现代控制技术在风力发电控制系统中的应用

由于风力发电系统的被控对象具有高度非线性、时变、多变量、强耦合的特点,控制系统是风力发电系统的重要组成部分,本文介绍了现代控制技术,如专家系统、微分几何控制、自适应控制、滑模变结构控制、最优控制、模型预测控制、H∞鲁棒控制、人工神经网络控制、模糊控制及综合智能控制在风力发电控制中的应用,特别是在变桨距控制、转矩控制和变流控制中的应用研究,指出风力发电控制技术存在的问题及未来技术发展趋势。     

太阳能供热采暖技术讲座(6) 太阳能供热采暖系统的设计(下)

<正>五控制系统设计太阳能供热采暖系统控制应包括太阳能集热系统运行控制、辅助热源运行控制、供热系统运行控制、防冻保护控制、防过热保护控制及运行工况的切换。控制系统依据温度、压力和水位传感器获得的信号控制水泵、阀门的启闭或改变阀门的开度,此外系统一般设置温控阀、压力控制阀、自动排气阀、止回阀、安全阀等控制元件以保证系统安全、稳定运行。     

火电厂钢球磨煤机负荷的灰色PID控制系统研究

火电厂钢球磨煤机的负荷对象具有大滞后、慢时变、强非线性等复杂特性,采用常规控制方法难以获得满意的控制效果,提出了基于灰色预测PID控制的球磨机负荷控制方法,它融合了灰色预测与常规PID控制这两者的设计思想,将灰色预测在线预测结果代替被控对象测量值,再进行PID控制运算.Simulink仿真结果表明,灰色预测PID控制在控制的快速性、稳定性、适应性、鲁棒性、抗干扰性上均优于常规PID控制和带Simth预估PID控制.     

炼油厂溶剂再生装置及其主要控制方案

溶剂再生装置工艺过程可分为溶剂配制、溶剂换热、溶剂再生和退溶剂等4部分,目前国内溶剂换热部分以中温闪蒸为主。溶剂配制部分通过设置水封罐和分程控制两种控制方案,防止溶剂氧化变质生成有机酸及稳定性盐。溶剂换热部分控制方案包括闪蒸罐压力的单回路定值控制和闪蒸罐液位的单回路定值控制。溶剂再生部分控制方案包括塔顶回流罐的压力和液位控制、塔底重沸器蒸汽流量控制以及塔底液位控制。其中,塔顶回流罐的液位控制包括回流罐液位的单回路定值控制、回流罐液位和回流酸性水流量的串级控制;塔顶回流罐的压力控制包括塔顶温度的单回路定值控制和塔顶酸性气压力的单回路定值控制;塔底重沸器蒸汽流量控制包括流量单回路定值控制、压力和流量的串级控制、流量和流量的串级控制、选择＋串级控制、比值＋选择＋串级控制等5种。退溶剂部分国内也已开始应用压力罐处理含硫气体。各炼厂应根据自身的具体情况因地制宜,合理选择溶剂再生装置控制方案。     

新能源电网中微电源并网控制方法探究

以微电源并网控制问题作为切入点,简要介绍了新能源电网中的光伏电池、微型燃气轮机和蓄电池三种常见微电源及其性质。随后,详细阐述了最大功率跟踪控制、主从控制、对等控制、协调控制、并离网控制、恒压源并网逆变器控制六种控制方法及其实施要点。旨在建设一套详尽完善、符合新能源电网发展情况的微电源并网控制体系,确保新能源电网安全、稳定运行,向用户提供优质用电服务,从而推动中国电力事业的健康发展。     

环境监测机构实验室内部质量控制措施分析

实验室内部质量控制是发现和消除分析过程存在随机误差的重要措施.本文分析通过制定并实施质量控制计划、空白试验、校准曲线的核查、精密度控制、准确度控制、质量控制图、比对试验、密码样分析等质控措施,把实验室分析误差控制在允许范围内,以得到正确可靠的监测数据.     

锅炉压力容器产品焊接试件的管理

锅炉压力容器作为承压设备．其产品质量关键在于焊接。无论锅炉压力容器制造厂的规模有多大．工艺有多少个过程．焊接过程是其必须控制的特殊过程．甚至是唯一的一个写入质量管理手册的特殊过程。焊接控制作为质量体系中一个庞大的质量分体系．又可细分为焊材控制、焊工控制、焊接设备控制、焊接过程控制、焊接设计（结构）控制、焊接检验控制等。     

直驱型风电系统Boost变换器控制策略分析

以目前直接驱动型风电系统中最典型的单相boost DC/DC电路拓扑为对象,对单周控制、滞环电流控制、滑模控制、重复控制、双环控制等几种比较有效的控制策略作了深入剖析.最后选双环控制作了仿真分析.给出了仿真波形.     

中小型水电厂调速器油压装置的自动控制

调速器油压装置是水电厂重要的辅助设备之一,中小型水电厂一般采用可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)对其进行数据采集和控制。从控制原理、主要功能、运行模式等方面介绍了当前较为典型和普遍的2种PLC控制方式:一种是节约成本、控制内容简单的机组现地控制单元(LCU)直接控制模式;另一种是控制内容复杂、可靠性高的辅机LCU控制模式。总结了这2种控制方式在实际应用中应注意的问题。     

主动式太阳热水系统自控方式

通过对现行主动式太阳热水系统水泵的控制方案进行分析比较,提出了一种新型控制方案。无论在何种天气条件下,这种控制方案都可使主动式太阳热水系统净收益达到最优值。时间控制模式、辐射量控制模式及温差控制模式相对于新型控制模式的最大收益偏差率分别为:-8.49%、-100%、-96.19%。     

Strategies for high-performance supercapacitors for HEV

Our paper highlights the role of supercapacitors in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the current response to the worldwide demand for a clean and low fuel-consuming transport. The main strategies for increasing the specific energy of supercapacitors, which are electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems of high-specific power, are discussed, with the focus on electrode material, electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interface properties. Particular emphasis is given to the use of ionic liquids (IL), which are attracting much attention as green and solvent-free electrolytes, and to the development of high-voltage, IL-based hybrid supercapacitor with high surface area carbon negative electrode and poly(3-methylthiophene) positive. Based on the results of laboratory cells featuring N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) ILs, the specific energies of hybrid supercapacitor modules are evaluated and compared to those expected for double-layer carbon supercapacitors displaying the same ILs.     

面向2050年的中国电力发展展望

电力转型是我国能源转型的重要环节。本文基于自主开发的适合我国中长期电力发展的源网荷储协调规划模型,将各类电源、骨干电网、需求侧资源与储能等统筹考虑,在计及相关发展目标与约束条件的情况下进行系统整体优化,求解了我国当前至2050年电力系统发展优化方案,可为研判我国电力系统发展路径、制定合理转型政策提供量化参考。     

Rules for paths construction for HENs debottlenecking

This paper is based on the heat exchanger network retrofit techniques, developed by Tjoe and Linnhoff and extended by Asante and Zhu. It considers, under the Network Pinch framework, two important cases — the Retrofit Initialisation and Topology Modification when the direct application of the classic Network Pinch concept and rules is not possible. With the help of a system of simple heuristics, these limitations are overcome which extends the application range of the Network Pinch framework.     

固定床反应器催化剂装填方案的优化

脱砷反应器压降升高会严重影响压缩机的安全运行,同时也制约了装置的加工量。分析认为,压降升高的主要原因是床层空隙率减小,而空隙率减小的主要原因是床层杂质增多,堵塞了颗粒间的空隙。阐述了级配剂和除垢篮在抑制压降升高方面的作用,提出级配剂加除垢篮的组合装填方案,有效解决了固定床反应器的压降问题,使撇头周期达到9个月,并对装填方案的进一步优化提出建议。     

Energy use for subsistence and prospects for development

This paper focuses on the present use of energy in the developing countries in order to estimate the energy required for subsistence-level activities and to see how much surplus is available for economically productive activities, taking into account both commercial and non-commercial (firewood, farmwaste) sources of energy. The energy required for subsistence is estimated to be in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 tce per capita. The consumption of most low income groups countries is below this level if only commercial energy is considered. Relations are derived to explain the uses of each of these energy forms in terms of economic and demographic variables from a sample of 82 countries. These relations are then employed to show that the dependence on non-commercial energy is likely to continue beyond 2000 AD and that, inspite of the annual rise of commercial energy consumption by 6%, the improvements in per capita consumption are small because of an increase in population and a decrease in per capita non-commercial energy.     

汽轮机低压叶片材料的选择

汽轮机低压叶片的材料选择对于保证整个汽轮发电机组的安全运行至关重要。从几个方面分析讨论了汽轮机低压叶片材料选择时需要注意的问题，并提出了解决办法。     

Strategy for selection of elements for heat transfer enhancement

The present paper points out that the selection of elements for heat transfer enhancement in heat exchangers requires a methodology to make a direct comparison of the performances of heat exchanger surfaces with different elements. Methods of comparison used in the past are, in many respects, approximate and hence fail to predict accurately the relative performance of conventional heat exchanger surfaces operated with different heat exchanger elements. Owing to the direct use of the Colburn factor for performance assessment, these methods over-predict the relative performance of heat exchangers. In the present paper, a more consistent comparison method is presented and is demonstrated to work by comparison of the performance of an experimentally investigated pin fin heat exchanger with that of a smooth pipe heat exchanger. The method yields results that belong to the volume goodness factors group. It represents a practical approach, as it is applicable to all kinds of heat exchanger surfaces and does not require the conversion of the experimental data in terms of Nusselt number and friction factor for comparison purposes. The present work demonstrates that the suggested method can also be used for performance comparison of existing heat exchanger surfaces with available heat transfer and pressure loss data.     

Probabilistic design factors for pipes used for hydrogen transport

Probabilistic design factors for pipes used for hydrogen transport are proposed for 3 locations: urban, peri-urban and rural areas.The used method involves a risk equation defined as the product of probability of leakage after failure, probability to have a gas flow greater than a prescribed value, probability of ignition, probability of lethal effects greater than a threshold value and probability of the presence of a person corrected by an environment factor and a risk reduction coefficient. The results obtained are less conservative than the deterministic values provided by ASME code.