一种能量选择防护结构与天线耦合效应矢量分析方法

为了深入分析能量选择防护结构(ESS)等周期结构作为天线罩时与天线产生的耦合效应,提高分析效率,该文提出一种基于坡印廷矢量法的耦合效应分析方法。该文从收发互易的角度,将天线当作发射器而非常规方法中的接收器对天线的电磁特性进行分析。从接收的角度理解,天线是一种从自由空间中捕获能量的装置,而能量分布可以通过坡印廷能流密度曲线来描述。同样地,能量选择防护结构对电磁波的扰动也可以通过能流密度曲线来描述。因此,天线、防护结构以及二者的耦合效应均可通过能流密度曲线进行研究和分析。结果表明,该文所提方法与常规分析方法具有良好的一致性。相比于常规分析方法,该文方法可同时对天线与防护结构的耦合效应进行可视化分析与量化评估,指导防护结构的尺寸、形状设计以及最佳安装位置,显著提高设计效率。     

基于三相感应电机的小型化超低频发射天线研究

针对低频电磁传输中天线尺寸过大的问题，设计了一种基于三相感应电机的小型化超低频发射天线.电机工作时产生了时变低频电磁场，可作为超低频发射天线.为有效分析其电磁场分布，文章建立旋转磁偶极子数学模型以等效电机内部旋转时产生的磁场.首先，对电机内部磁场和旋转磁偶极子的关系进行阐述，利用麦克斯韦方程组，得到旋转磁偶极子的电磁场分布.其次，通过电磁仿真软件验证旋转磁偶极子的近场分布特性和远场辐射特性.最后，通过实验对电机近场的磁场分布进行验证.仿真和实测结果表明，三相感应电机具有超低频天线的辐射特性.     

分布式雷达相参发射原理与性能分析

通过调整空间距离较远的雷达发射天线的发射时间和初始相位可控制电磁波能量在空间的分布来增强感兴趣空间区域的信号能量。该文分析分布式雷达相参发射的原理,给出形成干涉峰点的条件,定义空间干涉能量分布函数来反映发射信号能量较平均能量的增益,其最大值为发射天线个数。在远场和近场条件下分析信号空间能量分布的特点,表明它在远场近天线距离呈条纹状,在近场远天线距离呈类晶体结构或独峰结构。为了让目标在干涉峰点内部,分布式相参发射在低频率、小目标的跟踪状态更有效。     

瞬态电磁脉冲能量传输特性的物理实质

根据矢量位方程,在均匀电流模型下,分别给出了圆形和方形单元天线轴线上电磁场分量的时域表达式以及能量密度的解析计算公式;用等腰梯形电脉冲给天线馈电,采用数值计算的方法分别绘出了圆形和方形天线轴线能量密度随距离的衰减曲线,瞬态电磁脉冲能量传输呈现三段式传输规律和慢衰减特性;通过对能量密度解析计算公式物理意义的讨论,给出了瞬态电磁脉冲慢衰减传输特性的物理实质解释;采用亚纳秒电子源给抛物面天线馈电,对抛物面天线轴线辐射电磁脉冲波形及能量作实验测试,实验测试结果与数值计算结果相符合。     

线元天线阵列波束扫描研究

由电磁场理论给出了平面线元天线阵列辐射的瞬态电磁脉冲沿径向坡印亭矢量时间积分的解析解及数值解结果,并利用物理光学理论对所得结果作了对比分析,得到结论:(1)线元天线阵列辐射问题可以简洁地由光栅方程求解;(2)被约束波束的坡印亭矢量时间积分的最大值与阵元数目的平方成正比;(3)保持同一列辐射器元馈电同步,而沿行方向依次作适当馈电时间延迟,可有效将波束控制在预期的很小角域内;(4)保持扫描的半角宽度,线元天线阵列有确定的波束扫描角范围。     

对称振子阻抗特性分析

分析了求解对称振子输入阻抗的计算方法,包括近似方法(坡印廷矢量法、等效传输线法和感应电动势法)、解析方法(海伦积分法)和数值方法(矩量法),计算了不等长平行对称振子的互阻抗. 着重对等效传输线法和海伦积分法进行了分析和研究,对等效传输线法存在的不足进行了修正,推导了海伦积分法计算输入阻抗的各个参数,并将修正后的等效传输线法计算结果与海伦积分法和矩量法的计算结果进行了比较. 结果表明,修正后的计算方法适用于一般对称振子.     

基于复合网格方法的低频近场通信天线等效电路参数分析

为解决计算区域的大尺度与天线尺寸的小尺度问题, 将复合网格法应用于近场通信(Near-Field Communication, NFC)天线等效电路参数的提取与计算, 该方法可以在计算效率和计算精度之间达到很好的平衡.为避免麦克斯韦方程的“低频崩溃”问题, 低频位移电流很小时, 采用静态场方法分析低频NFC天线的近场参数.其中对线圈天线分布电容的计算不同于以往的实验测量、理论估算和数值计算等研究方法, 而是基于其定义计算线圈相对于接地点的电容, 该方法可以得到与参考文献一致的计算结果, 同时具有能够分析周围环境对分布电容影响的优点.通过有限元分析, 将复合网格法与均匀网格法的计算结果对比, 证明了复合网格法在三维电磁场应用的可能性以及准确性.     

考虑互耦的阵列天线辐射近场近似计算方法

针对大规模阵列天线辐射近场电磁兼容性问题,基于有源单元方向图原理和子阵信息的综合方法计算了大规模阵列天线辐射近场场强的分布。该方法采用等效技术获取大规模阵列天线的端口特性,进一步结合天线单元的远场数据综合分析得到大规模阵列天线的近场分布;计算结果表明,在满足天线单元辐射远场条件下,该方法能够准确计算出大规模阵列天线的辐射近场分布。相较于全波分析,本方法在保证精度的同时,提高了计算效率,并且具有良好的灵活性。通过全波分析的数值算例验证了该方法的正确性。     

FDTD软件中S参数提取方法的讨论与分析

利用基于时域有限差分(FDTD)的电磁场数值仿真软件,如XFDTD等对传输线、天线等结构进行仿真计算时,只能提取激励点的S参数,而在实际应用中,需要提取传输线等结构任意截面的S参数。针对该问题,本文采用坡印亭矢量和驻波比两种方法,通过XFDTD软件输出的稳态场分布获得S参数,并与传输线理论计算所得S参数进行比较,验证了这两种方法的可行性。     

井筒套管对井间电磁成像测井信号传输的影响

通过模拟柱状三层介质中电磁波传播特性,得到了井筒套管对井间传输的电磁信号的影响。将发射天线看作位于无限长圆柱形井筒套管中央的垂直磁偶极子,井筒套管内外是分布均匀的柱状三层介质,把电磁场用磁赫兹矢量位表示,推导了各个区域的电磁场积分表达式,利用数值积分计算了不同情况下的电磁场分布,分析了井筒套管电导率(材料)、厚度及测井工作频率对井间电磁成像测井信号的影响。     

Quality factor of an electrically small antenna radiating close toa conducting plane

Expressions are derived for the smallest achievable radiation quality factor (Q) of an electrically small antenna in front of a conducting plane. Applying the low-frequency approximation to the source region involving an electric or a magnetic point dipole plus their images behind the plane, an expression is formed for the field in the radiation zone. The contribution of non-propagating energy in the near field is obtained explicitly using a spherical harmonics decomposition. The radiation Q is found to depend on the radius (relative to wavelength) of the smallest sphere that encloses the antenna and its image, the ratio of the vertical and horizontal dipole moments, as well as the positions of the dipoles relative to each other and to the plane. A number of simple wire structures are analysed with NEC (based on the method of moments), and the approximate Q obtained from their fractional bandwidth are compared to the corresponding theoretical minima     

Near-Field Absorption in Prolate Spheroidal Models of Humans Exposed to a Small Loop Antenna of Arbitrary Orientation

The power absorption characteristics of the prolate spheroidal model of an average man have been studied when the model is exposed to the near fields of an arbitrarily located small loop antenna. An integral equation is formulated and the fields radiated by the loop are expanded in terms of the vector spherical harmonics. This equation is then solved using the extended boundary condition method (EBCM,). For three different loop-spheroid configurations, the power distribution and the average SAR have been calculated as a function of the frequency and the separation distance. It is shown that the results obtained for separation distances larger than lambda /2 agree well with those obtained from the plane wave exposure case. Furthermore, the average SAR value calculated as a function of separation distance for the case where the magnetic dipole moment is aligned parallel to the major axis of the spheroid are found to oscillate around the constant value obtained from the H-polarized plane wave exposure case. On the other hand, the average SAR values for the E-polarization case (magnetic dipole is parallel to the spheroidal minor axis) are found to increase monotonically with the decrease in separation distance. It is also shown that despite the complicated nature of the near fields, the absorption characteristics can still be explained in terms of the variations of the incident radiation. These loop results, together with those obtained from other simple soures, can be used as building blocks in arriving at a qualitative understanding of the near-field absorption characteristics for more general exposure cases.     

用光电导天线产生太赫兹电磁波的饱和效应研究

根据半导体光电子学理论,分析了光注入非平衡载流子(电子-空穴对)的瞬态输运机理,研究了不同条件下的SI-GaAs光电导偶极天线太赫兹波辐射功率和辐射强度的饱和效应.结果表明其主要原因是在外加偏置电场作用下,光注入载流子出现了空间电荷电场屏蔽和辐射电场屏蔽现象,对提高太赫兹波辐射功率和辐射强度起到了遏制作用.对于电极间隙大小不同的天线,两种屏蔽效应的作用不同;在触发光能一定的情况下,照射光斑较大时屏蔽效应较小.     

Dielectric cover effect on rectangular microstrip antenna array

A theoretical model to analyze a covered rectangular antenna with an arbitrary dielectric constant superstrate is developed. The antenna is simulated by the radiation of two magnetic dipoles located at the radiating edges of the patch. The Green's function of an elementary magnetic dipole in a superstrate-substrate structure, utilizing spectral-domain analysis, is formulated, and the surface-wave and radiation field are computed. An improved transmission line model, which considers the stored energy near the radiating edges and the external mutual coupling, is used to compute the input impedances and radiation efficiency. Design considerations on the superstrate thickness and its dielectric constant are discussed. Experimental data for a single element and a 4×4 microstrip array is presented to validate the theory     

Irradiation of Prolate Spheroidal Models of Humans in the Near Field of a Short Electric Dipole

Analysis of the near-field irradiation of prolate spheroidal models of humans and animals by a short electrical dipole is described. The method of solution involves an integral equation formulation of the problem in terms of the transverse dyadic Green's function and expanding the fields irradiated by a short dipole in terms of the vector spherical harmonics. The extended boundary condition method (EBCM) is employed to solve the integral equations. The power distribution and the average specific absorption rate (SAR) are calculated and plotted as a function of the separation distance. It is shown that for a dipole placed along the major axis of the spheroidal (k-polarization), and for a very short separation distance, d= 0.15 lambda, the relative power values at both ends of the spheroid are about 40 compared with the ratio of 15 in the planewave exposure case. Furthermore, the calculated average SAR values as a function of the separation distance were found to oscillate around the constant value obtained from the planewave irradiation case. Differences between the near-and far-field exposure cases occurred only at separation distances shorter than 0.5 lambda where the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic energy densities are higher than the time-average radiation power density.     

Low Q electrically small linear and elliptical polarized spherical dipole antennas

Electrically small antennas are generally presumed to exhibit high impedance mismatch (high VSWR), low efficiency, high quality factor (Q); and, therefore, narrow operating bandwidth. For an electric or magnetic dipole antenna, there is a fundamental lower bound for the quality factor that is determined as a function of the antenna's occupied physical volume. In this paper, the quality factor of a resonant, electrically small electric dipole is minimized by allowing the antenna geometry to utilize the occupied spherical volume to the greatest extent possible. A self-resonant, electrically small electric dipole antenna is presented that exhibits an impedance near 50 Ohms, an efficiency in excess of 95% and a quality factor that is within 1.5 times the fundamental lower bound at a value of ka less than 0.27. Through an arrangement of the antenna's wire geometry, the electrically small dipole's polarization is converted from linear to elliptical (with an axial ratio of 3 dB), resulting in a further reduction in the quality factor. The elliptically polarized, electrically small antenna exhibits an impedance near 50 Ohms, an efficiency in excess of 95% and it has an omnidirectional, figure-eight radiation pattern.     

On the magnetic dipole representation of small loop antenna

The use of a magnetic dipole to represent a small loop antenna is examined by comparing their field components. Particular attention is paid to the dipole approximation in the near field, and curves are presented which allow an accurate and rapid assessment to be made of the error as a function of angle and distance from the loop. The curves, which apply to any loop with a circumference between 0.0001 λ and 0.1 λ, enable the correction to the dipole field to be estimated. The difference between the loop and magnetic dipole fields is expressed algebraically for large distances from the loop, and for near-axial angles.     

On the effect of a spherical shield on the radiation Q and efficiency of ideal dipole antennas

A method is developed for calculating the radiation efficiency and quality factor, Q, for azimuthally symmetric electric (Tm) and magnetic (Te) multipole fields surrounded by a semi-transparent spherical shield of variable thickness, dielectric and magnetic constants involving losses. A matrix method is used to connect the transverse field components at adjacent interfaces. The Q and efficiency are determined by computing the energy stored in the near field of the multipole as well as the power radiated and dissipated in the shield. A numerical comparison of the performance of electric and magnetic dipole radiators is given as a function of frequency. An expression is derived for the permittivity of the shield which optimisés the Q.     

Standard probes for electromagnetic field measurements

Discusses various standard antennas for measuring radio-frequency electric and magnetic fields. A theoretical analysis of each antenna's receiving characteristics is summarized and referenced. The standard probes described are an electrically short dipole, a resistively-loaded dipole, a half-wave dipole, an electrically small loop, and a resistively-loaded loop. A single-turn loop designed for simultaneous measurement of the electric and magnetic components of near-fields and other complex electromagnetic environments is also described. Each type of antenna demonstrates a different compromise between broadband frequency response and sensitivity