Development of WC-Co Coatings Deposited by Warm Spray Process

The high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process is commonly used to deposit WC-Co coatings. There are some problems with this process; especially the decomposition and decarburization of WC during spraying make a coating brittle. To suppress such degradation, the warm spray (WS) process was applied to deposit WC-Co coatings, which is capable of controlling the flame temperature in the range of 500-2000 °C. The microstructure and phases of the deposited coatings were characterized by using SEM and XRD, and the mechanical properties such as hardness, fracture toughness, and wear properties were also investigated. WS process successfully suppressed the formation of the detrimental phases such as W₂C and W, which are usually observed in HVOF coatings. The WS coatings showed the similar trend of the hardness variation for Co content with a sintered bulk material. Improvement of toughness and wear behavior was also observed in WS coatings.     

Deposition of WC-Co Coatings by a Novel High Pressure HVOF

WC-Co coatings are primarily deposited using the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray process. However, the decomposition and decarburization of carbides during spraying affects the wear performance and fracture toughness of the coatings. In this paper, a novel high pressure HVOF was developed to achieve lower particle temperature and higher particle velocity. It enables combustion chamber pressures up to 3.0 MPa. The influence of combustion chamber pressure and oxygen/fuel ratio on WC-Co particle velocity and temperature levels were analyzed by numerical simulation. The experimental results show that the combustion chamber pressure and the oxygen/fuel ratio have a significant influence on particle velocity and melting degree, as well as on the microstructure and microhardness of the coating. High velocity WC-Co particles in different states, i.e., molten, semi-molten, and non-molten can be readily obtained by changing the spraying conditions. A comparison to the conventional JP-5000 was also performed.     

喷射沉积SiCp/6066铝基复合材料的固溶温度

研究了射沉积体积分类１０％、ＳｉＣｐ／６０６６铝基复合材料的固溶温度。结果表明,Ｍｇ和Ｃｕ在界面的富集致使使复合材料的固溶温度和过烧温度均低于基体结合。该复合材料的最佳固溶温度５１５℃,且在５４０℃过烧。     

A Study on the Deposition of Al2O3 Coatings on Polymer Substrates by a Plasma Spray/Micro-Arc Oxidation Two-Step Method

To increase the wear resistance of polymer matrix composites, alumina coatings were deposited on polymer substrates by a two-step method combining plasma spraying and micro-arc oxidation. The microstructures and phase compositions of the processed coatings were investigated for different treatment times. Uniformly distributed pores were found in addition to the presence of various coral-like structures and floccules on the surface of the coatings. The presence of α-Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ phases was identified by XRD. The distribution of alumina was analyzed by EDS and is discussed. The maximum bond strength of the coatings was found to be 5.89 MPa. There was little thermal damage in the polymer substrates after the coatings were produced.     

等离子喷涂参数对Ta／W／Sn复合涂层组织性能的影响

采用等离子喷涂方法在LY12铝上制备了Ta/W/Sn复合涂层。研究了各种工艺参数对涂层材料熔化程度和沉积效率的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合涂层的表面及界面，精密机械天平称量涂层的增重，力学拉伸机测量涂层的抗拉结合强度，能谱和化学方法分析涂层的化学成分。结果表明，等离子喷涂工艺可以制作组织致密，厚度均匀的Ta/W/Sn复合涂层；喷涂功率和送粉速率对材料的熔化状态影响较大，在特定喷距范围内喷距的影响则较小。     

半固态喷射沉积TiCp/7075铝合金的晶粒长大规律

采用原位反应喷射沉积法制备TiCp／7075半固态铝合金坯料,在600℃保温1m-60min,研究半固态二次加热过程中合金的晶粒长大规律,并与喷射沉积7075铝合金进行对比分析．结果表明,添加原位TiC颗粒后,合金的晶粒长大指数由2增加到3,晶粒长大速率明显减慢．其原因是添加TiC颗粒后合金晶粒长大激活能增加1倍左右,使得合金的晶粒长大更加困难,显示出原位TiC颗粒对喷射沉积7075铝合金的晶粒长大具有显著的抑制作用．     

Flame Spray Deposition of Titanium Alloy-Bioactive Glass Composite Coatings

Powders of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and bioactive glass (45S5) were deposited by flame spraying to fabricate composite porous coatings for potential use in bone fixation implants. Bioactive glass and titanium alloy powder were blended and deposited in various weight fractions under two sets of spray conditions, which produced different levels of porosity. Coatings were characterized with cross-sectional optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Immersion testing in simulated body fluid (SBF) was conducted for 0, 1, 7, and 14 days. Hydroxyapatite (HA) was found on the bioactive glass-alloy composite coatings after 7 days of immersion; no HA was observed after 14 days on the pure titanium alloy control coating. The HA formation on the alloy-bioactive glass composite coating suggests that the addition of bioactive glass to the blend may greatly increase the bioactivity of the coating through enhanced surface mineralization.     

Feather-like Structured YSZ Coatings at Fast Rates by Plasma Spray Physical Vapor Deposition

A variety of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings have been attained by plasma spray physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) with fine YSZ powders at high power. The coating structures were found to change significantly with the powder feeding rates but less with the substrate temperature and the rate of the substrate rotation, and a porous feather like structure was attained at 500 Torr (666.6 millibar) and a rate of >200 μm/min. Such a coating produces porosity reaching >50%, thermal conductivity as small as 0.5 W/mK and lower infra-red transmittance compared to the sprayed splat coating with identical thickness.     

Plasma Spray Deposition and Engineering Applications of Magnesium Hydroxide-polyamide Composite Coatings

Magnesium hydroxide is shown to dehydrate endothermically to magnesium oxide over a similar temperature range to that of the thermal degradation of polyamide. The extent of dehydration in plasma spraying is shown to be a function of particle size. However the research indicates that the use of magnesium hydroxide as a filler in plasma sprayed polyamide composite coatings does not significantly increase the quality of the matrix by suppressing its degradation. A high content of unreacted magnesium hydroxide can be obtained in plasma sprayed polyamide composites by control of the feedstock particle size. The practical implications of the results for potential engineering applications of the composite are discussed in terms of wear resistance and fire retardance.     

Cold Spray Deposition of Ni and WC-Reinforced Ni Matrix Composite Coatings

Ni-WC composites are ideal protective coatings against wear and are often fabricated using laser cladding and thermal spray processes, but the high temperatures of these processes result in decarburization, which deteriorates the performance of the coating. Cold spray has the potential to deposit Ni-WC composite coatings and retain the composition of the initial WC feedstock. However, the insignificant plastic deformation of hard WC particles makes it difficult to build up a high WC content coating by cold spray. By using three different WC powder sizes, the effect of feedstock powder size on WC retention was tested. To improve WC retention, a WC/Ni composite powder in mixture with Ni was also sprayed. Microstructural characterization, including the deformed structure of Ni splats, retention, distribution, and fragmentation of WC, was performed by scanning electron microscopy. An improvement in WC retention was achieved using finer WC particles. Significant improvement in WC particles retention was achieved using WC/Ni composite powder, with the WC content in the coating being close to that of the feedstock.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Spray Deposition Al/SiCp Composite After Hot Extrusion

Investigations of composite based on a spray deposition Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy reinforced with SiC particles with the volume fraction of 15% and various extrusion ratios of 11-39 are presented. Bars with a diameter of 8-15 mm were obtained as the end product. Based on the microstructural examinations of the composite, we can find that SiC particles adhered mainly to the surface of the alloy droplets during deposition, leading to more SiC particles at the surface of the droplets and less in the inner. Thus, the distribution of SiC particles in the billet was characteristic of the layered feature. This layered feature of SiC particles was not completely removed by the following hot extrusion. The SiC particles were distributed like the streamline in the longitudinal direction. A higher extrusion ratio resulted in an more uniform distribution of SiC particles. Ambient tensile tests made it possible to demonstrate that the mechanical properties improve with the increasing of extrusion ratio. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation achieve 475 MPa and 16.5% at an extrusion ratio of 39.     

超音速激光沉积制备7075/Al2O3复合涂层的显微组织及性能研究

超音速激光沉积是将超音速冷喷涂和激光辐照加热有机结合的一种新型复合材料表面处理技术,具有可制备硬质金属复合涂层、沉积效率高等优点。本工作利用超音速激光沉积技术在7B04铝合金基体上制备硬质铝合金7075与陶瓷颗粒Al₂O₃的复合涂层,系统研究激光功率对涂层的沉积特性和力学性能的影响规律。采用场发射电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和显微硬度计等仪器,对涂层的显微组织、相成分和显微硬度进行表征分析,结果表明：随着激光功率的增加,涂层的厚度、致密度、沉积效率、硬度以及涂层中Al₂O₃颗粒的分散性和相对沉积效率逐渐增加。当激光功率为600 W时,涂层的沉积厚度达1543μm,孔隙率为0.05%,涂层中Al₂O₃粉末颗粒的相对沉积效率达到峰值65%,HV硬度达到1911 MPa。当激光功率提升至900 W时,涂层的厚度、沉积效率增速放缓,孔隙率显著增加,涂层发生氧化相变,Al₂O₃粉末的相...     

激光重熔WC—Co涂层冲蚀性能

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术在低碳钢表面喷涂一层WC-12Co涂层,然后对其进行激光重熔处理,考察熔覆后涂层、低碳钢以及喷涂层的冲蚀磨损性能.结果表明:冲蚀角60°时熔覆层的质量损失率最大,与低碳钢和喷涂层比较,冲蚀开始阶段,熔覆层的质量损失率较低,随着冲蚀次数的增加,氧化层被冲蚀,熔覆层质量损失率升高.金相观察看出,熔覆层的致密度要优于喷涂层;硬度测试显示熔覆层硬度稍低于喷涂层.由此可推出,激光熔覆改变了涂层的组织结构,对于涂层冲蚀性能有一定影响.     

原位微锻造冷喷涂制备高致密铝基涂层及耐腐蚀性能

目的提出一种基于原位微锻造冷喷涂制备高致密度金属沉积体的新方法,旨在为镁合金腐蚀防护提供一种低成本的涂层制备方法。方法通过在Al喷涂粉末中混入20%～60%(体积分数)的大粒径喷丸颗粒,借助其在喷涂过程中对已沉积Al涂层的原位微锻造效应,实现Al涂层制备中的实时致密化,研究了原位微锻造强度对涂层显微组织及耐腐蚀性能的影响规律。采用SEM分析了涂层的显微结构,采用电化学测试及长期浸泡试验测试了涂层的耐腐蚀性能。结果随着微锻造强度的提高,金属沉积体的致密度逐渐增加,当混合粉末中的喷丸颗粒含量高于40%时,可获得孔隙率低于0.3%的高致密度Al涂层。电化学测试及长达1000 h的Na Cl溶液浸泡腐蚀结果显示,高致密度Al涂层包覆后的镁合金表现出与冶金块材铝相当的耐腐蚀性能,比无保护镁合金腐蚀速率降低两个数量级以上;在1000h的盐雾腐蚀后,涂层与基材界面无腐蚀产物生成,表明涂层可完全对腐蚀介质进行物理隔绝。同时,致密铝涂层表面形成了微米级的钝化膜,可进一步提高耐腐蚀性能。结论通过原位微锻造辅助冷喷涂技术,可在较低的气体温度和气体压力条件下在镁合金表面获得完全致密的Al腐蚀防护涂层。该技术还有望用于诸如高导热、高导电涂层的制备,金属构件修复及增材制造等其他对金属沉积体有致密度要求的领域。     

Effect of Ceramic Particle Velocity on Cold Spray Deposition of Metal-Ceramic Coatings

In this paper, metal-ceramic coatings are cold sprayed taking into account the spray parameters of both metal and ceramic particles. The effect of the ceramic particle velocity on the process of metal-ceramic coating formation and the coating properties is analyzed. Copper and aluminum powders are used as metal components. Two fractions of aluminum oxide and silicon carbide are sprayed in the tests. The ceramic particle velocity is varied by the particle injection into different zones of the gas flow: the subsonic and supersonic parts of the nozzle and the free jet after the nozzle exit. The experiments demonstrated the importance of the ceramic particle velocity for the stability of the process: Ceramic particles accelerated to a high enough velocity penetrate into the coating, while low-velocity ceramic particles rebound from its surface.     

粉末结构对冷喷涂纳米结构WC-Co沉积行为的影响

纳米结构WC-Co具有比常规WC-Co更高的硬度,因此受到了广泛关注.冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层过程中,因粒子温度低于熔点,沉积过程需要依靠WC-Co粒子的塑性变形,然而WC-Co粒子变形能力有限,使得WC-Co涂层难以实现有效沉积.文中从粉末结构角度出发,选用3种不同孔隙结构的WC-12Co粉末,运用扫描电镜研究不同结构WC-12Co单个粒子在基体上的沉积行为,分析了3种粉末在相同喷涂工艺参数下沉积的涂层的组织结构.研究发现,定点喷涂容易实现,沉积的WC-12Co沉积层组织结构致密,硬度接近块材,为粉末的连续沉积制备涂层提供了可能.涂层的连续沉积需要粉末和基体材料均产生一定的变形,具有一定孔隙结构的纳米结构WC-Co粉末,因其多孔结构促进了粉末拟变形的发生,适合于冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层.     

球形WC-Co喷涂粉末的制备

阐述了制备球形WC-Co喷涂粉末的一种方法。该方法的关键技术在于利用压力喷雾干燥的方式对原始粉末制粒,然后通过烧结、气流破碎和冷流分级等过程生产出成品,同时对球形WC-Co喷涂粉末的应用也做了简单介绍。     

Influence of Pre-Heated Al 6061 Substrate Temperature on the Residual Stresses of Multipass Al Coatings Deposited by Cold Spray

In this work, the influence of the substrate temperature on the deposition efficiency, on the coating properties and residual stress was investigated. Pure Al coatings were deposited on Al 6061 alloy substrates using a CGT Kinetics 3000 cold spray system. The substrate temperature was in a range between 20 (room temperature) and 375 °C and was kept nearly constant during a given deposition while all the other deposition parameters were unchanged. The deposited coatings were quenched in water (within 1 min from the deposition) and then characterized. The residual stress was determined by Almen gage method, Modified Layer Removal Method, and XRD in order to identify both the mean coating stress and the stress profile through the coating thickness from the surface to the coating-substrate interface. The residual stress results obtained by these three methods were compared and discussed. The coating morphology and porosity were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy.     

Consolidation of Al2O3/Al Nanocomposite Powder by Cold Spray

While the improvement in mechanical properties of nanocomposites makes them attractive materials for structural applications, their processing still presents significant challenges. In this article, cold spray was used to consolidate milled Al and Al₂O₃/Al nanocomposite powders as well as the initial unmilled and unreinforced Al powder. The microstructure and nanohardness of the feedstock powders as well as those of the resulting coatings were compared. The results show that the large increase in hardness of the Al powder after mechanical milling is preserved after cold spraying. Good quality coating with low porosity is obtained from milled Al. However, the addition of Al₂O₃ to the Al powder during milling decreases the powder and coating nanohardness. This lower hardness is attributed to non-optimized milling parameters leading to cracked particles with insufficient Al₂O₃ embedding in Al. The coating produced from the milled Al₂O₃/Al mixture also showed lower particle cohesion and higher amount of porosity.