性吸引子性质,其流场分形维数为1.9337,而刚-柔组合六凹叶涡轮桨搅拌反应器内流体流线具有典型的混沌吸引子性质,其流场分形维数为1.9545。刚-柔组合搅拌桨可改变流体流线的吸引子来调控流场的多尺度结构,强化流体混沌混合,实现高效节能操作。     

刚柔组合搅拌桨强化流体混合的流固耦合行为

传统刚性搅拌桨通过对流体的剪切作用实现能量的传递,而刚柔组合搅拌桨可通过其多体运动行为强化能量传递。基于搅拌桨桨叶与流体之间的耦合运动作用,结合ANSYS Workbench仿真平台,采用双向流固耦合方法,模拟计算了刚性搅拌桨与刚柔组合搅拌桨桨叶的等效应力和总变形量,研究了流场的宏观结构;并通过测定混合时间和计算搅拌桨功耗对比分析了两种不同搅拌体系的混合行为。结果表明:刚柔组合搅拌桨使体系的混合时间缩短了近32%,搅拌桨功耗下降了7%,其桨叶尖端的变形量是刚性搅拌桨的10⁵倍,其应力比刚性搅拌桨增加了83%;与刚性搅拌桨相比,刚柔组合搅拌桨在流固耦合作用下对流体的作用力更大,能够更好地传递能量,增强流体运动,强化流体混合。     

刚柔组合搅拌桨与刚性桨调控流场结构的对比

高黏度流体处于层流状态时,普遍存在的混合隔离区,降低了流体的混合效率。减小或消除隔离区,是实现流体高效混合的基本途径。采用实验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,对刚性六直叶涡轮桨（刚性桨）和刚柔组合六直叶涡轮桨（组合桨）的流场结构进行研究,对比分析了两种桨叶在相同功耗（3 kW·m^-3）时的轴向、径向和切向的速度矢量图、速度云图以及速度分布散点图。结果表明,刚性桨的能量集中在桨叶尖端部分,远离桨叶区域的流体速度很小甚至为0 m·s^-1;而组合桨可将能量从桨叶尖端扩散至全槽,使槽内流体均具有一定的流速,提高了混合效率,且显色实验与数值模拟结果一致,组合桨体系的混合隔离区在短时间内就可消除,混合良好,而刚性桨体系的混合隔离区始终存在,混合效果不佳。     

柔性桨强化高黏度流体混合的能效分析

引言搅拌混合操作广泛应用于化工、食品、冶金及环保等过程工业领域[1-4]。搅拌槽内物料的混合程度及其功率消耗是影响产品质量和设备作业效率的关键因素。当物料黏度较高时,搅拌槽内的流     

多层刚柔组合桨诱发流场界面失稳强化非牛顿流体混沌混合行为

传统多层刚性桨用于假塑性非牛顿流体混合搅拌死区较大,流场界面稳定,混合效率低。提出多层刚柔组合桨诱发流场界面失稳强化非牛顿流体混沌混合的方法。实验以羧甲基纤维素钠为非牛顿流体体系,通过扭矩传感器测量功率特性,酸碱中和脱色法测定混合时间,并利用Matlab软件编程计算最大Lyapunov指数,分析了非牛顿流体混合过程中的混沌特性及其混合性能。结果表明,组合方式为RF-(PBTD+PBTD+DT)、桨叶排列方式θ=60°、柔性片长度安装比例r=0.8、1.2时,混沌程度较高,混合性能较好。多层刚柔组合桨可以产生多股螺旋流,并在层间柔性片扰动频率差下实现流场界面失稳,搅拌死区减小,在较低转速下使体系进入混沌状态(多层刚柔组合桨体系N>88 r/min时LLE>0,多层刚性桨体系N>125 r/min时LLE>0);在相同转速下,多层刚柔组合桨混合速率、单位体积功率高于多层刚性桨,而单位体积混合能大致相同。     

Chaotic mixing behavior of non-Newtonian fluid intensified by multilayer rigid-flexible impeller induced flow field interface instability

The traditional multilayer rigid impeller has large dead zone for the mixing of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid, stable flow field interface and low mixing efficiency. A method for enhancing the chaotic mixing of non-Newtonian fluid by multilayer rigid-flexible impeller induced flow field interface instability was proposed. In the experiment, sodium carboxymethylcellulose was used as the non-Newtonian fluid system. The power characteristics were measured by the torque sensor. The mixing time was determined by the acid-base neutralization and decolorization method. The largest Lyapunov exponents were calculated by using Matlab software programming. The chaotic characteristics and mixing performance in the mixing process are analyzed. The results show that when the combination mode was RF-(PBTD+PBTD+DT), the impeller arrangement mode θ=60°, and the flexible sheet length installation ratio r=0.8, 1.2, the degree of chaos was higher and the mixing performance was better. Multilayer rigid-flexible impeller can generate multiple spiral flows, and realize the flow field interface instability under the disturbance frequency difference of the flexible sheet between the layers, the stirring dead zone was reduced, and the system enters a chaotic state at a lower speed (when the multilayer rigid-flexible impeller system N>88 r/min, LLE>0; when the multilayer rigid impeller system N>125 r/min, LLE>0). At the same speed, the mixing rate and power per unit volume of the multilayer rigid-flexible combined impeller are higher than that of the multilayer rigid impeller, but the mixing energy per unit volume is approximately the same.     

偏心射流-刚柔组合桨搅拌器内混沌混合行为研究

搅拌反应器内普遍存在混合隔离区,是实现高效混合的一大障碍。流场耦合诱发流体的混沌现象,可减少混合隔离区,提高流体混合效率。结合Matlab软件,探究偏心空气射流-单层刚柔组合桨体系的混合行为演变规律,对比分析了不同偏心率下桨叶类型、桨叶离底高度、空气射流量以及转速对流体混沌混合的影响。结果表明,刚柔组合桨通过其自身刚-柔-流的多体运动与偏心空气射流的流场耦合,破坏了流体混合过程中出现的对称性流场,使更多的流体进入混沌状态。刚-柔组合桨（RF-RDT、RF-IRDT）比刚性桨（RDT、IRDT）的LLE值大,其中RF-RDT相比于其他3种类型的搅拌桨（IRDT、RDT、RF-IRDT）,其LLE值分别提高了约42.8%,27.0%、6.9%;空气射流的偏心率等于0.6时,其最大LLE值相比于其他偏心率（0.8、0.4、0.2、0）,依次提高了6.5%、2.4%、17.6%、25.1%。该研究结果可为刚柔组合桨的优化设计提供理论依据。     

Minimizing Impeller Slurry Wear through Multilayer Paint Modelling

The present paper describes an experimental study using a multilayer paint technique to illustrate the wear patterns developed on an eight‐bladed disc turbine in a gas/liquid/solids three‐phase mixing tank. A distinctive wear pattern was found to develop on the low‐pressure side of the blades. The patterns were found to be caused by the two intersecting vortices that developed along the blades. Several modifications were made to the impeller geometry to reduce wear. A new impeller design, which experienced a lower wear rate and showed an improved off‐bottom solids suspension performance, is recommended for operating in gas/liquid/solids reactors.     

穿流式刚-柔组合搅拌桨强化混合澄清槽内油-水两相混沌混合

运用LabView和Matlab软件分别采集和处理穿流式刚-柔组合搅拌桨扰动澄清槽中油-水两相流体内部的压力脉动信号,得出的最大Lyapunov指数（LLE）和多尺度熵（MSE）,反映流体内部的混沌程度;同时采用流场可视化技术观测流体混合状态。结果表明,相比于刚性组合桨,穿流式刚-柔组合搅拌桨通过穿流孔与柔性部分的共同作用改变流场的结构和能量耗散方式,使流体的混沌程度和混合状态都优于刚性组合桨。当转速为88 r·min^-1时,流体的混沌混合都达到最佳状态,各实验条件下的LLE均大于零,表明流场混合体系已进入混沌状态,且穿流式刚-柔组合搅拌桨体系的MSE明显高于刚性组合桨体系,说明穿流式刚-柔组合搅拌桨的混合效果优于刚性组合桨。另外,柔性片上穿流孔的数目和柔性桨叶的厚度对流场的混沌特性也有明显的影响。     

搅拌槽内气液两相混沌混合及分散特性

传统Rushton刚性桨常应用于过程工业中搅拌反应器内的气液分散过程,但由于桨叶背后易形成较大的气穴,气液混合效果较差。为了提高搅拌槽内气液两相的混合效果,提出了一种刚柔组合桨强化气液两相的分散过程。利用LabVIEW软件处理刚性桨和刚柔组合桨体系中气液混合过程的压力脉动信号,通过Matlab软件编程计算最大Lyapunov指数（LLE）,分析气液混合体系的混沌混合行为,同时,对刚性桨和刚柔组合桨体系中的相对搅拌功耗、整体气含率、局部气含率进行测量。结果表明,在功耗为170 W,通气量为10 m³·h^-1条件下,与刚性桨相比,刚柔组合桨能够通过刚-柔-流的耦合作用促进桨叶能量的传递过程,提高搅拌体系的混沌混合程度,刚柔组合桨体系的LLE提高了8.89%。同时,在相同操作条件下,与刚性桨相比,刚柔组合桨能够有效提高相对搅拌功耗以及搅拌槽内的整体气含率和局部气含率,且搅拌槽内气体分散更为均匀。     

Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Rushton Impeller Stirred Reactor with Sliding‐Deforming Mesh Methodology

The unsteady turbulent flow in a mixing vessel stirred by a Rushton impeller is predicted using the Large Eddy Simulation technique. The interaction between the moving impeller and the static baffles is accounted for explicitly through a sliding‐deforming mesh methodology, thus, eliminating approximations used to account for the effect of the moving impeller. Large‐scale structures associated with the trailing vortices are assessed via the vorticity and the turbulent kinetic energy distributions. The phase‐resolved predictions are compared with measurement data obtained by laser‐Doppler anemometry and favourable agreement is reported both for mean as well as turbulence quantities.     

Chaotic mixing performance enhanced by rigid-flexible impeller with long-short blades in stirred tank

The presence of a mixing isolation regions in a stirred reactor is a major obstacle to enhancing fluid mixing. Breaking the symmetrical flow field structure in the stirred tank and destroying the mixing isolation area can improve the fluid mixing efficiency. The Matlab software was used to calculate the maximum Lyapunov exponent (LLE) and multi-scale entropy (MSE). The effects of different blade types, flexible blade length, flexible blade number, blade height from bottom and rotation speed on fluid mixing were compared. The results show that the rigid-flexible impeller with long-short blades (RF-LSB) can enhance the flow field structure more unstable and asymmetric with deformation and random vibration of flexible pieces, destroy the symmetry flow in the process of fluid mixing, induce the asymmetric flow field, and make more fluid into the chaotic state. When at 90 r/min and three pieces of flexible, the LLE of the RF-LSB is larger than that of rigid impeller and rigid-flexible impeller RF-LSB with increase of 20.22% and 7.98% respectively. The mixing time (θ_m) of the three systems [RF-LSB (three pieces), rigid impeller, rigid-flexible impeller] has an exponential relationship with the power consumption per unit volume (P_v). When P_v is constant, θ_m of the RF-LSB system is the smallest. Results showed that the RF-LSB (three pieces) is superior to rigid impeller and rigid-flexible impeller, which is more conducive to fluid chaotic mixing.     

长短叶片复合型刚柔桨强化搅拌槽内流体混沌混合行为

搅拌反应器中混合隔离区的存在是强化流体混合的主要障碍。打破搅拌槽中的对称性流场结构,破坏混合隔离区,可以提高流体混合效率。采用Matlab软件编程计算最大Lyapunov指数(LLE)和多尺度熵(MSE),比较了不同桨叶类型、柔性片长度、柔性片数量和桨叶离底高度以及转速对流体混合的影响。结果表明,长短叶片复合型刚柔桨(RF-LSB)桨叶通过刚柔耦合错位连接,柔性片的形变与随机振动对流体的非稳态扰动,使流场结构不稳定性和不对称性增强,强化了流体混合效果。当柔性片数量为3,搅拌转速为90 r/min时,RF-LSB体系比刚性桨和刚柔桨体系的LLE值分别提高了20.22%和7.98%;三种体系[RF-LSB(柔性片数量为3)、刚性桨和刚柔桨体系]的混合时间(θm)与单位体积功耗(Pv)呈指数型关系,当Pv相同时,RF-LSB(柔性片数量为3)的θm最小,表明RF-LSB(柔性片数量为3)更有利于流体混沌混合。     

Performance of a New Mixed Down Pumping Impeller

A new mixed down pumping impeller was designed and characterized with both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids in terms of the power consumption and mixing times. A non‐intrusive color‐discoloration technique based on a fast acid‐base reaction was used to determine mixing times and to reveal the presence of both segregated and dead zones at low speed. This new geometry gives similar mixing times to those obtained with a radial turbine but with the power requirements of an axial flow impeller. It was demonstrated that segregated regions formed below the impeller are readily destroyed by the pumping action of this new geometry, while the regions formed above the impeller are destroyed by radial discharge, so that shorter mixing times are obtained. The use of the proposed geometry appears to be a good alternative for mixing applications requiring a good dispersion combined with low power consumption.     

搅拌槽内近桨区流动场的数值研究

利用滑移网格方法，采用三种不同密度的网格，计算了六直叶涡轮搅拌桨的三维流动场。利用数值方法得到了桨叶附近流动场中产生的尾涡，并将不同密度网格下的数值模拟结果与实验数据进行了比较。计算结果表明，在高密度的网格下可以清楚地观察到桨叶附近所产生的尾涡，其大小与实验结果一致，但尾涡衰减较快：叶端的径向与切向速度分布与实验值吻合较好，加密网格对最大径向及切向速度的预测精度有明显提高；即使采用很高的网格密度，对湍流动能的预测仍然偏低。