不同蠕化率的蠕墨铸铁滚动磨损性能研究

采用M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机,对不同蠕化率的蠕墨铸铁、灰铸铁和球墨铸铁在相同条件下进行滚动磨损试验,对比分析了蠕墨铸铁表面磨损形貌及其滚动磨损机理。结果表明,随着蠕化率的提高,蠕墨铸铁中石墨尺寸减小、分布更加均匀化,其硬度和耐磨性能呈下降趋势。蠕墨铸铁滚动磨损机理以表面疲劳磨损和剥层损伤为主,磨损表面出现层状结构剥落后留下的凹坑。蠕铁中石墨虽然具有自润滑作用,但是因其本身硬度较低,在循环接触应力下破碎,成为表面疲劳的裂纹源,反而加剧了磨损。蠕墨铸铁滚动磨损性能接近球墨铸铁,而优于灰铸铁。     

基于聚类共晶团算法的蠕墨铸铁形核率预测模型

蠕墨铸铁是一种性能优良的结构材料,蠕化效果对力学性能有重要影响,形核率的准确预测是精准调控蠕化过程的重要前提,进而实现高效蠕化。为了更准确地通过金相照片计算金属材料的形核率,本文采用计算机图形学中的DBSCAN聚类算法来统计试样中的共晶团数,建立了直接描述形核率的模型及相对应的生长模型,并与通过统计金相照片中的石墨个数得到形核率的方法作为对照,对比分析发现,聚类算法计算后得到的冷却曲线和蠕化率与实验结果吻合良好,证明了该算法对应的形核率预测模型的合理性。此外,采用温度场模拟计算,通过对比石墨数统计共晶团数目、聚类数统计共晶团数目的温度场变化,进一步验证了聚类数统计共晶团方法的合理性。     

定向凝固条件下含磷蠕墨铸铁凝固特性研究

在定向凝固过程中向试样内加入纯稀土金属进行变质处理，获得了蠕墨铸铁的平界面生长试验结果；考察了磷含量和凝固速度对蠕墨铸铁液－固界面形态的影响；与同样条件下的灰铸铁试验结果相比较，阐明了蠕墨铸铁不同于灰铸铁的凝固特点，解释了含磷蠕墨铸铁易产生缩松倾向的原因。     

蠕墨铸铁发动机缸体噪声辐射测试分析

为准确分析蠕墨铸铁发动机缸体噪声辐射特性,基于LMS Test.Lab软件,使用力锤冲击激励法分别对灰铸铁和蠕墨铸铁铸成的发动机缸体进行振动噪声测试,基于理论推导出的力能量和声能量计算公式,使用激励力加权系数法进行加权分析。分析结果表明,被测的蠕墨铸铁发动机缸体力-声能量转换效率比灰铸铁发动机缸体力-声能量转换效率低35.43%,降噪性能优于灰铸铁发动机缸体。此研究表明力-声能量转换效率分析方法可以很好地分析不同材料发动机缸体的噪声辐射性能,为改善发动机缸体的噪声辐射性能提供理论基础。     

含有Cu、Mo、Sn的高强度蠕墨铸铁的蠕变行为

研究了一种含有Cu、Mo、Sn的高强度蠕墨铸铁在623~823 K、40~150 MPa的蠕变行为,观察了不同形态的蠕变损伤组织并分析了蠕变变形及断裂机理。当T/T_m＞0.5(T为使用温度,T_m为蠕墨铸铁熔点)、载荷大于150 MPa时这种蠕墨铸铁的蠕变变形显著,且变形主要来自基体变形、蠕变空洞的形核长大以及石墨/基体界面的开裂。随着温度的提高和载荷的增加,蠕变变形逐渐由晶界移动转变为晶内变形。在蠕变过程中有两种开裂机制：(I)微裂纹在石墨/基体开裂处形核长大并优先沿铁素体向基体扩展,与邻近石墨/基体开裂连接而逐渐形成主裂纹;(II)晶界处的蠕变空洞形核长大转变成蠕变裂纹。氧原子通过石墨的连通性向组织内部扩散,造成上述两种裂纹表面氧化。由于,石墨、铁素体、珠光体三者性能的差异,石墨/铁素体界面比石墨/珠光体界面更易发生开裂。另外,在773 K、823 K组织中的珠光体分解明显,层片状渗碳体逐渐转变为短棒状,在晶界附近则以颗粒状为主。     

轧制组织对镁合金AM60疲劳性能的影响

研究了AM60轧制后挤压镁合金的组织对其机械性能和疲劳裂纹扩展性能的影响。实验表明:轧制使晶粒细化,强度显著提高。沿纵轴轧制方向出现大量等轴李晶组织,而在横向原来的孪晶组织消失。对于存在大量孪晶组织的方向,其抗拉强度明显低于其它方向。轧制AM60的横向疲劳裂纹扩展速度(FCPR)明显地高于纵向。当疲劳裂纹尖端塑性区的尺寸与组织的晶粒度接近时,挤压AM60组织中晶粒大小的不均匀引起裂纹分叉,裂纹分叉和粗糙度诱发的裂纹闭合对疲劳裂纹扩展产生严重的阻滞作用在挤压镁合金AM60的疲劳裂纹扩展速度(da/dN)与应力强度因子范围(△K)的关系曲线上出现拐点(△K=64～7.5 MPa·m~(1/2))。疲劳裂纹扩展为沿晶和穿晶混合方式。     

返回料添加比例对K44合金热疲劳性能的影响

研究了返回料添加比例对新型抗热腐蚀高温合金K44热疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:新料和返回料合金试样V型缺口尖端主裂纹扩展长度与热循环次数之间遵循L=bNa规律.新料合金热疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展速率最低,随着合金中返回料比例的增大,热疲劳裂纹萌生速率和扩展速率也增大.热疲劳裂纹萌生于V型缺口尖端附近区域,沿枝晶间、晶界和开裂的碳化物扩展,主裂纹扩展以裂纹尖端连续开裂的形式进行.返回料合金由于氮含量增加导致共晶和夹杂物增多,碳化物聚集块化,加速了热疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展.合金经热疲劳实验后,裂纹两侧产生氧化带和γ'相贫化带.     

航空铝合金耐疲劳损伤特征微结构研究现状

铝合金疲劳裂纹易沿粗大的杂质相粒子萌生,而合金的晶粒结构、晶界和晶粒取向、析出相等本征微观特征影响疲劳裂纹的扩展行为.从疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展两方面较系统地分析了航空铝合金耐疲劳损伤性能与本征微结构之间的关系和作用机制以及最新的研究进展,并在此基础上提出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

超声疲劳试验方法对S06钢疲劳性能及裂纹萌生机制的影响

采用超声疲劳试验方法和试样尺寸相近的高频疲劳试验方法对S06钢进行疲劳性能试验,将试验数据和试样断口形貌进行对比,研究超声疲劳试验方法对S06钢疲劳性能和裂纹萌生机制的影响.结果表明:在相同的应力水平下,超声加载频率下S06钢的疲劳寿命高于高频疲劳试验测得的疲劳寿命;超声疲劳试验中裂纹全部从表面萌生,而高频疲劳试样裂纹有表面萌生和内部萌生两种机制.分析了超声加载频率对S06钢疲劳性能和裂纹萌生机制产生影响的原因:对疲劳性能的影响与金属材料的晶体结构和裂纹尖端的化学反应有关,对裂纹萌生机制的影响与试样表层残余应力松弛有关.     

Ti60钛合金中富钕稀土相颗粒对叶片室温振动疲劳性能的影响

采用振动疲劳实验及SEM断口分析等方法,研究了含稀土元素Nd的Ti60高温钛合金稀土相颗粒对叶片振动疲劳裂纹萌生的影响.结果表明:叶片振动疲劳寿命与稀土相颗粒的尺寸和分布位置具有密切关系.稀土相颗粒尺寸越大,对叶片振动疲劳裂纹的萌生作用也越大,疲劳寿命降低;外露于或镶嵌于叶片表面的稀土相颗粒明显促进了叶片振动疲劳裂纹的萌生.     

On the fatigue damage micromechanisms in Si‐solution–strengthened spheroidal graphite cast iron

Graphite nodules in spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) play a vital role in fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Graphite nodules growth morphology can go through transitions to form degenerated graphite elements other than spheroidal graphite nodules in SGI microstructure. These graphite particles significantly influence damage micromechanisms in SGI and could act differently than spheroidal graphite nodules. Most of the damage mechanism studies on SGI focused on the role of spheroidal graphite nodules on the stable crack propagation region. The role of degenerated graphite elements on SGI damage mechanisms has not been frequently studied. In this work, fatigue crack initiation and propagation tests were conducted on EN‐GJS‐500‐14 and observed under scanning electron microscope to understand the damage mechanisms for different graphite shapes. Crack initiation tests showed a dominant influence of degenerated graphite elements where early cracks initiated in the microstructure. Most of the spheroidal graphite nodules were unaffected at the early crack initiation stage, but few of them showed decohesion from the ferrite matrix and internal cracking. In the crack propagation region, graphite/ferrite matrix decohesion was the frequent damage mechanism observed with noticeable crack branching around graphite nodules and the crack passing through degenerated graphite elements. Finally, graphite nodules after decohesion acted like voids which grew and coalesced to form microcracks eventually causing rapid fracture of the remaining section.     

颗粒增强铝基复合材料的疲劳研究进展

对近年来颗粒增强铝基复合材料疲劳性能研究进展进行了总结,介绍了颗粒增强铝基复合材料的强化机制,概括了影响材料疲劳性能的几个重要的因素,从裂纹萌生以及裂纹扩展方面阐述了其疲劳行为及微观失效机制,并提出了未来颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究趋势。     

The Effect of Graphite Aspect Ratio on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Cast Iron

Tensile test specimens of flake graphite (FG), compacted/vermicular (VG) and spheroidal graphite (SG) structures at five different cooling rates (RC) have been produced by deliberate techniques. The tensile strength (R_m), elongation percentage (A) and aspect ratio (AR) of the three graphite structures have been studied. The relationship between the aspect ratio range and mechanical properties of grey cast iron, compact graphite as well as spheroidal graphite were investigated. A comparative curve for the three graphite structures has been traced so as to correlate the aspect ratio values and the mechanical properties for each one.     

Fatigue crack initiation and growth in AlMg4.5Mn butt weldments

The fatigue life of full-penetration and partial-penetration 5 and 25  mm thickness AlMg4.5Mn (AA5083) aluminium alloy butt weldments was investigated under ( R = 0 and R = − 1) constant amplitude loading. The fatigue lives of the tested specimens were predicted using an analytical model which estimated both the crack initiation and crack growth portions of the total fatigue life. The fatigue life of partial-penetration weldments was found to be substantially less than that of full-penetration weldments because of the greater stress concentrations of the incomplete joint penetration and the consequent absence of a substantial crack-initiation life period. Tensile mean stresses ( R = 0 versus R = − 1-test conditions) markedly reduced the fatigue life of the weldments studied and greatly diminished the duration of the fatigue crack growth period. The extra material provided by the weld reinforcement noticeably increased the fatigue life of the partial-penetration weldments. Weld angular distortion-induced bending stresses greatly affected the smaller thickness (5  mm) full-penetration weldments offsetting the fatigue strength bonus anticipated for small-size weldments. Except for the predictions for R = − 1 full-penetration weldments at long life, which the analytical model underestimated, the agreement between experiment and analytical prediction was within a factor of 2, that is, as good as can be generally expected.     

无钴Ti（C,N）基金属陶瓷的热疲劳行为

采用热疲劳龟裂网纹模拟法，定性地研究了无钴Ｔｉ（Ｃ，Ｎ）基金属陶瓷与３Ｃｒ２Ｗ８Ｖ钢的热疲劳行为差异。结果表明，在相同周次的热循环下，前者热疲劳裂纹呈粗大交叉的直线，起源于试样棱边的尖角处，并以较快的速度进入失稳扩展；后者形成细小典型的龟裂网纹，扩展缓慢，显示出热疲劳抗力高于前者。     

热等静压处理对球墨铸铁疲劳性能的影响

研究了球墨铸铁材料(EN-GJS500-7)热等静压处理前后疲劳性能的变化,并分析了珠光体、石墨、铁素体含量随热等静压工艺的变化及其对球墨铸铁疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,热等静压处理后如果珠光体含量增加而铁素体含量减少,则材料抗疲劳性能增强;反之,材料疲劳性能降低。     

颗粒增强金属基复合材料疲劳研究进展

对近年来颗粒增强金属基复合材料的疲劳研究进行了总结,从疲劳裂纹萌生及疲劳裂纹扩展方面讨论了其疲劳行为及机理,总结了增强颗粒特性、基体特性对其疲劳性能的影响,展望了颗粒增强金属基复合材料疲劳研究的发展前景。