Flexible Transaction Dependencies in Database Systems

Numerous extended transaction models have been proposed in the literature to overcome the limitations of the traditional transaction model for advanced applications characterized by their long durations, cooperation between activities and access to multiple databases (like CAD/CAM and office automation). However, most of these extended models have been proposed with specific applications in mind and almost always fail to support applications with slightly different requirements.We propose the Multiform Transaction model to overcome this limitation. The multiform transaction model supports a variety of other extended transaction models. A multiform transaction consists of a set of component transactions together with a set of coordinators which specify the transaction completion dependencies among the component transactions. A set of transaction primitives allow the programmer to define custom completion dependencies. We show how a wide range of extended transactions can be implemented as multiform transactions, including sagas, transactional workflows, nested transactions, and contingent transactions. We allow the programmers to define their own primitives—having very well-defined interfaces—so that application specific transaction models like distributed multilevel secure transactions can also be supported.     

Scheduling Value-Based Nested Transactions in Distributed Real-Time Database Systems

Many noticeable studies have focussed on scheduling flat transactions in a distributed real-time database system (RTDBS). However, a nested transaction model has been widely adopted in many real-life applications such as Internet stock trading systems and telecommunications. This work concerns efficiently scheduling real-time nested transactions in a distributed RTDBS. A new real-time scheduler called flexible high reward for nested transactions (FHRN) is proposed. FHRN consists of (1) FHRN_p ¹ policy to schedule real-time nested transactions and (2) 2PL_HPN to resolve the concurrent data-accessing problem among interleaved nested transactions. Simulation results show that FHRN outperforms these existent real-time schedulers such as random priority (RP), earliest deadline (ED), highest value (HV), hierarchical earliest deadline (HED), and highest reward and urgency (HRU) when an application requires a nested transaction model.     

数据网格中面向服务的事务技术

讨论了数据网格的背景以及目前国内外的研究状况.并根据应用的需求,提出了数据网格中面向服务的事务管理观点.定义了服务事务在数据网格体系结构中的位置、功能和实现方案,阐述了原子事务和业务事务两类事务的实现协议,最后以一个原子事务的例子说明了一个服务事务的执行过程.     

支持分布式合作实时事务处理的协同检验点方法

在实时事务执行时，事务故障或数据竞争会导致事务重启，为减少事务重启损失的工作量，可以采用检验点技术保证事务的时间正确性．在一类分布式实时数据库应用中，不同结点的事务通过消息交换形成合作关系，为保证合作事务间的全局一致性，当某一事务记检验点时，相关事务也要记检验点．传统协同检验点方法没有考虑应用的定时约束，不能很好地支持分布式合作实时事务处理．该文提出了一种基于图论的协同检验点方法，利用在每个计算结点上为每个合作事务集维护的局部有向图，使用一个基于图论的计算过程标识出应记检验点的事务，该方法既具有最小协同检验点特性，又使全局检验点的时延最小．实验表明该算法减少了全局检验点时延，有利于实时事务截止期的满足．     

传感器网络中协作实时数据库事务的提交控制

传统的事务模型由于其严格的ACID特性无法适应传感器网络中协作事务的实时性要求.因此着重研究传感器网络中协作实时数据库事务的提交机制.首先,分析传感器网络中实时数据库应用的协作特性,放松事务的严格ACID要求,运用控制区域的概念提出一种基于事务的行为语义控制区域的事务模型.然后,给出该模型的提交、回滚、可见规则及能保证数据库一致性和协作事务实时性的三阶段提交协议,并通过补偿事务保证外化信息准确性.性能测试表明,该模型及提交机制提高了采集数据的外化率和协作实时事务的成功率.     

Automatic Transaction Compensation for Reliable Grid Applications

Abstract As grid technology is expanding from scientific computing to business applications, service oriented grid computing is aimed at providing reliable services for users and hiding complexity of service processes from them. The grid services for coordinating long-lived transactions that occur in business applications play an important role in reliable grid applications. In this paper, the grid transaction service （GridTS） is proposed for dealing with long-lived business transactions. We present a compensation-based long-lived transaction coordination algorithm that enables users to select results from committed sub-transactions. Unlike other long-lived transaction models that require application programmers to develop corresponding compensating transactions, GridTS can automatically generate compensating transactions on execution of a long-lived grid transaction. The simulation result has demonstrated the feasibility of GridTS and effectiveness of the corresponding algorithm.     

实时数据库系统中的嵌套事务

传统的原子事务是由一个平坦数据库操作序列组成的,事 务的执行具有ACID(Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)特性.然而,在实时 应用环境下,这些却不太适用.该文提出了一种支持实时应用的嵌套事务模型,给出了嵌套事 务的特性及正确性标准,着重对嵌套实时事务的优先级分派与并发控制协议进行了讨论.     

基于图的主动数据库E-RG规则执行模型研究

本文研究主动数据库的E－RG主动规则的执行模型。E－RG主规则包含由CA规则间基本时序关系导出控制结构，是一种高层次的主动规则。它既支持CA规则的并发执行，又易于规范规则集的行为特性。E－RG主动规则的执行需要扩展的嵌套事务模型，我们已经使用一种形式框架准确，完整地刻画该事务模型。本文依据扩展的嵌套事务模型的正确性准则，给出正确实现并发的嵌套事务原子性和隔离性的锁规则，并使用一种调度算法保证主动规则E－RG中所包含的时序语义。     

混合的实时嵌套事务并发控制协议

嵌套事务作为扩展事务模型的一种,提供了事务内部的并行性和更好的失败恢复选择,具有较为广泛的应用,然而却给事务并发控制带来了更高的复杂性,尤其在实时数据库中事务具有时间限制.针对实时嵌套事务模型,提出了一种混合并发控制协议,对同一事务树内的子事务采用锁协议,对不同事务树之间的事务采用基于动态调整串行化顺序的乐观并发控制协议,提高了事务的成功率,最后证明了协议的正确性.     

服务网格中的事务服务及基于Petri网的正确性分析

面向服务的架构(SOA)推动着网格技术从科学计算走向商业领域,大部分商业应用需要事务的支持．该文提出了服务网格环境下用于事务管理的网格事务服务,它能够动态地发现执行子事务的网格服务;根据事务类型调用原子事务或聚合事务协调算法以保证这些服务在行动上实现期望的一致性．通过Petri网分析技术,将两种协调算法模型化为Petri网并验证了它们的正确性．网格事务服务可以提供较强的事务管理能力并将复杂的处理过程对用户透明,为网格技术的商业化提供了有效的支持．     

HiCoMo: High Commit Mobile Transactions

We introduce a new mobile transaction model applicable to decisionmaking applications over aggregate data warehoused on mobile hosts. The model allows the aggregate data to be updated in disconnection mode, while guaranteeing a very high rate of commitment on reconnection. We name such transactions High Commit Mobile Transactions, or HiCoMo. At reconnectiontime, HiCoMo's are analyzed and several base (fixed network) transactions are generated in order to bring the same effect upon the base tables from which the aggregates are derived. In this paper, we provide a formal definition for the concepts related to HiCoMo's, and a transformation algorithm that is used to analyze them and generate base transactions. We provide a simple example scenario to demonstrate the usefulness of this transaction model. Finally, we compare the commit behavior of HiCoMo's to that of the two-tier model using simulation and a mobile transaction benchmark drawn from an inventory application domain.     

CovaTM及其实现

以原子性、一致性、隔离性和持久性为特征的传统事务模型在满足协同应用的需求方面存在诸多局限。为了解决这一问题，该文提出了一种新的协同事务模型CovaTM，它将协作过程的一次执行看作一个事务，对应的活动看成子事务。CovaTM提供了复杂而灵活的控制流，放松了传统事务的原子性和隔离性的要求，能够支持协作。该文介绍了CovaTM的具体实现机制，包括如何根据协作过程的描述形成事务的各个要素以及运行过程中的按制结构及其算法并与相关工作进行了比较。     

主动实时嵌套事务的正确性

传统数据库通过并发控制协议及事务的恢复机制来保证事务的正确性。在主动实时数据库系统中,为了更好地支持应用,人们提出并实现了嵌套事务模型。主动实时嵌套事务的正确性比传统的原子事务更复杂。本文详细分析了主动实时嵌套事务的正确性,包括逻辑正确性、时间正确性、结构相关(正确)性及事务的行为正确性,基于事务的经历模型给出这些正确性的定义,为主动实时嵌套事务的正确性实现提供了理论基础。     

移动分布式实时嵌套事务提交

在移动分布式计算环境中,事务移动性和无线网络固有的缺陷使得传统的分布式实时事务管理机制不足以支持移动分布式实时事务的执行,故有必要为移动实时事务研究新的事务处理机制,以提高其成功率.着重研究移动实时事务的提交机制.首先,通过分析移动分布环境中实时事务的特点给出了一个基于功能替代的移动实时嵌套事务模型.然后,提出了一个基于此模型的三层提交结构以及能够保证移动实时事务原子性和结构正确性的三阶段实时提交协议3PRTC(three-phase real-time commit).性能测试表明,所提出的事务模型及其提交机制能够提高实时事务的成功率.     

网格环境下的一种事务协调机制及其补偿技术

事务处理是网格计算能否投入实际应用尤其是商业应用的关键技术之一，用于网格环境下的事务处理必须同时提供协调短时操作和长时间的商业活动的能力，基于Gtobus Toolkit和代理技术，提出了一种能够同时管理原子事务和聚合事务的事务协调机制，研究了相应的可以容错各种失败的协调算法，通过自动产生和执行补偿事务，聚合事务协调机制可以满足网格计算中对长事务的处理要求。     

Effects of shaping characteristics on the performance of nested transactions

The nested transaction model was introduced to satisfy the requirements of advanced database applications. Moreover, it is currently the basic transaction model for new database applications like workflow systems and new database systems like mobile databases and object-relational databases. Though there are several performance evaluation studies of different concurrency control mechanisms in nested transactions, the effects of transaction parameters on the overall system performance have not received any attention. In this paper, we study the effects of transactions characteristics on system performance. We developed a detailed simulation model and conducted several experiments to measure the impact of transactions characteristics on the performance. First, the effect of the number of leaves on the performance of nested transactions is investigated under different shaping parameters. Also, effects of the depth of the transaction tree on the system performance are investigated.     

Overview of multidatabase transaction management

A multidatabase system (MDBS) is a facility that allows users access to data located in multiple autonomous database management systems (DBMSs). In such a system,global transactions are executed under the control of the MDBS. Independently,local transactions are executed under the control of the local DBMSs. Each local DBMS integrated by the MDBS may employ a different transaction management scheme. In addition, each local DBMS has complete control over all transactions (global and local) executing at its site, including the ability to abort at any point any of the transactions executing at its site. Typically, no design or internal DBMS structure changes are allowed in order to accommodate the MDBS. Furthermore, the local DBMSs may not be aware of each other and, as a consequence, cannot coordinate their actions. Thus, traditional techniques for ensuring transaction atomicity and consistency in homogeneous distributed database systems may not be appropriate for an MDBS environment. The objective of this article is to provide a brief review of the most current work in the area of multidatabase transaction management. We first define the problem and argue that the multidatabase research will become increasingly important in the coming years. We then outline basic research issues in multidatabase transaction management and review recent results in the area. We conclude with a discussion of open problems and practical implications of this research.     

The CORBA Activity Service Framework for supporting extended transactions

Although it has long been realized that ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) transactions by themselves are not adequate for structuring long‐lived applications and much research work has been done on developing specific extended transaction models, no middleware support for building extended transactions is currently available and the situation remains that a programmer often has to develop application specific mechanisms. The CORBA Activity Service Framework described in this paper is a way out of this situation. The design of the service is based on the insight that the various extended transaction models can be supported by providing a general purpose event signalling mechanism that can be programmed to enable activities—application specific units of computations—to coordinate each other in a manner prescribed by the model under consideration. The different extended transaction models can be mapped onto specific implementations of this framework, permitting such transactions to span a network of systems connected indirectly by some distribution infrastructure. The framework described in this paper is an overview of the OMG's (Object Management Group) Additional Structuring Mechanisms for the OTS standard. Through a number of examples the paper shows that the framework has the flexibility to support a wide variety of extended transaction models. Although the framework is presented here in CORBA specific terms, the main ideas are sufficiently general, so that it should be possible to use them in conjunction with other middleware. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柔性协同事务模型

提出了一个ＣＳＣＷ领域中的高级事务处理模型－柔性协同事务模型ＦＣＴＭ。首先给出协同事务的定义。并描述协同事务的状态,然后从协同事务的状态角度刻画协同事务之间、协同事务与外部环境之间的复杂依赖关系,最后用协同事务的状态依赖描述可串行化正确性准则。ＦＣＴＭ的优点在于用户能够根据不同的ＣＳＣＷ应用领域的需求,灵活地定义协同事务的状态和状态依赖。     

分布式实时事务提交协议

在分布式实时数据库系统中，保证事务原子性的唯一途径是研究和开发出一个实时的原子提交协议．首先详细分析了事务因数据访问冲突而形成的各种依赖关系，在此基础上提出了实时的原子乐观提交协议——2SC协议，该协议减少了事务的等待时间，提高了事务的并发度，且能无缝地和现有的并发控制协议集成在一起，保证事务的可串行化和原子性．通过模拟实验研究表明，采用该协议能够减少超过截止期的事务数目。