中学生对中国历史文化名镇保护与开发的了解和看法的调查研究

现代中学教育对古迹保护涉及甚少,而古迹的保护与开发在现实中也面临很多问题。本文试以中国历史文化名镇为例,在广大中学生中展开调查,从而了解并证实中学对古迹保护教育的不足,以此为中学教育提供一些改进意见,并从中学生的视角出发,为历史文化名镇保护机构及有关部门提供一些创新性建议。文章视角独特,观点新颖,具有一定的参考价值。     

《临床不良事件上报知信行问卷》编制及其信效度检验

目的编制不良事件上报知信行问卷,并评价其信度和效度。方法采用知信行理论为问卷构架,在文献阅读、医护人员和专家访谈的基础上初步编制不良事件上报知信行问卷;随机抽取北京协和医院医护人员进行问卷调查。以Cronbach'α系数检验内部一致性信度,以内部相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)检验重测信度,以内容效度指数(content validity index,CVI)检验内容效度,探索因子分析检验结构效度,以问卷得分的高分组和低分组之间的独立样本t检验评价区分效度。结果回收有效问卷130份;各维度及总问卷的Cronbach'α系数均>0.6;各条目ICC系数均>0.75;各维度CVI系数均>0.9;因子分析共提取5个公因子,累计方差贡献率61.8%,各条目的共性方差均>0.4;高分组和低分组得分差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论《临床不良事件上报知信行问卷》具有理想的信度和效度,可作为不良事件上报现状的调研工具。     

Evaluating diverse patterns of occupant behavior regarding control-based activities in energy performance simulation

Simulation is recognized as an effective tool for building energy performance assessment during design orretrofit processes. Nevertheless, simulation models yield deviating outcomes from the actual building performance and a significant portion of this deviation originates from the dynamic nature of occupant behavior. Literature on occupant behavior indicates that occupant behavior is not integrated into building energy performance assessment procedures with appropriate resolution, instead they are acceptedas as sumedand fixed data sets that usually represent the presence of occupants. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of diverse patterns of occupant behavior on energy performance simulation for office buildings. Diverse levels of sensitivity of occupant behavior on control-based activities such as using lighting apparatus, adjusting thermostat settings, and presence in space are employed through three diverse occupant behavior patterns. These occupancy patterns are correlated with three identical office spaces simulated within a conceptual office building. EDSL Tas is used to run building energy performance simulations. Effects of occupant behavior patterns on simulation outcomes are compared for five sample winter and summer workdays, with respect to heating and cooling loads. Results present findings on how diversity of occupancy profiles influences the consumption outcomes.     

浅析会计从业人员的职业素养

随着当今经济的发展,会计从业人员也亟需改变,他们需要具备一定的职业素养。目前我国的会计从业人员的职业素养偏低,需要提高。提高的措施主要有:一,在教育和培训中增加关于会计职业道德、职业意识、与会计专业相关的财政知识等,将会计知识与他们有机结合,共同促进会计职业素养的提高;二,加强自我监督和社会监督、政府监督,建立健全监管机制;三,适应外部环境,改善内部环境。     

新中国的城镇化历程和经验教训

城镇化是农村人口转化为城镇人口及城镇不断发展完善的过程,是生产方式、生活居住方式和社区组织方式转化的过程,是人口、财富、技术、服务聚集的过程。城镇化是在经济发展,特别是在工业和服务业发展的带动下发生和发展的。随着我国经济发展,特别是工业化和服务业的推进,城镇化水平有了很大的提高。2003年我国城镇人口比重已达到40.53%,城镇人口已达到52376万人。与1990年相比,城镇人口增加了20017万人,提高了12.69个     

Knowledge,growth and patterns of trade

The purpose of this study is to develop a dynamic economic framework of international trade. We propose a compact framework to deal with the complexity of dynamic interactions between consumer preferences, economic structures, the endogenous accumulation of capital and knowledge, and international trade. As an illustration, we describe in an example the dynamics of a world economy with one sector and two countries. It is shown that even in this simplified case the model may exhibit either a unique equilibrium or multiple equilibria and each equilibrium may be either stable or unstable, depending on the characteristics of the knowledge creation and utilization in the two countries. It is shown that free trade may either benefit or harm the world economy in the long term. Our framework is compared with the traditional literature on trade theory and we point out a few possible directions for further development.This paper was presented in draft form at an International Workshop on Trade, Knowledge and the Network Economy, held in December 1992 in Mallacoota, Australia.     

Acquisition, Representation, and Validation of Subjective Knowledge

Abstract: This paper concentrates on the three main stages of expert system development: knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation (which includes the treatment of uncertainties), and verification and validation. The findings of a survey of expert system applications in the construction management domain are reported. A model is presented that regulates the process of creating an expert system and that eliminates the shortcomings of existing techniques used with knowledge of subjective nature. This model is based on the Delphi method, a tool used for collecting data and information to solve nonanalytical problems. It is proposed that the use of the Delphi method in the knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, and validation stages of expert system development will improve user confidence in the final product.     

基于云教学和大数据的高职学生学习行为研究

云计算、大数据技术的快速发展正在深刻影响着人们的工作、生活和学习。随着信息技术和教育领域的深度融合,越来越多的云教学平台成为课堂教学的智能助手。文章基于蓝墨云班课平台中的高职学生课程学习行为日志数据,分析学生的线上和线下学习行为,以期为本课程的建设和诊改提供可靠的依据,改善课程教学效果、提高学校人才培养质量。     

Knowledge spillovers, location of industry, and endogenous growth

A Grossman–Helpman–Romer-type (Grossman and Helpman in Innovation and growth in the world economy, 1991; Romer in J Polit Econ 98:71–102, 1990) endogenous-growth model is developed in this study. This model has two countries in which there are knowledge spillovers that are partially local. Owing to these spillovers, the innovation costs in a particular country decrease as the number of firms locating in both that country and the other country increases. If international knowledge spillovers are symmetric, the innovation sector is in the country with the larger market. However, if international knowledge spillovers are asymmetric, the innovation costs may be in the small-market country. When innovation costs are lower in the country with a large market, the growth rate increases with a reduction of transportation costs. However, when innovation costs are lower in the country with the smaller market, the growth rate decreases with a reduction in transportation costs. We are grateful to Marcus Berliant, Masahisa Fujita, Koichi Futagami, Tatsuo Kinugasa, Takuo Imagawa, Tomoya Mori, Se-il Mun, Hisahiro Naito, Ryoji Ohdoi, Tatsuyoshi Saijyo, and Akihisa Shibata for their helpful comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors.     

Specialized Knowledge,Professionalism and the Discipline of Architecture

In preparation of the JAE Jubilee issue many invitations were made to respond to the paragraph printed below. Because of a highly condensed schedule in the production of this special issue, the cut-off date for receipt of articles had to be moved up and several individuals, whose invited responses were in the final stages of preparation or even in transit to JAE, could not be included in that issue. This is regrettable; however, during the upcoming year we will be printing those articles and again invite our readership to respond and discuss those issues put forward in the Jubilee statement. —Ed.     

关于安全监理的认识、探索和实践

工程建设项目的安全管理历来是工程项目管理的重要组织部分,它贯穿于项目施工的全过程,关系着参加项目施工全体人员的生产安全和施工环境安全。而建筑施工的安全责任究竟应该落实在哪里?国家建筑法和安全生产法的有关条款都有明确规定。鉴于当前建筑施工领域安全生产形势的严竣局面和出于“齐抓共管”的客观需要,监理单位必须按照政府部门颁布的有关法规承担安全管理职责。但监理在实施专项施工方案审查中却遇到了一些具体困难和问题。作者结合实例作了阐述;并从根源上分析了当前建筑市场出现的安全形势。希望在认定建筑施工安全生产责任的时候能给监理以一个公正、合理的社会环境和法律环境。     

Thermal,emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: Cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons

The main objective of the present study was to examine the influence of culture (Sweden vs. Japan) and environmental attitude (urban vs. open-air person) on participants’ thermal, emotional and perceptual assessments of a park, within the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) comfortable interval of 18–23 °C. It was predicted that persons sharing different cultures and environmental attitudes might psychologically differently evaluate a Swedish and a Japanese park despite similar thermal conditions. Consistent with this prediction, Japanese were shown to evaluate the weather as warmer and less good for out-door activity than did Swedes, although and according to the PET index participants in both cultures experienced similar comfortable thermal conditions. Japanese were also shown to evaluate the park as more pleasant and warmer place than did Swedes. However, the Japanese felt emotionally less pleasant at the site than did Swedes. An interaction between culture and environmental attitude indicated tentatively a difference in environmental attitude (urban vs. open-air person) between the two countries as regards the place-related wind sensitivity. All these findings are discussed in terms of culture and environmental attitude suggesting that thermal, emotional and perceptual assessments of a physical place may be intertwined with psychological and cultural processes, rather than fixed by general thermal indices developed in line with the physiological heat balance models.     

南宁市孕期女性耳聋基因筛查结果分析

目的:对南宁市1 001例听力正常的孕期女性进行耳聋基因检测,了解本市常见耳聋基因突变类型和携带情况,为遗传咨询和优生优育提供数据。方法:在知情同意情况下,抽取孕妇外周血提取DNA,用微阵列芯片法检测GJB2基因c.35delG、c.235delC、c.176dell6和c.299-300delAT位点,GJB3基因c.538C>T位点、SLC26A4基因c.2168A>G和c.IVS7-2A>G位点、线粒体12S rRNA m.1555A>G和m.1494C>T位点。并对GJB2进行全基因组测序,以便发现更多与耳聋相关的突变位点。结果:1 001例孕期女性中微阵列芯片法共检测出18例(1.80%)致病性耳聋基因突变位点,其中GJB2突变c.235delC位点6例(0.60%),c.299-300delAT位点2例(0.20%),c.176dell6和c.35delG位点未检出突变;GJB3基因突变c.538C>T位点3例(0.30%);SLC26A4基因突变c.2168A>G位点1例(0.10%),c.IVS7-2A>G位点5例(0.50%);线粒体12S rRNA检出m.1555A>G突变1例(0.10%)。GJB2全基因测序发现318例(31.77%)孕妇携带致病性基因突变,常见的致病突变位点:c.109G>A 295例(29.47%)、c.11G>A突变15例(1.50%)、c.-23+1G>A突变7例(0.70%)。结论:南宁市孕妇GJB2基因突变携带最高,其次GJB3、SLC26A4、线粒体12S rRNA,致病性突变位点有GJB2基因:c.109G>A、c.11G>A、c.-23+1G>A、c.235delC和c.299-300delAT;GJB3基因:c.538C>T;SLC26A4:c.2168A>G和c.IVS7-2A>G;线粒体12S rRNA m.1555A>G。因此,孕期女性进行耳聋基因筛查,在预防遗传性耳聋患儿出生中有重要价值。     

城市基础消防设施规划若干问题的探讨

针对城市基础消防设施特别是消防站点及消防供水规划存在的亟待解决的问题,通过消防站的规划实例分析,阐述了消防站点规划必须摒弃贪大求全的思想,而应遵循按需规划、注重可操作性的原则;对于城市消防供水规划,提出了应遵循加强老城区管网改造、消防管网建设与道路建设同步的规划原则.     

牦牛、水牛和普通牛乳中脂肪酸组成及共轭亚油酸含量的比较

为阐明牦牛(Bos grunniens)乳的脂肪酸组成特性,采用气相色谱-质谱方法分析了牦牛乳中脂肪酸的组成及共轭亚油酸(CLA)、亚油酸(LA)的含量,并与普通牛乳、水牛乳进行了比较.结果显示,试验乳样中均可检测出10多种主要的脂肪酸组分,比例最高的为棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸和肉豆蔻酸,其比例在牦牛、水牛和奶牛之间存在差异;牦牛乳中总不饱和脂肪酸比例显著高于水牛乳和普通牛乳(P<0.05);牦牛乳中CLA含量显著高于水牛乳和普通牛乳(P<0.01),但普通牛乳中LA含量显著高于牦牛和水牛乳(P<0.01).结果提示,与普通牛乳相比,牦牛乳中高比例的不饱和脂肪酸以及高含量的CLA,赋予其更有益于人体健康的优良特性.