Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

A Numerical Study on the Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Pulsed Impingement Drying

Impinging jets issuing from the tailpipe of pulse combustors have been evaluated in recent studies for possible applications in rapid drying of continuous sheets such as grades of paper, textiles, etc. In order to further understand the effect of pulsed flows on the heat and mass transfer rates of impinging jets, a numerical study was performed on a two-dimensional pulsating impinging jet array. A computational fluid dynamics approach was used to examine the effect of periodic sinusoidal pulsation on the local Nusselt number distribution of the wet target surface being dried. Because a high temperature and large temperature difference between the jet flow and impingement surface are used to obtain high heat transfer rates in impingement drying, the thermophysical properties of jet flows were taken into account in the present mathematical model. A parametric study including phase angle and frequency as well as amplitude of pulsating flows was conducted for optimization and design of pulsating jet arrays. Examination of the velocity and thermal fields showed that the instantaneous heat transfer rate on the target surface was highly dependent on the mass transfer characteristic and development of the hydrodynamic boundary layer with time.     

Nanofluid impingement jet heat transfer

Experimental investigation to study the heat transfer between a vertical round alumina-water nanofluid jet and a horizontal circular round surface is carried out. Different jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, various circular disk diameters and three nanoparticles concentrations (0, 6.6 and 10%, respectively) are used. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. For the same Reynolds number, the experimental data show an increase in the Nusselt numbers as the nanoparticle concentration increases. Size of heating disk diameters shows reverse effect on heat transfer. It is also found that presenting the data in terms of Reynolds number at impingement jet diameter can take into account on both effects of jet heights and nozzle diameter. Presenting the data in terms of Peclet numbers, at fixed impingement nozzle diameter, makes the data less sensitive to the percentage change of the nanoparticle concentrations. Finally, general heat transfer correlation is obtained verses Peclet numbers using nanoparticle concentrations and the nozzle diameter ratio as parameters.     

液体阵列射流冲击冷板工质与传热结构研究进展

液体阵列射流冲击冷却是解决高热流密度散热问题的最有效技术之一,能够有效地对目标表面进行散热,具有散热能力高、能效比高和噪声低的优点,在散热方面具有巨大优势。本文简述了国内外对阵列射流冲击的研究进展,从换热工质和射流冲击冷板的换热结构两个方面,指出了其对液体阵列射流冲击换热特性的影响,并介绍了倾斜射流和旋流射流两种新型阵列射流方式。综合分析了常用的液体换热工质和纳米流体换热工质在射流冲击过程中强化换热的原理,介绍了喷嘴孔型、喷嘴的排列方式和冲击表面结构三种阵列射流结构。分析表明,不同孔型的喷嘴会影响流体的射流速度和湍流特性,不同的喷嘴排列方式会对射流流体的相互作用和有效冲击面积产生影响,不同的冲击表面会影响射流工质的循环混合,这些都将对射流冷板的换热特性产生很大影响。指出了解影响液体阵列射流冲击效果的主要因素,是改善和提高射流换热性能的根本方法。     

Influence of Impingement Temperature and Nozzle Geometry on Heat Transfer—Experimental and Theoretical Analysis

Based on the earlier studies the most common empirical correlations in the literature predict the impingement heat transfer coefficients rather well at low (close to 100°C) temperatures, but get inaccurate at higher temperatures. Impingement temperatures used in paper drying applications are typically 300 to 700°C, and there has been a need to improve the existing heat transfer correlations at high temperature area. This study presents experimental results of impingement heat transfer measurements with a laboratory-scale heat transfer test rig. Five nozzle configurations were measured. The parameters varied in the investigation were nozzle-to-plate distance, nozzle open area, nozzle diameter, impingement velocity and impingement air temperature. Regression model of heat transfer was developed based on the measurement data. A correction factor including the impingement and heat receiving surface temperatures is proposed. The correction factor can be used to improve the existing correlations at large jet to heat receiving surface temperature differences.     

Influence of Impingement Temperature and Nozzle Geometry on Heat Transfer—Experimental and Theoretical Analysis

Abstract

Based on the earlier studies the most common empirical correlations in the literature predict the impingement heat transfer coefficients rather well at low (close to 100°C) temperatures, but get inaccurate at higher temperatures. Impingement temperatures used in paper drying applications are typically 300 to 700°C, and there has been a need to improve the existing heat transfer correlations at high temperature area. This study presents experimental results of impingement heat transfer measurements with a laboratory-scale heat transfer test rig. Five nozzle configurations were measured. The parameters varied in the investigation were nozzle-to-plate distance, nozzle open area, nozzle diameter, impingement velocity and impingement air temperature. Regression model of heat transfer was developed based on the measurement data. A correction factor including the impingement and heat receiving surface temperatures is proposed. The correction factor can be used to improve the existing correlations at large jet to heat receiving surface temperature differences.     

Highly selective fluorescent chemosensor for Zn2+ derived from inorganic-organic hybrid magnetic core/shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles

Experimental investigation to study the heat transfer between a vertical round alumina-water nanofluid jet and a horizontal circular round surface is carried out. Different jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, various circular disk diameters and three nanoparticles concentrations (0, 6.6 and 10%, respectively) are used. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. For the same Reynolds number, the experimental data show an increase in the Nusselt numbers as the nanoparticle concentration increases. Size of heating disk diameters shows reverse effect on heat transfer. It is also found that presenting the data in terms of Reynolds number at impingement jet diameter can take into account on both effects of jet heights and nozzle diameter. Presenting the data in terms of Peclet numbers, at fixed impingement nozzle diameter, makes the data less sensitive to the percentage change of the nanoparticle concentrations. Finally, general heat transfer correlation is obtained verses Peclet numbers using nanoparticle concentrations and the nozzle diameter ratio as parameters.     

圆形自由水射流冲击换热及喷嘴布置

引言 水射流冲击冷却由于具有较高的换热能力,广泛应用于机械和化工行业,以实现工件的快速冷却和控制工件的温度变化.在大型轴类工件(工件直径D=1000～3000 mm)喷水冷却装置中,多喷嘴圆孔自由水射流以特定阵列布置冲击至工件表面,相对短暂的沸腾换热结束后,阵列自由水射流即以强制对流方式实现工件冷却.因此,自由水射流冲击换热特性及多喷嘴布置形式对喷水冷却装置的结构设计至关重要.     

AN ADVANCING FRONT MODEL OF TRANSPORT INTO PULSATING LAMINAR FLOW

The diffusion and transport of a gas species is analyzed for a slowly pulsating fluid in laminar tube flow. It is assumed that the fluid velocity is in phase with the pulsating pressure gradient. A reversible chemical reaction within the fluid is modeled using advancing front theory. The pulsation is assumed to affect only the diffusion boundary layer thickness, which may be out of phase with the flow pulsation. The solution is approximate for small perturbations of the boundary layer thickness. With these assumptions a closed form solution for the bulk transport is obtained. The results are expressed as differences in the bulk transport relative to a steady flow having the same average flow conditions. The pulsation effect is expressed as a function of the non-dimensional flow amplitude and frequency parameters for various average conditions. Comparison with experimental measurements of oxygen diffusing into water and hemoglobin solutions shows good agreement. For the range of parameters used for the measurements, there is no effect of the pulsation on time-averaged transfer rates.     

有序涡旋对三角槽道脉动流强化传热的影响

以水为工质对三角槽道内单相液体充分发展层流脉动传热特性进行了研究。应用粒子图像测速技术（PIV）测得流场内涡的变化规律,从“涡及涡运动”的角度揭示了“有序”的涡生长及迁移过程对脉动流强化传热的影响。此外,应用“场协同”理论,通过数值模拟深入分析了流场特性与传热之间的关系。研究发现,“有序”的涡生长及迁移过程,破坏了流体边界层,促进了近壁区热流场与速度场的协同,同时,强化了三角槽道内流体与主流区流体的掺混,热量输运能力提升;存在最佳的Strouhal数（St）,使得涡旋既能充分发展又能在较短时间脱落进入主流,实现最大效率的壁面换热;有序涡旋对速度场、温度梯度场以及压力梯度场三者协同性的改善是换热性能提升的关键。     

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study of Heat Transfer Due to Confined Impinging Circular Jet

An experimental and numerical simulation study of heat transfer due to a confined impinging circular jet is presented. In this research, a stainless steel foil heated disk was used as the heat transfer surface of a simulated chip, and the thermocouples were mounted symmetrically along the diameter of the foil to measure the temperature distribution on the surface. Driven by a small pump, a circular air jet (1.5 mm and 1 mm in diameter) impinged on the heat‐transfer surface with middle and low Reynolds numbers. The parameters, such as Reynolds number and ratio of height‐to‐diameter, were changed to investigate the radial distribution of the Nusselt number and the characteristics of heat transfer in the stagnation region. Numerical computations were performed by using several different turbulence models. In wall bounded turbulent flows, near‐wall modeling is crucial. Therefore, the turbulence models enhanced wall treatment, such as the RNG κ‐? model, may be superior for modeling impingement flows. The numerical results showed reasonable agreement with the experimental data for local heat transfer coefficient distributions. The impinging jet may be an effective method to solve the cooling problem of high power density electronic packaging.     

Impingement Heat Transfer Effects on Baking of Flat Bread

An impingement oven designed for flat breads baking was instrumented to monitor the processing conditions and record variables responsible for changes in dough characteristics. Image processing was used to monitor the volume and surface color changes during baking. Fluctuations of oven temperature and jet velocity were minimized using electronic controllers, leading to better repeatability and accuracy. Impingement heat transfer distribution effects on flat bread baking was investigated by numerical simulation and related to the bread color. Considerable effect of local variations in impingement heat transfer and nonuniform nozzle exit velocity distribution on the color of baked bread was observed. At H/D > 4, jet temperatures < 200°C, and jet velocity of 10 m/s, local heat transfer distribution and surface darkening was negligible and a uniform surface color was obtained. Notably, velocity variations of ±20% inherent in the finger nozzles used in the oven design did not result in significant color change, which depends more on the local temperature attained by the bread surface.     

CFD study of turbulent jet impingement on curved surface

The heat transfer and flow characteristics of air jet impingement on a curved surface are investigated with computational fluid dynamics(CFD)approach.The first applied model is a one-equation SGS model for large eddy simulation(LES)and the second one is the SST-SAS hybrid RANS-LES.These models are utilized to study the flow physics in impinging process on a curved surface for different jet-to-surface(h/B)distances at two Reynolds numbers namely,2960 and 4740 based on the jet exit velocity(U_e)and the hydraulic diameter(2B).The predictions are compared with the experimental data in the literature and also the results from RANS k-εmodel.Comparisons show that both models can produce relatively good results.However,one-equation model(OEM)produced more accurate results especially at impingement region at lower jet-to-surface distances.In terms of heat transfer,the OEM also predicted better at different jet-to-surface spacings.It is also observed that both models show similar performance at higher h/B ratios.     

圆形自由射流冲击曲面的换热特性

采用直接表面温度测量的方法对水喷射高温曲面的传热过程进行实验研究.通过实验得到了驻点区及附壁射流区的对流传热系数的分布情况,并且系统地研究了射流出口速度、喷嘴至加热面的间距等参数对对流传热系数的影响.结果表明,圆形射流冲击曲面的局部传热系数沿传热面随X/D的增大而逐渐减小,驻点处的传热系数最大并且随射流速度的增大而增大,但是当射流速度增大到一定值时,驻点的对流传热系数的增大比较缓慢.在射流速度较低的情况下,喷距对局部传热系数的影响较为显著.     

Modelling of transient mass transfer in liquid and liquid‐solid pulsating systems: Applications and extension to heat transfer

The dynamic surface renewal model of Maucci et al. (2001) is applied to transient mass transfer problems and extended to transient heat transfer measurements in pulsating, two‐phase flows. The model is also used to simulate mass transfer for square‐wave liquid velocity pulses in a liquid‐solid column. Experiments and simulation show that, when flow reversal occurs, the average mass transfer for a pulsating flow can be significantly higher than for steady state flow at the same bulk flow rate. This increase depends mainly on the relative pulse magnitude. The influence of pulse frequency and symmetry is second‐order. Apparent differences between various published studies are resolved.     

Simulation of Drying Characteristics of Evaporation from a Wet Particle in a Turbulent Pulsed Opposing Jet Contactor

The motion and drying characteristics of a single particle in a novel two-dimensional pulsed opposing jet contactor (POJC) are modeled and discussed. Hot air is used as the drying medium. To simulate particle drying, the gas phase and dispersed phase conservation equations are considered in the Eulerian reference frame and the Lagrangian reference frame, respectively. The RNG turbulence model is used to determine the turbulent characteristics of the gas phase. The particle motion is described by the BBO (Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen) equation. The effects of the key parameters, such as the jet Reynolds number, amplitude of pulsation, frequency of pulsation, particle diameter, location of release of particle from one jet as well as velocity profile on residence time (RT) and particle penetration depth (PN) into the opposite jet, are examined. Results show that POJC has strong potential for particulate heat transfer as well as drying; it can improve evaporation rate relative to the corresponding steady OJC by up to 30% as a result of increased residence time in the impingement zone within the parameter ranges simulated.     

Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Rectangular Flat Plate by an Impinging Jet in Cross Flow

Experiments were carried out to study the heat transfer performance of an impinging jet in a cross flow. Several parameters including the jet-to-cross-flow mass ratio （X=2%-8%）, the Reynolds number （Red=1434-5735） and the jet diameter （d=2-4 mm） were explored. The heat transfer enhancement factor was found to increase with the jet-to-cross-flow mass ratio and the Reynolds number, but decrease with the jet diameter when other parameters maintain fixed. The presence of a cross flow was observed to degrade the heat transfer performance in respect to the effect of impinging jet to the target surface only. In addition, an impinging jet was confirmed to be capable of en-hancing the heat transfer process in considerable amplitude even though the jet was not designed to impinge on the target surface.     

三角槽道低 Reynolds 数脉动流与柔性壁耦合特性研究

以水为工质对三角槽道低 Reynolds 数脉动流与柔性壁耦合特性进行了实验研究。通过传热与流动实验,分析了脉动频率(W)、脉动振幅(A)、柔性壁特性对脉动流传热及流动的影响。同时,通过可视化实验,研究了柔性壁与脉动流之间的响应特性,解析了柔性壁形变与振频对脉动流传热及流动的作用机制及分离贡献。研究结果表明,柔性流道脉动流可以实现强化传热与流动减阻双重效果,但强化传热效果相对较弱(传热效率提升0~50%),适用于以减阻为主要目的的换热场合;柔性壁减阻与削弱强化传热效率,源于柔性壁形变造成时均流通截面积增大(流体流速下降)、W与A的增大减弱脉动能量;W的增加将使得柔性壁振动对脉动流强化传热效率的削减逐步趋于主导地位,而A的增加将使得柔性壁变形对脉动流强化传热效率的削减逐步趋于主导地位;脉动流阻力的削减主要来自于柔性壁的变形(D₁>70%),而柔性壁振频对于脉动流能量耗散的抑制作用较为次要。     

圆形自由表面水射流冲击换热特性

对圆形自由表面水射流冲击换热特性进行了系统的实验研究,总结了喷距、射流出口速度以及相变等因素对换热的影响,并对其形成机理进行了分析,得到了驻点传热系数以及局部传热系数径向分布的关联式.     

Experimental study of oscillation of axisymmetric turbulent opposed jets with modulated airflow

Oscillation behaviors of axisymmetric opposed jets with modulated airflow were experimentally studied. The oscillation frequency, the oscillation amplitude, and the movement velocity of the impingement plane at various nozzle separations, excitation frequencies, and exit turbulence intensities have been investigated by a hot‐wire anemometer and flow visualization technique combined with a high‐speed camera. Results show that the oscillation frequency of the impingement plane is nearly equal to the excitation frequency, whereas the oscillation amplitude decreases with the increase of the excitation frequency. The full‐scale amplitude oscillation occurs at low excitation frequencies and 2 ≤ L/D ≤ 8 (where L is the nozzle separation and D is the diameter of the nozzle exit). With the increase of the exit turbulence intensity caused by a turbulence generating plate, the oscillation amplitude decreases remarkably. Flow regimes of axisymmetric opposed jets with excitations are analyzed and discussed based on the experimental results. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4828–4838, 2013