西藏乳及发酵乳制品中乳酸菌与酵母菌分布

西藏当地牦牛乳及发酵乳制品中的微生物分布备受科研人员的关注,而且重点多集中在其中的乳酸菌和酵母菌。本文对西藏当地乳及乳制品中乳酸菌与酵母菌的分布做了详细的介绍,包括原料乳、曲拉和藏灵菇乳中的乳酸菌和酵母菌的研究现状,并对今后的发展趋势做了分析。      

传统发酵酸驼乳中乳酸菌的分离及鉴定

对新疆和蒙古国牧民家庭制作的传统发酵酸驼乳中的乳酸菌和酵母菌进行了计数和分离。4份酸驼乳中乳酸菌和酵母菌的数量分别为6.45×107～1.13×109mL-1和7.75×102～4.6×107mL-1。从4份酸驼乳中分离到13株乳酸菌和7株酵母菌。采用传统分类鉴定方法对乳酸菌进行鉴定,鉴定结果为L.helveticus4株(占总分离株的30.8%),L.caseisubsp.pseudoplantarum和L.dellbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricu各2株(15.4%),L.curvatus、Ped.acidilactici、Ped.urinaeequi和Enterococcusfaecalis各1株(7.7%)。此外,还有1株乳酸菌按目前的鉴定方法无法准确判断其归属。     

Evaluation of indigenous lactic acid bacteria of raw mare milk from pastoral areas in Xinjiang,China, for potential use in probiotic fermented dairy products

In the present study 114 lactic acid bacteria strains, isolated from raw mare milks from pastoral areas for ethnic minorities in northwest China, were screened for probiotic traits, and their characteristics were compared with those of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a commercial strain. Among the 114 strains identified, the most common species was Pediococcus pentosaceus (n = 52), followed by Leuconostoc lactis (n = 35), Lactobacillus helveticus (n = 7), Lactobacillus plantarum (n = 6), Lactobacillus kefiri (n = 5), Lactobacillus curvatus (n = 4), Lactobacillus paracasei (n = 3), and Lactococcus garvieae (n = 3). Based on acid and bile salt tolerance, 15 strains were further selected. All selected strains were subjected to a series of in vitro tests to assess their technological properties, including cell surface hydrophobicity (13.6–56.2%), autoaggregation ability (9.26–38.30%), coaggregation ability, and heat and lysozyme survival rates (84.74–94.01% and 80.52–99.37%, respectively). In vitro antagonism showed that Lb. plantarum (M5–19, M8–60, M8–59) exhibited the most strong inhibitory activity against 7 tested pathogens. Moreover, antibiotic resistance and hemolytic activity were investigated for safety assessment. No strain exhibited hemolytic activity, and most of the strains were sensitive to a series of 14 antibiotics of clinical importance. Ultimately, the principal component analysis of all data obtained above showed that 2 Lb. plantarum strains (M8–59, M8–60) and Lb. paracasei M1–36 exhibited the best potential for their inclusion as adjunct functional cultures in local fermented dairy products.     

Probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from fermented Malaysian food or milk products

This study investigated the probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from 14 Malaysian fermented food or milk products. In total, 22.3% (121 of 542) of the LAB isolated from the local fermented products exhibited antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus. Twelve LAB that demonstrated better antibacterial activity against M. luteus as compared to a commercial strain Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LABPC) were selected for further characterisation. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, the LAB were identified as pediococci (seven) and lactobacilli (five). All 12 LAB showed bile tolerance, but only eight were acid tolerant at pH ≥ 3.0. The highest level of adhesion to HT‐29 cells was observed among the Lactobacillus sp. LAB 1 and 10. The LAB also showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through the production of organic acids. LAB isolated from Malaysian fermented food and milk products, especially fermented tapioca, contains potential probiotic candidates.     

Safety assessment and antimicrobial properties of the lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from polish raw fermented meat products

Twenty-one strains of the genus Lactobacillus and the genus Pediococcus, isolated from Polish raw fermented meat products, were examined for the potential probiotic properties: resistance to simulated gastric and intestine conditions, safety assessment, and antimicrobial properties. Strains were resistant to gastric enzymes and low pH (3–6 log CFU/mL decrease) and intestinal enzymes and bile salts (1–3 log CFU/mL decrease). Most strains were resistant to gentamycin, streptomycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and kanamycin. Three of them (Lb. brevis BAL1, BAL10, and KL5) produced β-glucuronidase, which excludes them from qualifying as safe. Seven strains had the ability to produce bacteriocins or bacteriocin-like substances. Overall, strains Lb. brevis SCH6, Pd. pentosaceus BAL6, and KL14 revealed selected superior characteristics (resistance to the gastrointestinal conditions, safety assessment, and antimicrobial properties) as compared to the other LAB strains investigated, which made them a viable bioprotective culture that can be inoculated in raw fermented meat products as starter cultures.     

Isolation and identification of cultivable lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented milk of Tibet in China

One hundred and seventy‐one strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 44 traditional fermented milk samples from different region of Tibet. Among these samples, the concentrations of lactic acid bacteria varied from 10 ⁵ to 10 ⁹ colony forming unit/mL. The ratio of rod bacteria (71.3%) was higher than that of cocci (28.7%), and was considered to be the major population. Lactobacillus fermentum (31%) and Lactobacillus casei (28%) were the most predominant species among all these isolates. This study systematically analysed the microbial composition of traditional fermented milk in China, which may become a valuable source for further starter selection.     

Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from Lighvan cheese, a semihard cheese made from raw sheep milk in Iran

The lactic acid bacteria contributing to Lighvan cheese ripening during the different stages of production were investigated. Isolated strains from different culture media were identified phenotypically to species and subspecies level. In total, 413 strains were isolated from raw milk, 1-day-old cheese and fully ripened cheese. The most abundant species belonged to Enterococcus faecium (87 isolates), Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (68 isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (55 isolates) and Lactobacillus plantarum (48 isolates). E. faecium, Lc. lactis and Lb. plantarum were the predominantly isolated strains from ripened cheese. Therefore, they may contribute considerably to the aroma and flavour development of Lighvan cheese.     

发酵羊乳中乳酸菌低产粘菌株的筛选

对从商业乳酸菌发酵剂分离纯化的11株保加利亚乳杆菌和11株嗜热链球菌在发酵羊乳中的粘度进行了研究。结果表明,保加利亚乳杆菌L.b-124菌株和L.b-346菌株、嗜热链球菌S.t-222菌株和S.t-346菌株具有较低的产粘能力,凝乳时间也较短;将L.b-346菌株与S.t-346菌株按杆菌和球菌1:1比例混合后在43℃下发酵羊乳时,可获得较低的发酵粘度。     

发酵乳中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及优良菌株的筛选

从市售发酵乳中分离鉴定出保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌,对其进行凝乳情况的考察和产酸能力、后酸化能力、产香能力、产黏能力、分解蛋白质能力及保健功能的测试,各筛出一株优良菌株,拟定在后续试验中按一定比例作进一步的应用研究,以期制备高效复合菌株发酵剂。本试验可为实际生产中发酵乳优良菌株的筛选提供理论依据。     

Isolation of novel homopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacteria from Romanian raw milk and fermented dairy products

Traditionally fermented foods can be a rich source of diverse lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with interesting functional properties, such as exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. The objectives of this study were to map the mucoid and/or ropy LAB isolated from raw milk and traditionally fermented dairy products, collected in different regions of Romania, to study the species diversity within the samples and to further explore the EPS-producing capacity of the isolates. Seventy-three LAB strains were isolated and identified through (GTG)₅-PCR genomic fingerprinting and SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins. Lactococcus lactis was the most frequently encountered species, followed by Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc spp., and Enterococcus spp. Nine strains produced homopolysaccharides (HoPS, glucose monomers), namely L. lactis 1.8; Leuc. citreum 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 2.8, and 4.11; Leuc. mesenteroides 21.2; Leuc. pseudomesenteroides 20.6; and Weisella confusa/cibaria 38.2, six of them in the concentrations above 10 g/L, both in milk and MRS medium supplemented with sucrose. In all EPS, the glucose constituents were connected by different α-linkages, among which α-1,6-linkages were the most prevalent.     

Isolation,characterisation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from bushera: a Ugandan traditional fermented beverage

One hundred and thirteen strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected from 351 isolates from 15 samples of traditionally fermented household bushera from Uganda and also from laboratory-prepared bushera. Isolates were phenotypically characterised by their ability to ferment 49 carbohydrates using API 50 CHL kits and additional biochemical tests. Coliforms, yeasts and LAB were enumerated in bushera. The pH, volatile organic compounds and organic acids were also determined.

The LAB counts in household bushera varied between 7.1 and 9.4 log cfu ml⁻¹. The coliform counts varied between <1 and 5.2 log cfu ml⁻¹. The pH of bushera ranged from 3.7 to 4.5. Ethanol (max, 0.27%) was the major volatile organic compound while lactic acid (max, 0.52%) was identified as the dominant organic acid in household bushera.

The initial numbers of LAB and coliforms in laboratory-fermented bushera were similar; however, the LAB numbers increased faster during the first 24 h. LAB counts increased from 5.5 to 9.0 log cfu ml⁻¹ during the laboratory fermentation. Coliform counts increased from 5.9 to 7.8 log cfu ml⁻¹ at 24 h, but after 48 h, counts were less 4 log cfu ml⁻¹. Yeasts increased from 4.3 to 7.7 log cfu ml⁻¹ at 48 h, but thereafter decreased slightly. The pH declined from 7.0 to around 4.0. Lactic acid and ethanol increased from zero to 0.75% and 0.20%, respectively.

Lactic acid bacteria isolated from household bushera belonged to Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus genera. Tentatively, Lactobacillus isolates were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. fermentum, L. brevis and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii. Streptococcus thermophilus strains were also identified in household bushera. LAB isolated from bushera produced in the laboratory belonged to five genera (Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Weissella and Enterococcus. Eight isolates were able to produce acid from starch and were identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (four strains), Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (one strain), Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum (one strain), Weissella confusa (one strain) and L. plantarum (one strain).     

传统发酵酸牛奶中乳酸菌多态性分析

以从内蒙古呼伦贝尔市牧区采集的1份传统发酵酸牛奶样品为研究对象,对其进行乳酸菌的分离鉴定。通过传统纯培养法分离出17株菌,并对17株菌进行16SrDNA序列分析、多位点pheS序列分析和生理生化鉴定,鉴定的结果为11株乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种、1株格式乳球菌、1株粪肠球菌、2株植物乳杆菌植物亚种及2株弯曲乳杆菌。乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种为优势菌(占总分离菌株的64.7%)。     

芬兰传统发酵乳制品viili中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌性的研究

本文对芬兰传统发酵乳制品viili中的乳酸菌进行了分离鉴定,从中分离出1株乳酸菌并通过形态特征观察、糖发酵实验、API 50 CHL试纸条及16S rRNA序列测定对所分离的菌种进行鉴定,采用牛津杯的方法对分离的菌种及其胞外多糖的抑菌性进行了研究,结果表明所分离得到的乳酸菌为副干酪乳杆菌,且该菌种的发酵液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有明显的抑菌效果,对大肠杆菌的抑菌直径达到29.02mm,为进一步开发viili的保健功能奠定了基础。      

乳酸菌与酵母菌对牦牛酸乳品质形成的影响

为明确乳酸菌和酵母菌在牦牛酸乳品质形成中发挥的作用,以牦牛乳粉为原料、牦牛酸乳为发酵剂发酵酸乳,在发酵过程中分别抑制乳酸菌和酵母菌的活性,测定并比较正常发酵、抑制乳酸菌发酵、抑制酵母菌发酵酸乳的风味、口感、质构等相关指标。结果表明,乳酸菌和酵母菌对牦牛酸乳品质形成均起到关键作用,乳酸菌对酸乳酸度、质构、氨基酸态氮、有机酸、V_(B1)及酮类和酸类风味物质的贡献较大,酵母菌对乙醇、V_(B2)及醇类和酯类风味物质的贡献较大。     

甘肃甘孜地区牧民家庭制作发酵乳中乳酸菌的分离及筛选

从甘肃甘孜地区传统发酵乳中采用稀释涂布、划线分离的方法分离得到55株乳酸菌,通过一级筛选:传代试验、凝乳时间、酸奶酸度、质构、保水率及凝乳时风味的感官评价,筛选出8株风味独特、凝乳时间短、遗传性状稳定的乳酸菌。通过二级筛选:后酸化能力、产乙醛能力、产双乙酰能力、冷藏过程中活菌数、耐酸、耐胆盐能力和抑菌能力,最后筛选出优良乳酸菌杆菌两株、球菌两株可作为发酵剂用于酸乳的生产。     

Assessment of the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Minas artisanal cheese produced in the Campo das Vertentes region,Brazil

The microbiota of the Brazilian Minas artisanal cheese, made from raw milk, is not well known and may include probiotic bacteria. This study aimed to assess the in vitro and in vivo probiotic properties of the lactic acid bacteria isolated from these cheeses. Thirty‐six samples of the Lactobacillus/Pediococcus group were selected for in vitro investigation. Pediococcus acidilactici (PA2) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP4) showed the best results and were tested for their ability to protect Salmonella Typhimurium orally infected mice. LP4 showed better probiotic potential than PA2 and allowed higher values of weight gain (P < 0.05). Thus, Lb. plantarumLP4 may have potential use as a probiotic in foods after future technological screening.     

Screening of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria for potential probiotic use in Iberian dry fermented sausages

The purpose of this study was to select lactic acid bacteria and bifibobacteria strains as potential probiotic cultures during the processing of Iberian dry fermented sausages. A total of 1000 strains were isolated from Iberian dry fermented sausages (363), and human (337) and pig faeces (300) in different culture media. Around 30% of these strains, mainly isolated from Iberian dry fermented sausages in LAMVAB agar, were pre-selected for testing as potential probiotics by their ability to grow adequately at the pH values and NaCl concentrations of these meat products during the ripening process. Of the in vitro investigations used to predict the survival of a strain in conditions present in the gastro intestinal tract, exposure to pH 2.5 showed itself to be a highly discriminating factor with only 51 out of 312 pre-selected strains resisting adequately after 1.5h of exposure. All acid-resistant isolates identified as lactobacilli originated from human faeces (Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus fermentum) and pig faeces (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus murinus, and Lactobacillus vaginalis). Pediococcus acidilactici strains were isolated from Iberian dry fermented sausages and pig faeces, whereas the greatest number of Enterococcus strains were identified as Enterococcus faecium, with this species being isolated from Iberian dry fermented sausages, and human and pig faeces. Most of these strains are promising probiotic meat culture candidates suitable for Iberian dry fermented sausages.     

乳酸菌对发酵乳制品风味形成的影响

乳酸菌对发酵乳制品风味有决定性影响,发酵乳制品的风味物质主要是乳酸菌利用脂肪、碳水化合物和蛋白质等物质产生的。文章对乳酸菌代谢脂肪、糖、柠檬酸和氨基酸产生芳香物质的机理进行了综述。     

乳酸菌及其发酵乳制品的发展趋势

综述了乳酸菌的生物学特性、功能及用于乳制品发酵生产的乳酸菌种类。概述了发酵乳制品的种类、生产流程、特点、功能及其发展趋势，以及乳酸菌发酵乳制品保健功能、风味物质及其生产技术的发展趋势。     

乳源乳酸菌在发酵乳制品中的应用

为了满足市场需求,全球乳品加工企业都在努力提高产品的多样化程度,并且希望从原料乳或以生鲜乳发酵的乳制品中找到一些潜在的发酵剂来开发新产品.针对这一情况,对乳酸菌在不同发酵乳制品中的主要作用进行了分类综述,并介绍了乳源乳酸菌在发酵乳制品的应用研究现状.