宝钢整体产销系统归档的技术设计

信息归档的设计技术是信息管理系统的重要组成部分，成功的归档设计将对信息管理系统的良性、持续运行和功能的扩充，提供强有力的支持。宝钢整体产销管理系统的归档采用了合同归档状态跟踪、归档阶段扫描总控及材料链归档处理的一体化整合结构的设计技术。     

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and prolactin secretion in systemic lupus erythematosus

Continued improvement in the computer price-to-performance ratio and the adoption of international standards have enhanced the feasibility of completely digital echocardiographic laboratories that were initially described more than a decade ago. Digital archival has distinct advantages over analog recording, including improved laboratory efficiency, capability of side-by-side comparison of current and historical studies, streamlined image storage, and enhanced interinstitution image transfer. Studies have demonstrated that clinical and electronic image compression allows efficient storage of data, without affecting diagnostic accuracy. Finally, digital echocardiography has important telemedicine applications.     

Management of radiologic archive in a diagnostic imaging department

One of the major and demanding problems in the management of a modern department of Radiology is undoubtedly the organization of a radiologic archive. Its management has been increasingly difficult in last years both for the increase in procedures and the number of radiologic exams. At the Radiology department of UCSC, since some years, this problem has been tackled. Major objectives have been identified in focusing on responsibilities, global management and planning of radiologic film retrieval and archiving integrated with health care activities (scheduling of admissions and exam appointments, reporting, discharge). Based on these assumptions, the archive has been divided into 3 sections, each dynamically integrated with the others. The 3 archives should be integrated with RIS and supported by information technology. RIS is considered the starting point of the process. In fact the system ensures communication to the archiving workstation and to the radiology room of patient admission and consequent execution of the exam which involves image production. This user-friendly procedure enables consistent information between RIS and archiving system and correct association of images to the patient medical report, for subsequent consultation.     

A client/server system for Internet access to biomedical text/image databanks

Internet access to mixed text/image databanks is finding application in the medical world. An example is a database of medical X-rays and associated data consisting of demographic, socioeconomic, physician's exam, medical laboratory and other information collected as part of a nationwide health survey conducted by the government. Another example is a collection of digitized cryosection images, CT and MR taken of cadavers as part of the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project. In both cases, the challenge is to provide access to both the image and the associated text for a wide end user community to create atlases, conduct epidemiological studies, to develop image-specific algorithms for compression, enhancement and other types of image processing, among many other applications. The databanks mentioned above are being created in prototype form. This paper describes the prototype system developed for the archiving of the data and the client software to enable a broad range of end users to access the archive, retrieve text and image data, display the data and manipulate the images. System design considerations include; data organization in a relational database management system with object-oriented extensions; a hierarchical organization of the image data by different resolution levels for different user classes; client design based on common hardware and software platforms incorporating SQL search capability, X Window, Motif and TAE (a development environment supporting rapid prototyping and management of graphic-oriented user interfaces); potential to include ultra high resolution display monitors as a user option; intuitive user interface paradigm for building complex queries; and contrast enhancement, magnification and mensuration tools for better viewing by the user.     

Clinical usefulness of ultrasound (US) database and reporting system

Our US database and reporting system is a relational database designed for US image-management and navigation through volumes of US images, ACR code, text and diagnostic reports. This program, running on a network of Unix servers and Macintosh clients, supports jukebox 5 inch optical disks for data storage. With simple keywords for ACR code, we can make a cross-reference and categorize US images of teaching files.     

Electronic data processing system for clinical microbiology

A computerized clinical microbiology data storage and retrieval system, which was introduced at the Institute of Medical Microbiology 14 month ago, is described. This institute has to perform routine diagnostic microbiology for hospitals in the Kanton of Zuerich including the university hospital. In addition, it serves as a public health laboratory for Zuerich and adjacent districts. Patient and physician data are entered into a data station IBM 3741 and stored on discettes. Each afternoon, these data are printed on special report forms, which then are transferred to the diagnostic laboratories. After completion of the investigation, a copy of this form containing the results is sent to the physician. Every two weeks, the information stored on the discettes are converted onto the magnetic tape "discette". In addition, the original report form, containing the codified results and the fees, are read by an optic reader, which transfers the information onto the tape "report". Both tapes then serve the computer to print the accounts as well as to summarize the results monthly in form of the medical statistics. These provide valuable information to enhance patient care. All data are stored in a cumalative microbiology data bank for later retrieval.     

Design of an emergency teleradiology system based on progressive transmission

In clinical surgery, there are frequent needs for communication between the house staff and the attending physician in an emergency situation. To overcome the limitation of voice communication through the telephone line, we have designed an 'emergency teleradiology system' which can be used for emergency surgical and medical decision making. This system can transmit the high quality images of CT, MRI, and other X-ray data using a PC attached to a modem through the conventional telephone line. It is based on the progressive transmission system which enables the successive update of a received image. The iterative residual coding/decoding algorithm efficiently compresses the image to maximally utilize the low bandwidth PSTN channels. This system also satisfies design requirements such as low-cost, ease of operation, fast transmission, and interactive image communication including voice. Test results using several CT, MR, and X-ray images evaluate the compression performance, image quality, transmission time and computational time of the coding and decoding processes, thus demonstrate the usefulness of this system in an emergency situation.     

Multimedia image and data navigation workstation

World Wide Web (WWW) standards have been established for the transmission of and remote consultation on medical information and records, including medical images, extracted from an existing hospital information system. A software package called Osiris is being used for the display and manipulation of medical images in a hospital-based picture archiving and communication system. Recent extensions of Osiris, through the integration of WWW navigational tools, allow easy access to a variety of clinical data from patient records. A special interface allows access to radiologic images, laboratory results, and related textual information through public-domain software programs. These technologic advances offer medical professionals the convenience and ease of use that have made WWW and Internet navigation so popular in the academic community.     

Metacontrast masking functions: A question of speed?

When a briefly presented disk is followed by a briefly presented ring, observers may report not seeing the disk, an effect known as "metacontrast." Three experiments showed that the ability of observers to distinguish such a disk–ring pair from a flickering ring depended on how quickly they responded. When responding slowly, observers were least accurate at disk-ring stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of about 40–50 ms. Shorter and longer SOAs resulted in improved performance. When responding quickly, however, performance improved monotonically with SOA. These findings are discussed with reference to a 2-stage model of metacontrast, in which early responses reflect a stage of processing before surface completion is carried out (so only contour information is available). The technique of experimentally controlling response latency may prove useful in tracing the temporal development of other percepts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Palisaded encapsulated neuroma of the nasal fossa

The aim of the study was to assess the potential application of teleradiology in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) by ascertaining whether any decrease in conspicuity of anatomic detail or interventional devices in the chest radiographs of premature infants is caused by picture archiving and communication system (PACS)-based soft copy interpretation of 10 : 1 compressed images. One hundred digital chest radiographs of low-birthweight infants were obtained in the NICU using a storage phosphor system. Laser-printed images were interpreted and the data set for each radiograph was then irreversibly compressed by a 10 : 1 ratio. Four radiologists with extensive PACS experience used a five-point grading system to score laser-printed hard copy images for the visibility of six parameters of anatomic landmarks and interventional devices in the chest. Compressed soft copy images displayed on 2K PACS workstation were subsequently scored using the same approach. Statistical manipulation demonstrated no loss of anatomic detail in five of the six parameters scored, with minimal difference in one landmark, the retrocardiac lung assessment. While further study is required to assess the clinical impact of the variance noted when evaluating lung parameters, the preservation or improvement of information in the remaining parameters following irreversible compression and soft copy interpretation is promising for the potential use of teleradiology in this population.     

Incremental cost of department-wide implementation of a picture archiving and communication system and computed radiography

PURPOSE: To determine the incremental cash flows associated with department-wide implementation of a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and computed radiography (CR) at a large academic medical center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors determined all capital and operational costs associated with PACS implementation during an 8-year time horizon. Economic effects were identified, adjusted for time value, and used to calculate net present values (NPVs) for each section of the department of radiology and for the department as a whole. RESULTS: The chest-bone section used the most resources. Changes in cost assumptions for the chest-bone section had a dominant effect on the department-wide NPV. The base-case NPV (i.e., that determined by using the initial assumptions) was negative, indicating that additional net costs are incurred by the radiology department from PACS implementation. PACS and CR provide cost savings only when a 12-year hardware life span is assumed, when CR equipment is removed from the analysis, or when digitized long-term archives are compressed at a rate of 10:1. CONCLUSION: Full PACS-CR implementation would not provide cost savings for a large, subspecialized department. However, institutions that are committed to CR implementation (for whom CR implementation would represent a sunk cost) or institutions that are able to archive images by using image compression will experience cost savings from PACS.     

"Quick Return Service" of the surgical pathology

The "Quick Return Service" of laboratory information would be the service for patients and clinicians that supply the laboratory information the instance that the specimens and the requests of laboratory examinations are accepted by the laboratory on the basis of the hospital information system (HIS) and the high-speed hospital transportation system of the specimens. Is the "Quick Return Service" of the pathological diagnosis possible and necessary? This question led the author to review the technical environments of the pathological diagnosis, especially of the frozen section diagnosis through our experience at the surgical pathology division of the Department of Laboratory Medicine of National Defense Medical College (NDMC) Hospital. Through the review, it appears that the supporting system for surgical pathologists to frozen section diagnosis ("Quick Return Service") is essential. Pathologists often need clinical and radiological information at the pathological diagnosis. For quick gaining of the information by surgical pathologists on the "Quick Return Service", the efficient HIS including hospital PACS (picture archiving and communication system) is necessary. Standardization and quality assurance of images of frozen section are also necessary. The technical environments of telepathology are developing. The interinstitution consultation through the telepathology will be the indispensable help for the "general" surgical pathologists confronting the problematic cases in the small hospitals that are deficient of pathologists. With the help of staff of the surgical pathology division of the NDMC hospital and the technologists of Mitsubishi Electronics, Co, the author has tried to develop the archiving system of frozen section pictures on the digital image management system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The role of detrusor hypoxia in the pathogenesis of urination disorders in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

The system is designed for the long-term monitoring of critical patients with acute abdominal abnormalities at the intensive care and resuscitation units. It ensures input and long-term storage of history, anthropometric, and clinical data and laboratory and instrumental findings. The system allows a physician to have both primary information on the patient and results from examinations of the patient's circulation, respiration, and acid-base balance. The patient's major homeostatic systems were studied by using the original algorithms developed by means of mathematical statistic methods and an expert approach. Conclusions are produced on the display screen and printer in textual and graphic forms. Presenting all qualitative information as linear trends and polar diagrams makes it possible to contract data for visual control. The system evaluates the patient's status through prediction of odds ratio of good and poor prognoses.     

Endocrine disorders and osteoporosis

INTRODUCTION: The use of computers has yielded new diagnostic techniques (US, CT, MRI and computed radiography) that can successfully replace conventional film in data acquisition, image display and image interpretation. Thanks to the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), we can now manage the whole of diagnostic data because the images are acquired, coupled to the patient data stored in the Radiology Information System (RIS), sent to display workstations and finally sent to the archives. PURPOSE: To present the configuration and functions of a new PACS used in radiology and nuclear medicine departments and to evaluate its efficacy one year after implementation. Particular attention is paid to the objective difficulties radiologists found in approaching the system. RESULTS: Secretarial work reduction and a more rational archiving organization are two of the advantages of automation. PACS permits rapid image display, retrieval nd archiving for both scientific and statistical purposes; however, its correct use is hindered by a series of problems, namely: a) reluctance to use PACS by many members of the medical staff, due to the complexity of its procedures; b) lack of panoramicity on the display monitor in multi-image examinations and c) underuse of viewing workstations in several wards of our institution due to lack of know-how. CONCLUSIONS: Although the use of PACS has improved the workload management in our departments, the system still needs to be customized to the radiologist to optimize its use. Workstations must be user-friendly, with simultaneous display of more images. On the other hand, radiologists need to expand their knowledge of new techniques, thus modifying obsolete working procedures.     

N2-amination of guanine to 2-hydrazinohypoxanthine, a novel in vivo nucleic acid modification produced by the hepatocarcinogen 2-nitropropane

OBJECTIVE: Over the last twenty years, imaging modalities featuring new image production methods (ultrasound, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc.) have appeared on the market. Nevertheless, conventional radiology still accounts for 70% of the image examinations carried out in most western countries, including France. The conventional radiological image is in the process of evolving from analog to digital form. Digitalization of radiology means that image acquisition, archiving and distribution functions that were previously carried out by hand can now be automated using a Picture Archiving and Communication System. Decision-makers are having to decide whether or not to promote the development of PACS which, while they considerably modernize the way in which images are managed, also require heavy capital outlays. METHOD: A critical appraisal of the literature allowed us to evaluate the relative cost and the efficiency of these image networks in comparison with film-based archiving and communication systems. RESULTS: It is clear from the economic evaluation that a PACS strategy involves greater costs than a film system. While PACS systems do generate savings on film and on storage space and obviate the need for certain staff, these savings do not offset the extra equipment and maintenance costs. This situation is likely to persist for some years yet, even when future price reductions are taken into account. The objective of this new radiological information management method is to improve organizational efficiency and hospital productivity. However, the economic evaluations that have been published to date are cost studies which do not take the efficiency criterion into account. A number of potential organizational benefits such as the fact that medical decisions can be made more quickly or that the average length of hospital stays can be reduced, are often claimed for PACS. However, for methodological reasons, these results cannot be generalised to cover all PACS. It is difficult to compare PACS and film systems because the PACS technology is continuously evolving and because each PACS is specific to a site. CONCLUSION: After having weighted these different points, the ANAES has made the following recommendations concerning the development of PACS. A strategic analysis should be carried out before any decision is made to install a PACS. Moreover, hospitals will have to define the precise functions of their PACS in relation to the objectives of their medical project and each network must be configurated coherently.     

Image compression in digital mammography: effects on computerized detection of subtle microcalcifications

Our previous receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study indicated that the detection accuracy of microcalcifications by radiologists is significantly reduced if mammograms are digitized at 0.1 mm x 0.1 mm. Our recent study also showed that detection accuracy by computer decreases as the pixel size increases from 0.035 mm x 0.035 mm. It is evident that very large matrix sizes have to be used for digitizing mammograms in order to preserve the information in the image. Efficient compression techniques will be needed to facilitate communication and archiving of digital mammograms. In this study, we evaluated two compression techniques: full frame discrete cosine transform (DCT) with entropy coding and Laplacian pyramid hierarchical coding (LPHC). The dependence of their efficiency on the compression parameters was investigated. The techniques were compared in terms of the trade-off between the bit rate and the detection accuracy of subtle microcalcifications by an automated detection algorithm. The mean-square errors in the reconstructed images were determined and the visual quality of the error images was examined. It was found that with the LPHC method, the highest compression ratio achieved without a significant degradation in the detectability was 3.6:1. The full frame DCT method with entropy coding provided a higher compression efficiency of 9.6:1 at comparable detection accuracy. The mean-square errors did not correlate with the detection accuracy of the microcalcifications. This study demonstrated the importance of determining the quality of the decompressed images by the specific requirements of the task for which the decompressed images are to be used. Further investigation is needed for selection of optimal compression technique for digital mammograms.     

FPGA Based Satellite Adaptive Image Compression System

Space-borne imaging sensors onboard remote sensing satellites capture images of specific interest to the mission. These images contain tremendous volumes of data. Storage capacity onboard the satellite is limited and downlink channels have limited bandwidth capacity. Moreover, most remote sensing satellites are visible to their ground stations for only short periods of time during the day. Therefore, there is significant delay between image capture and terrestrial analysis. Hence, onboard image compression is essential to deliver captured data to the ground in a timely fashion. Smart and efficient onboard image compression using reconfigurable computing technology such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) represents a unique solution that significantly increases the mission effectiveness. The High Performance Computing (HPC-I) payload on the Australian scientific mission satellite FedSat is a demonstration of reconfigurable computing technology in space for a variety of applications including image compression. In this paper, we present the design and implementation on HPC-I of the Satellite Adaptive Image Compression System (SAICS) for space missions. The system concept is based on an FPGA implementation of the adaptive JPEG-LS algorithm. The SAICS is a low complexity, high speed adaptive compression system that uses lossless and near lossless techniques depending on local image statistics. Performance evaluation indicates that satisfactory compression results can only be achieved through a careful trade-off between design complexity and efficiency.     

A computer-based reporting system in radiology of the chest

The aim of this study was to compare our computer-aided report writing system to standard techniques. A computer-aided reporting system for reporting on chest X-rays was developed and linked with a UNIX-based radiology information system. The reporting system consists of different text modules which can be composed to a complete radiological report. The quality of the report, the system's efficiency, flexibility and availability at the radiology information system (RIS), as well as its acceptance by the users, were criteria we took as a basis of evaluation. Acceptance and flexibility of the system were tested by assessing necessary changes and additions performed to text modules and by subjective evaluation. The time spent on working with the reporting system was evaluated by performing a time-analysis study comparing the new system to the two conventional methods, the tape system and handwriting. On average, the readers needed 22.6 text modules for each report. For the users the most important advantages of the new system are that primarily fewer changes to or additions to the text are necessary, and when they cannot be avoided they can be performed more easily. In comparison with the tape system and handwritten reports, it took on average two and a half to three times longer to report on a chest X-ray. The printed report had left the department within 6.4 h using the tape system within 0.4 h when handwritten and within 1.4 h when recorded by the reporting system. The completeness of the set of modules and the logical order were positively assessed by the users. The demand of time for reporting increases, but the final report is available sooner.