The corrosion performance of anodised magnesium alloys

The corrosion performance of anodised magnesium and its alloys, such as commercial purity magnesium (CP-Mg) and high-purity magnesium (HP-Mg) ingots, magnesium alloy ingots of MEZ, ZE41, AM60 and AZ91D and diecast AM60 (AM60-DC) and AZ91D (AZ91D-DC) plates, was evaluated by salt spray and salt immersion testing. The corrosion resistance was in the sequential order: AZ91D ≈ AM60 ≈ MEZ ? AZ91D-DC ? AM60-DC > HP-Mg > ZE41 > CP-Mg. It was concluded the corrosion resistance of an anodised magnesium alloy was determined by the corrosion performance of the substrate alloy due to the porous coating formed on the substrate alloy acting as a simple corrosion barrier.     

Comparison of corrosion behaviors of AZ31, AZ91, AM60 and ZK60 magnesium alloys

The corrosion behaviours of four kinds of rolled magnesium alloys of AZ31, AZ91, AM60 and ZK60 were studied in 1 mol/L sodium chloride solution. The results of EIS and potentiodynamic polarization show that the corrosion resistance of the four materials is ranked as ZK60＞AM60＞AZ31＞AZ91. The corrosion processes of the four magnesium alloys were also analyzed by SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The results show that the corrosion patterns of the four alloys are localized corrosion and the galvanic couples formed by the second phase particles and the matrix are the main source of the localized corrosion of magnesium alloys. The corrosion resistance of the different magnesium alloys has direct relationship with the concentration of alloying elements and microstructure of magnesium alloys. The ratio of the β phase in AZ91 is higher than that in AZ31 and the β phase can form micro-galvanic cell with the alloy matrix, as a result, the corrosion resistance of AZ31 will be higher than AZ91. The manganese element in AM60 magnesium alloy can form the second phase particle of AlMnFe, which can reduce the Fe content in magnesium alloy matrix, purifying the microstructure of alloy, as a result, the corrosion resistance of AM60 is improved. However, due to the more noble galvanic couples of AlMnFe and matrix, the microscopic corrosion morphology of AM60 is more localized. The zirconium element in ZK60 magnesium alloy can refine grain, form stable compounds with Fe and Si, and purify the composition of alloy, which results in the good corrosion resistance of ZK60 magnesium alloy.     

AZ91D镁合金电偶腐蚀的扫描Kelvin探针研究

利用扫描Kelvin探针技术(SKP)研究AZ91D镁合金与316L不锈钢偶接件在盐雾试验中电偶腐蚀规律。通过在中性盐雾试验不同周期的表面腐蚀形貌的观察和伏打电位分布图的测量结果分析表明,AZ91D镁合金电偶腐蚀效应与偶接阴阳极的伏打电位差密切相关,AZ91D镁合金与316L不锈钢偶接件存在较大的电位差(约为–1.28V),其电偶腐蚀效应非常显著。在盐雾试验初始阶段,腐蚀主要发生在偶接界面AZ91D镁合金一侧,该腐蚀区域的伏打电位增加幅度较大,而316L不锈钢受到保护没有发生明显腐蚀。随着盐雾试验时间的延长,AZ91D镁合金腐蚀加快,腐蚀产物覆盖区域不断扩大,24h盐雾试验后,偶接件的平均伏打单位差由原始的–1.29V增加到–1.53V,AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应加大。由于AZ91D镁合金在盐雾中生成的腐蚀产物对基体具有一定的保护作用,当腐蚀产物不断增加并覆盖表面,偶接件的电位差减小导致AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应降低。     

表面纳米化对AZ91D镁合金渗铝行为的影响

镁合金表面渗铝是提高耐蚀性的一种有效方法。本研究将表面纳米化作为渗铝的预处理过程。采用高能喷丸对AZ91D镁合金进行表面纳米化处理,然后进行真空铝扩散得到渗铝层。用透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)观察了渗铝层的形貌。结果表明,在对AZ91D镁合金表面高能喷丸后获得了100 nm的晶粒尺寸。在高能喷丸之后,渗铝层的深度比未高能喷丸的渗铝层厚。在440℃下扩散12 h后,渗铝层的深度增加到70μm。采用电化学方法对AZ91D镁合金的耐腐蚀性能进行了表征。结果表明,渗铝层明显降低了AZ91D镁合金的腐蚀速率。因此,高能喷丸强化有利于镁合金表面渗铝,提高镁合金的耐蚀性。     

Wear and corrosion properties of laser cladded Cu47Ti34Zr11Ni8/SiC amorphous composite coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy

To improve the wear and corrosion properties of AZ91D magnesium alloys, Cu-based amorphous composite coatings were fabricated on AZ91D magnesium alloy by laser cladding using mixed powders of Cu47Ti34Zr11Ni8 and SiC. The wear and corrosion behaviours of the coatings were investigated. The wear resistance of the coatings was evaluated under dry sliding wear condition at room temperature. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was tested in 3.5% （mass fraction） NaCl solution. The coatings exhibit excellent wear resistance due to the recombined action of amorphous phase and different intermetallic compounds. The main wear mechanisms of the coatings and the AZ91D sample are different. The former is abrasive wear and the latter is adhesive wear. The coatings compared with AZ91D magnesium alloy also exhibit good corrosion resistance because of the presence of the amorphous phase in the coatings.     

NaCl溶液中AZ91D的腐蚀性能--RE与Sb及Si对AZ91D合金在NaCl溶液中腐蚀速率的影响

通过静态失重法研究了RE、Si和Sb元素加入后对AZ91D合金在NaCl溶液中腐蚀速率的影响.结果表明, RE加入可以提高AZ91D合金的腐蚀速率,而Si和Sb的加入使合金的腐蚀速率加大.     

Corrosion of magnesium alloys in commercial engine coolants

A number of magnesium alloys show promise as engine block materials. However, a critical issue for the automotive industry is corrosion of the engine block by the coolant and this could limit the use of magnesium engine blocks. This work assesses the corrosion performance of conventional magnesium alloy AZ91D and a recently developed engine block magnesium alloy AM‐SC1 in several commercial coolants. Immersion testing, hydrogen evolution measurement, galvanic current monitoring and the standard ASTM D1384 test were employed to reveal the corrosion performance of the magnesium alloys subjected to the coolants. The results show that the tested commercial coolants are corrosive to the magnesium alloys in terms of general and galvanic corrosion. The two magnesium alloys exhibited slightly different corrosion resistance to the coolants with AZ91D being more corrosion resistant than AM‐SC1. The corrosivity varied from coolant to coolant. Generally speaking, an organic‐acid based long life coolant was less corrosive to the magnesium alloys than a traditional coolant. Among the studied commercial coolants, Toyota long life coolant appeared to be the most promising one. In addition, it was found that potassium fluoride effectively inhibited corrosion of the magnesium alloys in the studied commercial coolants. Both general and galvanic corrosion rates were significantly decreased by addition of KF, and there were no evident side effects on the other engine block materials, such as copper, solder, brass, steel and aluminium alloys, in terms of their corrosion performance. The ASTM D 1384 test further confirmed these results and suggested that Toyota long life coolant with 1%wt KF addition is a promising coolant for magnesium engine blocks.     

Influence of substrate composition on the formation of phytic acid conversion coatings

In this paper, the formation and corrosion resistance of the phytic acid conversion coatings on Mg, Al, and AZ91D magnesium alloy were contrastively investigated using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electronic probe microscopic analyzer (EPMA), electronic balance, and electrochemical methods. The influence of phytic acid conversion coating as a middle layer on the properties of the paint on magnesium alloys was also investigated. The results show that the formation process of the conversion coatings is evidently influenced by the compositions of the substrate. The coating on pure aluminum is thinner and compacter than that on pure magnesium and the coating formed on α phase in AZ91D magnesium alloy is thinner but denser than that on β phase. The phytic acid conversion coatings formed on Mg, Al, and AZ91D magnesium alloy can all increase their corrosion resistance. The active functional groups of hydroxyl and phosphate radical are rich in the conversion coatings, which can improve the bonding between the organic paint and magnesium alloy and then improve their corrosion resistance.     

EFFECTS OF Ce ON CORROSION RESISTANCE OF AZ91D MAGNESIUM ALLOY

1. IntroductionM agnesium alloysare w idely used in autom otive, com m unicated, electronic and aerialindustriesand predicted to be one ofthe m ostim portantlow -density and high-strength m aterialsin the 21th centu-ry ow ing to theirlow density,high spec…     

A novel dual nickel coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy

Magnesium alloys covered with metal coating display excellent corrosion resistance,wear resistance,conductivity and electromagnetic shielding properties.The electroless plating Ni-P as bottom layer following the electroplating nickel as surface layer on AZ91D magnesium alloy was investigated.The coating surface morphology was observed with SEM and the structure was analyzed with XRD.Electrochemical tests and salt spray tests were carried out to study the corrosion resistance.The experimental results indi...     

Effect of combinative addition of strontium and rare earth elements on corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy

The influencf of strontium（Sr） and rare earth（RE） elements on the corrosion behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy was investigated by conventional corrosion testing and electrochemical measurements in 3.5% NaCl solution. After comparing the mass loss and hydrogen evolution of the samples, the microstructures of the alloys and the morphologies of their corrosion product films were characterized by electron probe microanalysis-energy dispersive spectrometry（EPMA-EDS） and Auger electron spectroscopy（AES）. Compared with individual addition of Sr or RE to AZ91D, the combinative addition of 0.5% Sr and 1% RE to AZ91D successfully decreases the corrosion rate further, which can be attributed to the depression of micro-galvanic couples, as well as the formation of more protective film due to aluminum enrichment. The combinative addition of strontium and rare earth elements to AZ91D magnesium alloy appears to be a promising approach to increase its corrosion resistance.     

Effect of Gd on microstructure and stress corrosion cracking of the AZ91-extruded magnesium alloy

AZ91 and AZ91–xGd (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%) magnesium alloys are extruded into plates. The addition of Gd promotes the formation of Al₂Gd, effectively reducing the volume fraction of the β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase and making the banded structures of the extruded magnesium alloys thinner. The corrosion weight loss tests and electrochemistry analyses demonstrate that Gd significantly improves the pitting resistance of the AZ91 in 3.5-wt% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)₂. Slow strain rate tensile tests show that in a corrosive environment, compared with AZ91, the elongation to failure of the AZ91–1.0Gd alloy is increased by 47%, and the alloy exhibits excellent stress corrosion resistance in this study. The fracture mode of AZ91 is changed from typical intergranular fracture to a mixture of transgranular and intergranular fracture in the corrosion solution by adding Gd. The mechanism of Gd to improve the stress corrosion resistance of the AZ91 magnesium alloy is that Gd increases the corrosion resistance, especially the pitting of AZ91.     

Corrosion and self‐healing behaviour of AZ91D magnesium alloy in ethylene glycol/water solutions

Corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloy‐based engine parts in cooling system is an urgent fundamental issue in automotive field where magnesium alloys are increasingly used. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of AZ91D magnesium alloys in various ethylene glycol/water solutions was studied by electrochemical measurements and immersion tests at room temperature. The surfaces of the samples after immersion tests were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the corrosion rates of AZ91D magnesium alloys decreased with the increase of ethylene glycol concentration in ethylene glycol/water solutions and the corrosion process was dominated by pitting corrosion. A continuous protective film transferred from corrosion products was formed on the corroded surface after sufficient immersion duration in ethylene glycol/water solutions, which is able to heal the corrosion pits. The self‐healing behaviour inhibited the further corrosion of AZ91D magnesium alloy.     

Influence of rare earth element Ce and La addition on corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy

Two types of AZ91 magnesium alloys containing rare earth element Ce or La were fabricated. Hydrogen evolution and electrochemical tests were carried out to evaluate the corrosion behavior of new AZRE (RE = Ce or La) and AZ91 alloys in 3.5% NaCl solutions (pH 6.50). Various corrosion rate tests indicated that addition of RE obviously enhanced corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy. The optimal content of RE was 0.92% for Ce and 0.66% for La. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and low‐angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the effect of RE addition on microstructure and corrosion product film of AZ91 magnesium alloy. The refined β phase and formation of γ phase in AZRE alloy were observed by SEM, which resulted in the improvement of corrosion resistance due to the depression of microgalvanic couples. Moreover, the enhanced protective effectiveness of corrosion products was another reason for the improved corrosion resistance.     

镁合金在汽车发动机冷却液中的耐蚀性

在浓度为50％和85％的乙二醇自制冷却液及商用冷却液中对镁及镁合金和纯铝进行了全浸腐蚀测试。结果表明：纯铝比纯镁更耐蚀;在同一浓度的冷却液中,AZ91D的腐蚀率小于AZ31的腐蚀率,而随着乙二醇浓度的提高,镁合金的腐蚀率下降。     

Al-Ti、Al-Ti-C中间合金对AZ91D镁合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Al-5Ti、Al-5Ti-0．25C和Al-8Ti-2C中间合金对AZ91D镁合金的组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,添加Al-5Ti中间合金使晶粒粗化,而添加Al-5Ti-0．25C和Al-8Ti-2C中间合金使晶粒细化,Al-8Ti-2C中间舍金的细化效果明显且细化后组织细小均匀;添加Al-5Ti中间合金使合金的力学性能降低,而添加Al-5Ti-0．25C和Al-8Ti-2C中间合金均使合金的拉伸强度和伸长率得到了提高;添加Al-5Ti、Al-5Ti-0．25C和Al-8Ti-2C中间合金均使合金的耐腐蚀性能得到了改善。对于AZ91D合金而言,Al-8Ti-2C中间合金是一种良好的晶粒细化剂。     

钇对压铸AZ91镁合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

研究了在中性NaCl水溶液中压铸AZ91及AZ91 1%Y合金的腐蚀性能.结果表明,在相同浓度及相同温度的NaCl腐蚀介质中,压铸AZ91 1%Y合金的腐蚀速率明显低于AZ91合金.对压铸AZ91及AZ91 1%Y镁合金腐蚀层中各元素的XPS分析结果表明,AZ91 1%Y合金腐蚀试样中存在Y的氧化物,可以起到钝化保护膜的作用,从而提高了镁合金的耐腐蚀性能.     

Corrosion behaviour of Mg/Al alloys in high humidity atmospheres

The influence of relative humidity (80–90–98% RH) and temperature (25 and 50 °C) on the corrosion behaviour of AZ31, AZ80 and AZ91D magnesium alloys was evaluated using gravimetric measurements. The results were compared with the data obtained for the same alloys immersed in Madrid tap water. The corrosion rates of AZ alloys increased with the RH and temperature and were influenced by the aluminium content and alloy microstructure for RH values above 90%. The initiation of corrosion was localised around the Al–Mn inclusions in the AZ31 alloy and at the centre of the α‐Mg phase in the AZ80 and AZ91D alloys. The β‐Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase acted as a barrier against corrosion.     

AZ91D镁合金电偶腐蚀的研究

在自来水和3.5%NaCl溶液中测试了铸造AZ91D镁合金与铝合金、锌合金、Q235碳钢和Cu偶合后的电偶腐蚀行为,研究了腐蚀环境、偶接材料和阴阳极面积比(CAAR)对铸造AZ91D镁合金电偶腐蚀行为的影响。在电偶腐蚀过程中测量溶液的pH值以及电偶腐蚀电流;用失重法计算了铸造AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀速率,利用SEM观察了AZ91D镁合金的腐蚀形貌,并对腐蚀产物进行XRD分析。结果表明,AZ91D镁合金在电偶腐蚀过程中会使溶液的pH值升高,并伴有以Mg(OH)₂为主的腐蚀产物的生成;溶液中Cl^-的存在会加速AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀速率;低氢过电位金属Q235碳钢和Cu对AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀加速效果明显高于中氢过电位金属铝合金和锌合金,偶接材料的极化性能对AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀速率有较大影响。同时,大的阴阳极面积比会加速AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀速率,且AZ91D镁合金的电偶腐蚀电流随阴阳极面积比的增大而呈线性增长趋势。     

Electrodeposition of zinc on AZ91D magnesium alloy pre‐treated by stannate conversion coatings

A stannate chemical conversion process followed by an activation procedure was employed as the pre‐treatment process for AZ91D magnesium alloy substrate. Zn was electroplated onto the pre‐treated AZ91D magnesium alloy surface from pyrophosphate bath to improve the corrosion resistance and the solderability. The surface morphologies of conversion coating and zinc coating were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The phase composition of conversion coating was investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical corrosion behavior of the coatings in the corrosive solution was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experimental results showed that the activated stannate chemical conversion coating provided a suitable interface between zinc coating and the AZ91D magnesium alloy substrate. The corrosion resistance of the AZ91D substrate was improved by the zinc coating.