气固下行床催化裂化(裂解)反应的应用研究

讨论了气固下行床应用于催化裂化领域的一些实验研究情况，包括下行床催化裂化反应器研究、国内外的热点实验状况及结果和广泛的应用前景，对其进一步的发展提出了一些建议。     

碟片旋转床气液传质特性实验研究

通过实验研究了旋转填料床在采用同心环波纹碟片填料时的气液传质特性,并考察了板间距对传质系数的影响。实验结果表明,碟片填料的体积传质系数在相同操作条件下比文献报道的金属丝网多孔介质填料高０．９～１．５倍以上。     

下行床气固两相流动计算流体力学模拟

基于颗粒相动力学理论 ,对层流机制表达的气固两相流体力学模型采用Reynolds平均的方法获得气固两相流的湍流模型描述 .其中 ,气相湍流行为以k -ε模型描述 ;颗粒相的碰撞行为以颗粒流的动力学模型表达 ;而湍流行为以kp 模型描述 .因此建立的k -ε -Θ -kp 模型综合考虑了气相和颗粒相的湍流运动以及颗粒的碰撞行为 .依据此模型建立了三维流体力学求解程序并对下行床气固两相流动行为进行了模型预测 .讨论了恢复系数的选取及壁效应假设 ,从机理上分析并考察了 3种模型的预测能力 .针对内径 1 40mm、高 7m的下行床冷态设备 ,在较宽的操作范围内 ,对比了详细的颗粒浓度和速度径向分布以及轴向参数分布 ,并对下行床的放大行为进行了预测 .     

碟片填料旋转床气阻与气液传质实验研究

实验测量了超重力旋转床气液传质反应器在采用同心环波纹碟片填料的时的气相压降和气液传质特性,对不同转速,气流量,液流量条件下的气相阻力与气液传质性能进行了实验研究和分析,结果表明干床的气相压降是相同状态下采用金属丝网填料的气相压降的６０％左右。     

气固下行床超短接触反应器催化技术及其发展

介绍了超短接触反应器的工业应用及其发展现状,指出气固下行床超短接触反应是一项新的催化工艺,它将过去气固上行逆重力场运动改变成气固下行顺重力场运动,从而减少了返混、缩短停留时间,能大幅度提高轻油收率。该反应系统也比较容易实现提升管催化裂化、催化裂解装置的改造,有利于降低装置建、改造成本。     

下行床弧面锥体气固分离装置的分离效率实验

以FCC颗粒为物料，实验研究了在气固并流下行循环流化床(f=37 mm, H=5 m)中，气固两相分离装置的结构、颗粒循环量、表观操作气速对分离器气固分离效率的影响. 结果表明，在气固并流下行系统中，采用弧面锥体气固分离装置，内加导流板，在气速为1~5 m/s，颗粒循环速率20~90 kg/(m2.s)条件下，可使气固分离效率达到99%以上，压力损失小于500 Pa.     

错流旋转填料床传质特性影响因素的实验研究

采用CO2-NaOH体系,在中试规模的实验装置上进行传质实验,考察了气速、液体喷淋密度、超重力因子、气液接触时间对错流旋转填料床的总体积传质系数KLa及有效传质比表面积ae的影响. 结果表明,KLa和ae均随气速、液体喷淋密度和超重力因子增加而增大,KLa随气液接触时间增加先缓慢增大后急剧下降,ae则随气液接触时间增加而缓慢下降. 最佳操作条件为：气速1.69 m/s,液体喷淋密度32 m3/(m2×h),超重力因子104,气液接触时间0.1 s. 错流旋转填料床在处理大气量气体时传质效果增强,是同类文献错报道的1.52~2.32倍. 对各操作参数下所得实验数据进行回归,得关联式KLa=1.8221(atDL/dp)ReL0.6371GrL0.0548ScL0.0623和ae/at=2980.9ReL0.2349FrL-0.045WeL0.5023f-0.5.     

滴流床中的气液传质

本文提出了同时估算滴流床内气液传质系数和持液量的阶跃响应S域分析法,着重讨论了液体表面张力对床内气液传质系数的影响,并给出了计算床内气液传质系数和持液量的关联式。     

液固磁稳定床中的传热与传质特性研究

以电化学方法测定了SRNA-4催化剂为固相的液固磁稳定床中的液固传质系数,采用浸没的微型传热探头测量了液固传热系数。实验结果表明：随磁场强度、液体黏度的增大,液固传质系数及传热系数减小;增加表观液速,传质系数、传热系数均增大。进而建立了由物性参数及操作参数估算液固传质Sherwood数及液固传热Nusselt数的关联式,实验值与预测值吻合良好,可为磁稳定床反应器的放大设计和操作优化提供一定的依据。     

下行床弧面气固快速分离器内颗粒运动

采用二维相位多普勒颗粒分析仪(PDPA)对下行床弧面气固快速分离器内颗粒相的流动进行了定量测量，得到了分离器内颗粒运动向量图、体积通量分布和粒径分布. 颗粒通过气固惯性的差别、弧面、挡板的碰撞导向和浓缩作用实现气固分离. 弧面附近颗粒体积通量有较宽的分布，但主要集中在靠近弧面处，对分离有利. 在横向气相曳力和湍流扩散的作用下，在弧面附近小颗粒向外围扩散，粒度分布逐渐形成双峰特征. 减小喷嘴宽度，可以减弱颗粒向外围扩散的程度，提高分离效率.     

循环流化床气固传质实验研究

This study is devoted to gas-solid mass transfer behavior in heterogeneous two-phase flow. Experiments were carried out in a cold circulating fluidized bed of 3.0m in height and 72mm in diameter with naphthalene particles. Axial and radial distributions of sublimated naphthalene concentration in air were measured with an online concentration monitoring system HP GC-MS. Mass transfer coefficients were obtained under various operating condition, showing that heterogeneous flow structure strongly influences the axial and radial profiles of mass transfer coefficients. In the bottom dense region, mass transfer rate is high due to intensive dynamic behavior and higher relative slip velocity between gas and clusters. In the middle transition region and the upper diluter region, as a result of low mass transfer driving force and the influence of flow structure, mass transfer rate distribution becomes non-uniform. In conclusion, among the operating parameters influencing mass transfer coefficients, the superficial gas velocity is the most important factor and the solid circulation rate should be also taken into account.     

催化剂汽提器内气固传质特性的研究

采用氧气示踪的方法在f 486×8000mm的有机玻璃床内对普通流化床汽提器和盘环形挡板汽提器进行了系统的气固相传质冷态模拟实验,得出了不同汽提线速和催化剂质量流率下上述两种催化剂汽提器内油气浓度轴向分布的变化规律。根据其油气浓度轴向分布的特点,结合鼓泡流化床两相理论以及一系列的假设,提出了针对这两种汽提器的一维传质模型。由实验结果待定了一维传质模型的模型参数,获得了计算两种汽提器轴向油气浓度分布的半经验的指数关联式。该关联式和实验数据比较吻合,相对误差均在10%以内。由该关联式可进一步计算出汽提器的汽提效率,可以为工业汽提器工艺参数的优化以及工程设计提供参考。     

Mass transfer and reaction performance of the downer and its hydrodynamic explanation

Catalytic decomposition of ozone was carried out in a 15‐m high, 90‐mm inner diameter downer reactor. Radial distributions of ozone concentration at different axial elevations under different operating conditions were measured. The results were explained from the flow structure experimental data and corresponding signal analysis in time domain and frequency domain. The aggregation status of solid particles, relative movement between the gas and solids, and the dynamic behaviour of clusters were considered to have a joint influence on the mass transfer and reaction process in the downer.     

超声波气升式内环流反应器传质性能的实验研究

研究了超声波对气升式内循环反应器传质性能的促进作用,重点考察比较了牛顿型流体和非牛顿型流体 有、无超声波时气升式反应器的传质性能及气速、液体粘度、超声功率对总体积传质系数KLa的影响。实验证明， 无论是牛顿型流体还是非牛顿型流体，气速越小，超声功率对总体积传质系数KLa的相对影响越大；随着气速的 增大，这种影响逐渐减小，当气速增大到0.0615m·s-1时，超声波对总体积传质系数KLa的相对影响已较微弱。气 速增加，牛顿型流体和非牛顿型流体的KLa均增加，但牛顿型流体增加的幅度比非牛顿型流体要大。粘度增加，KLa 减小。气速、粘度、超声功率对KLa的影响分别是气速大于粘度大于超声功率。提出了相应的KLa经验关联式，并作了 讨论。     

Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Ultrasonic Loop Airlift Reactor

The promoting effect of ultrasonic wave on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the loop airlift reactor was studied. The gas holdup, liquid circulation velocity, mixing time and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient were examined and compared, with and without ultrasonic wave in the reactor. The experimental results show that ultrasound has almost no notable effect on the gas holdup, but has a tendency to decrease gradually the liquid circulation velocity and increase the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient; and the effect on the mixing time is relatively complex. At low superficial gas velocity, the low powered ultrasound promotes the radial mixing of fluid; with the ultrasonic power increasing, ultrasonic vibration obstructs the axial mixing of fluid. Moreover, the effect of ultrasonic wave on the mixing time gradually decreases with the increase in the superficial gas velocity. Therefore there exists an optimal ultrasonic power for hydrodynamics and mass transfer. Correlations were also proposed for the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the reactor.     

高密度下行床内颗粒浓度径向分布的研究

在自行设计的一套下行循环流化床内进行了低气速、高浓度下行床内颗粒浓度的分布研究。实验分别采用了硅胶和FCC颗粒,在床层截面平均浓度最高到12％范围内进行了下行床不同截面上颗粒浓度径向分布的研究,并进一步分析了床层颗粒浓度对稀相中心区、环形浓相区浓度径向分布的影响。研究表明,在同一截面,随着床层颗粒平均浓度的增加,浓度分布趋于均匀;在截面平均浓度相近,浓度的径向分布沿轴向从上到下逐渐趋于均匀。颗粒的相对浓度的最大值随截面平均浓度的增加而减小,其在径向的位置基本不变。实验还发现,床层截面平均浓度的增加,浓相区内颗粒浓度的分布更均匀,而对稀相区内颗粒浓度分布没有明显的影响。     

静态混合器传质性能研究

用亚硫酸钠 -空气氧化法研究SV型静态混合器气 -液传质特性 ,通过反应器模型假设和物料衡算 ,建立了描述静态混合器传质过程的模型 ,并通过实验验证了模型的正确性。测定了SV型静态混合器的传质系数K和有效比表面积a的值 ,研究了气、液流速与K、a的关系 ,得到了湍流条件下K、a与流体力学条件的关联方程。     

臭氧吸收及反应过程的传质系数与增强因子

从双膜理论、溶质渗透理论、膜－渗透理论和表面更新理论出发，研究分析了臭氧气体在液相中的物理吸收过程传质系数，臭氧与液相中的污染物化学反应过程的吸收系数。基于双膜模型理论，推导出在不同pH值区间内伴随着臭氧与污染物化学反应过程的增强因子表达式。     

Effect of Membrane Structural Characteristics on Mass Transfer in a Membrane Absorption Process

Carbon dioxide is absorbed by de-ionized water or NaOH aqueous solution in the unsteady-state membrane absorption process. A theoretical model has been developed to describe the mass transfer behavior in the liquid phase, in which the effects of membrane structural characteristics are investigated. The concentration profiles in the liquid phase are calculated as a function of time. When the membrane porosity is relatively high or the pore size is relatively small, the solute concentration profile near the membrane surface can get homogeneous instantly due to the short distance between adjacent pores. In this case, the existence of the porous membrane has less effect on the mass transfer process. However, when the membrane porosity is relatively low or the pore size is relatively large, the distance between the adjacent pores is large, so the concentration profile near the membrane surface is hard to get homogeneous during the absorption process. Therefore, the concentration profile can be influenced significantly by the membrane structural characteristics, which means that the membrane structure has a significant effect on the mass transfer in liquid phase. Moreover, the chemical reaction in the liquid phase makes it difficult for the concentration profile near the membrane surface to get homogeneous. The disturbance in the liquid phase caused by the gas flow and pressure fluctuation is also taken into account in the model, and the model results agree well with the experimental data.