Ni—P—UFD复合镀层的晶化

采用超细金刚石（UFD）粉末作为复合粒子,制备了Ni-P-UFD复合镀层,研究了复合镀层晶化过程的组织结构转变,并通过差热分析对比研究了Ni-P镀层与Ni-P-UFD复合镀层的晶化温度及晶化激活能。结果表明,非晶态Ni-P-UFD复合镀层热处理时发生晶化,晶化后生成的稳定相为Ni3P和Ni,晶化过程中生成亚稳相Ni5P2,亚稳相最终为地转变成稳定相。在相同的加热速率下,Ni-P-UFD复合镀层晶化的起始温度均低于Ni －P镀层,但峰值温度与Ni－P镀层相当;Ni-P-UFD复合镀层的晶化激活能高于Ni-P镀层,说明UFD加入后非晶镀层的稳定性增加,晶化较难进行。     

电沉积非晶态镍磷合金晶化过程研究

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了w(P)=12.3%的电沉积非晶态镍磷合金镀层的晶化过程.结果表明,w(P)=12.3%的非晶态镍磷合金镀层的DSC曲线具有4个放热峰:镀层在260℃热处理时仍保持非晶结构;在270、290、300和320℃热处理后,析出亚稳相Ni12P5和Ni5P2;在360℃热处理后,亚稳相Ni12P5减少,亚稳相Ni5P2消失,析出Ni3P和Ni;镀层经420℃热处理后,亚稳相Ni12P5和Ni5P2完全消失,晶化产物为Ni3P和Ni.     

Ni-P非晶薄膜晶化相与相变动力学的XRD分析

用原位XRD技术分析了连续加热过程中电沉积Ni-P薄膜晶化与相变行为．通过定量分析,确定出不同温度下各相的析出量,由此计算出各相的晶化与相变激活能以及晶化结晶度．结果表明, Ni-P非晶薄膜的晶化与相变行为与薄膜中P的含量有关．在晶化过程中出现了四种亚稳相即NiP,Ni2P,Ni12P5及Ni5P2．计算得到:亚稳相NiP,Ni2P及稳定相Ni3P的相变激活能分别为133±15,172±19及190±20 kJ／mol;单个析出相的相变激活能低于Ni-P合金晶化激活能和Ni原子的自扩散激活能．     

热处理温度对Ni-Co-P合金镀层组织与性能的影响

研究了不同热处理温度对化学镀Ni-Co-P镀层组织和性能的影响.结果表明:在给定实验条件下,原始镀态Ni-Co-P镀层组织呈非晶结构胞状形态.随加热温度升高至400℃时,经XRD分析可知,镀态的非晶结构Ni-Co-P镀层发生部分晶化,析出亚稳相Ni12P5,500℃热处理后完全晶化,亚稳相转变为稳定的Ni,P相,镀层表面形貌变化不大,但当600℃热处理后镀层表面形貌由胞状变为蠕虫状.镀层硬度随热处理温度的升高先增后降,至400℃时硬度达到最高值,而后随温度的升高而下降,与组织结构的变化相吻合.研究还表明,Ni-Co-P镀层同Ni-P镀层相比,具有更优异的耐硫酸腐蚀性能.     

非晶态镍磷合金晶化过程的研究

利用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计,研究了非晶态镍磷合金镀层晶化过程及镀层的组织和性能.结果表明: 200～260℃加热,镀层的局部区域已发生晶化;280℃热处理后晶化过程加快;400℃热处理后晶化完全;500℃加热处理后晶粒开始长大.表明非晶态Ni-P合金的晶化在200～400℃温度范围内进行,晶化过程中,弥散析出的Ni3P相具有调幅结构.大量高硬度的Ni3P相弥散析出,使镀层硬度大大提高.     

NdFeB磁体表面化学镀Ni-Co-P合金镀层结构分析

研究了pH值、金属离子摩尔浓度比和热处理温度对NdFeB磁体表面化学镀Ni-Co-P合金镀层结构的影响.结果表明:在给定试验条件下,随pH值和金属离子摩尔浓度比的增加,镀层结构由非晶态结构逐渐变为微晶结构;当镀层在400 ℃进行热处理后,镀层发生结构转变,由非晶态结构转变为晶态,析出了亚稳相Ni12P5.随热处理温度的继续升高,亚稳相Ni12P5转变为稳定的Ni3P相.     

高磷Ni-P镀层的AFM表征及耐蚀性

化学镀Ni-P二元合金镀层的耐蚀性与其组织结构、表面形态密切相关。实验获得磷质量分数11.54%的高磷镀层,镀态下为非晶态结构。300℃热处理后开始晶化,并在400℃热处理时完全晶化,镀层由非晶态的Ni相转变为Ni3P+Ni混合稳定相。用原子力显微镜(AFM)对镀层表面观察发现,不同热处理下的镀层合金表面形态差别很大。形态的差异对镀层合金的耐蚀性有影响,特别是400℃热处理后,由于表面纳米植被的覆盖使得此时镀层合金的耐蚀性最优异。     

化学沉积Ni-P/Ni-W-P合金的热处理晶化及磨损行为

用XRD定量法分析了W的共沉积对Ni-P基合金镀层热处理晶化程度、晶粒尺寸的影响,通过镀层硬度测试、干摩擦条件下的磨损实验以及SEM形貌观察研究了镀层的磨损行为.结果表明:W的共沉积提高了镀态和热处理的Ni-W-P镀层的晶化程度,加速Ni相的晶化过程,提高了Ni3P相的晶化反应温度,并使Ni-W-P镀层硬度大于Ni-P镀层的硬度.非晶态Ni-9.27%P镀层晶化前后的磨损行为主要表现为粘着磨损;当P含量与其相同(相近)时,W的加入不改变Ni-5.13%W-9.32%P合金在镀态及低温热处理时的粘着磨损行为,但对高温(600 ℃以上)热处理镀层起主导作用的磨损形式为微切削磨损机制.     

铝合金化学镀Ni-P、Ni-W-P组织及相转变行为

采用差示扫描热分析仪(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)等研究了6061铝合金基体化学镀Ni-P、Ni-W-P合金的组织结构及相转变行为。结果表明,镀态Ni-P、Ni-W-P镀层的结构都是微晶结构；200℃热处理1h后,Ni-P、Ni-W-P镀层仍为微晶,但微晶有所长大；300、400、525和600℃热处理1h后,Ni-P、Ni-W-P镀层析出Ni_3P和Ni晶体,没有其它亚稳相析出；400℃时Ni-P、Ni-W-P镀层硬度达到峰值,其值分别为840HV100和940HV100。     

化学沉积 Ni-Mo-P 和 Ni-P 镀层退火晶化组织及耐蚀性

目的研究化学沉积Ni-4.11%Mo-6.50%P和Ni-9.19%P合金镀层退火晶化转变特征,通过定量表征镀层的晶化程度、晶粒尺寸及结晶相的质量分数,建立显微组织与耐蚀性的关联。方法采用XRD衍射技术和Jade软件分析,定量表征镀层的晶化组织特征,由SEM/EDS测试确定镀层的成分及表面形貌,通过浸泡腐蚀实验及金相显微观察,对比两种镀层的耐蚀性。结果 Ni-Mo-P镀层在低于400℃退火时,只有Ni相结晶;在≥400℃退火时,发生Ni3P晶化反应,同时伴有Ni-Mo固溶体的形成,600℃时的晶化程度为88.13%。相比之下,Ni-P镀层中Ni3P相开始析出的温度降至300℃,600℃时的晶化程度达到91%。在相同温度进行热处理时,Ni-Mo-P镀层晶粒尺寸小于Ni-P镀层。在发生Ni3P晶化反应的温度下,两种镀层中Ni3P的晶粒尺寸总是大于Ni相。在0.5 mol/L的H2SO4中,对于Ni-Mo-P镀层,除300℃外,其他温度下的热处理均能显著改善其耐蚀性;而对于Ni-P镀层,镀态下具有最好的耐蚀性能。在10%的HCl溶液中,退火温度为600℃时,Ni-Mo-P镀层的耐点蚀性能更好;而Ni-P合金则相反,镀态及低温200℃退火后的耐点蚀性能最好。结论 Mo的共沉积提高了Ni-Mo-P镀层Ni3P的析出温度,降低了镀层的晶化程度及晶粒尺寸;与Ni-P镀层相比,高温退火的Ni-Mo-P镀层表现出了优异的耐点蚀性能,但耐硫酸均匀腐蚀的性能较差。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。