焊枪行走角变化对等离子弧穿孔立焊焊缝成形的影响规律

以5 mm厚的5A06铝镁合金板材为主要研究对象,焊缝的正面熔宽和背面熔宽为成形特征参数,通过正交试验确定焊枪行走角变化对焊缝成形影响的显著性,从能量传递的角度研究了焊枪行走角的变化对等离子弧穿孔立焊焊缝成形产生影响的机理.结果表明,焊枪行走角对焊缝成形的影响在焊接电流和离子气体流量之间;焊枪与试板垂直时正面熔宽最大,而随着行走角的减小,焊缝背面熔宽逐渐增大.焊枪行走角的改变使熔池正面的能量密度以及背面最高温度截面和最大熔宽截面的相对位置发生变化,对焊缝背面熔宽的影响可归结于厚度方向不同截面热源位置的偏离与工件厚度导致的传热滞后之间相互作用的结果.     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊焊缝成形规律分析

以穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中形成的穿孔熔池为研究对象,根据熔池热源形态的特点,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段研究横焊位置下的铝合金变极性等离子弧焊缝成形.由于焊接速度波动和工件厚度的影响,体热源作用下的穿孔熔池背面存在最高温度点和最大熔宽截面相背离的现象;因此通过对穿孔熔池背面进行分区和定义,提出温宽偏离度概念,即熔池背面最高温度点和最大熔宽截面的偏离程度,用以描述穿孔熔池状态及焊缝成形;通过调节焊枪角度来改变焊接过程中的温宽偏离度,在其它参数不变的情况下减轻重力在焊接过程中对焊缝成形的影响,实现变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接在横焊位置上的良好成形.     

管道全位置焊接熔池监测试验研究

在管道全位置自动焊接过程中,焊接熔池形态监测对焊接质量控制有重要意义。设计一套熔池监测试验装置,方便采集清晰的熔池图像。运用图像处理技术检测熔池边缘。用熔池长度、熔池宽度以及熔池头部轮廓二项式系数等特征参数重新定义熔池形态。应用正交试验法和极差分析法,研究在仰焊区段焊接电流、电弧电压以及焊枪摆速等因素组合变化时对熔池形态的影响程度。结果表明:采用优化的焊接工艺参数组合,可以获得良好的焊缝成形质量。     

镁合金低脉冲激光-气体混合焊的熔池形貌演变和多级调控

利用基于COMSOL Multiphysics的脉冲激光-气体钨极电弧（GTA）混合焊接新型双热源模型,分析了焊缝沿线选定点的温度分布,研究了激光脉冲参数和电弧电流对熔池形貌的影响。工艺参数对熔池深度的影响由大到小为：激光激励电流>电弧电流>激光脉冲宽度>激光脉冲频率;工艺参数对熔池宽度的影响由大到小为：电弧电流>激光脉冲宽度或激光激励电流>激光脉冲频率。在此基础上,构建了激光诱导电弧焊接镁合金熔池形貌数据库体系,通过复合热源参数的分级调控,以实现对熔池形貌的精准控制。利用T形焊接熔池来验证熔池形貌的调控效果,结果表明控形的准确度高至95.1%。     

电弧热流分布模式对GMAW焊接温度场的影响

提出了ＧＭＡＷ熔池表面产生较大变形时的电弧热流分布模式,以此为基础并考虑熔滴过渡过程及焊缝余高,建立了焊接温度场的数值分析模型,通过数值模拟,定量分析了焊接工艺参数－ＧＭＡＷ熔池表面变形－电弧热流分布－熔池形态及其温度是之间的相互影响。焊接工艺试验结果,与高斯热源模型相比,采用本文给出的ＧＭＡＷ电弧热液分布模型的计算结果更符合实际。     

Effect of welding current and speed on occurrence of humping bead in high-speed GMAW

The developed mathematical model of humping formation mechanism in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used to analyze the effects of welding current and welding speed on the occurrence of humping bead. It considers both the momentum and heat content of backward flowing molten jet inside weld pool. Three-dimensional geometry of weld pool, the spacing between two adjacent humps and hump height along humping weld bead are calculated under different levels of welding current and welding speed. It shows that wire feeding rate, power intensity and the moment of backward flowing molten jet are the major factors on humping bead formation.     

熔池表面变形对电弧行为特征的影响

在电弧与熔池统一模型的基础上研究熔池上表面变形对电弧行为特征的影响。用本模型计算出的平坦熔池表面电流密度和热流密度的分布与试验结果显示了很好的一致性。而变形熔池表面的电流密度和热流密度分布则不再符合近似的高斯分布。这就为下一步研究电弧和熔池的工作提供了基础。     

铝合金TIG电弧横焊接头缺陷及控制

重型运载火箭燃料贮箱要求对铝合金进行立式装配焊接,TIG电弧横焊是能够较好满足制造要求的方法之一.对铝合金TIG电弧横焊接头的成形特点和焊接缺陷进行分析,利用平板堆焊试验研究焊接电流、焊接速度和焊枪角度对焊缝正面偏移量的影响,最后研究焊接电流频率对气孔缺陷的影响规律.结果表明,采用较小的焊接电流、较快的焊接速度有助于降低焊缝正面的不对称性,利用电弧分力可以抑制熔池下淌,焊接频率为100 Hz时气孔缺陷最少.结合上述试验结果提出了铝合金横焊缺陷的控制措施并进行了试验验证.     

脉冲双丝MAG焊接电流相位关系对成形的影响

应用具有自由表面的流体稳定性理论,分析了焊接熔池失稳的产生机理,并对双丝共熔池MAG焊接脉冲电流不同相位关系对焊缝成形的影响进行了试验观察与分析.结果表明,双丝脉冲电流为同步相位时,电弧周期性的熄灭可以减少对熔池的加热量,防止熔池过长而失稳.双丝脉冲电流为交替相位关系时,主机与从机电弧交替出现,使熔池始终处于电弧的加热之下,热输入量大,熔化态金属的长度较长,产生驼峰焊道的可能性加大.双丝脉冲电流为随机相位时,主机、从机焊丝电弧时而同步燃烧或同步熄灭,时而交替燃烧与熄灭;同步熄灭时,熔池可及时冷却,交替燃烧与熄灭时,熔池始终处于电弧的加热之下,熔池难以及时冷却,因此焊缝表面不均匀.     

A study on V-groove GMAW for various welding positions

This study performed three-dimensional transient numerical simulations using the volume of fluid method in a gas metal arc V-groove welding process with and without root gap for flat, overhead, and vertical welding positions. The elliptically symmetric arc models for arc heat flux, electromagnetic force and arc pressure were used to describe the more accurate molten pool behaviors. The numerical models not only formed a stable weld bead but also simulated the dynamic molten pool behaviors such as overflow which was not described before. This study analyzed these molten pool flow patterns for various welding positions and validated the numerical models used by comparing the simulation results with experimental ones.     

Modeling of the Weld Shape Development During the Autogenous Welding Process by Coupling Welding Arc with Weld Pool

A numerical model of the welding arc is coupled to a model for the heat transfer and fluid flow in the weld pool of a SUS304 stainless steel during a moving GTA welding process. The described model avoids the use of the assumption of the empirical Gaussian boundary conditions, and at the same time, provides reliable boundary conditions to analyze the weld pool. Based on the two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical modeling of the argon arc, the heat flux to workpiece, the input current density, and the plasma drag stress are obtained. The arc temperature contours, the distributions of heat flux, and current density at the anode are in fair agreement with the reported experimental results. Numerical simulation and experimental studies to the weld pool development are carried out for a moving GTA welding on SUS304 stainless steel with different oxygen content from 30 to 220 ppm. The calculated result show that the oxygen can change the Marangoni convection from outward to inward direction on the liquid pool surface and make the wide shallow weld shape become narrow deep one. The calculated result for the weld shape and weld D/W ratio agrees well with the experimental one.     

碱性渣系气体保护药芯焊丝立向上焊接工艺

采用平板对接立向上焊接、焊接电弧物理观察等试验方法，观察了碱性渣系气体保护药芯焊丝熔滴过渡和电弧特性，研究了立向上焊焊缝成形机理及影响因素。结果表明，碱性焊丝立向上焊时，粗熔滴非轴向过渡和集中、活动型电弧特性使熔滴过渡的定向性很差，熔滴飞溅增大；碱性熔渣的流动性大，凝固速度慢，对熔池的扶托作用差，熔池的形状较难控制，焊缝成形相对困难。采用合理的、最佳匹配的焊接参数和有效的操作技术和运丝方式是获得满意立向上焊缝的必要条件。     

直流叠加脉冲型TIG焊电弧─熔池特性分析

针对乏燃料后处理溶解器腐蚀裂纹等缺陷的快速、一次性、可靠焊接修复工程技术需求,提出一种直流叠加脉冲型TIG深熔焊接方法,在10和16 mm厚304不锈钢板上进行了系列平板堆焊工艺试验.以电弧-熔池特性变化为研究对象,对比分析脉冲电流作用和直流叠加脉冲型电流作用的电弧行为、熔池流动行为及温度场的变化规律,探讨了直流叠加至...     

TA31钛合金电弧增材制造过程液桥过渡数值分析

建立了电弧熔丝增材制备TA31钛合金过程传热传质的三维瞬态计算流体力学模型,采用流体体积法对自由表面进行追踪,计算了熔滴生长、液桥过渡和脱离焊丝进入熔池的动态演化,以及在表面张力、电弧压力、电弧剪切力、电磁力、重力和热浮力的作用下熔池流体流动的速度分布,并通过与高速成像以及沉积层横截面的比较,验证了该数值模型的有效性。结果表明：液桥过渡模式对熔池冲击较小,有利于减少成形表面的不规则性。随着熔池几何形状的扩大,沉积层高度先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定。在电弧压力和表面张力的作用下,熔池表面形成凹陷,熔池内部产生对流。惯性力和表面张力是影响液桥流动的最重要驱动力,粘性力和重力的影响可以忽略不计。     

Analytical studies on thermal behaviour and geometry of weld pool in pulsed current gas metal arc welding

In view of the criticality of pulsed current gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) due to simultaneous influence of the pulse parameters on thermal and metal transfer behaviour of the process an analytical model has been developed for predicting the temperature and geometry of the weld pool by appropriately considering two types of heat sources of different nature. The model considers the impact of heat in droplets of filler metal depositing in the weld pool in addition to initial arc heating. The model assumes the primary heat transfer to weld pool is the initial arc heating considered as continuous heat source (arc heat source) of double ellipsoidal nature followed by deposition of superheated filler metal considered as point heat source of interrupted nature superimposed on the first one. The dissimilar nature of the two heat sources is treated by different analytical techniques to estimate their temperature distribution in weld pool and HAZ at its vicinity. The geometry of the weld pool has been estimated by evaluation of the weld isotherms causing melting of the base metal under the influence of two heat sources acting on the weld pool. The impact of impinging droplets on weld pool has been considered to determine the depth at which the droplets transfer their heat in it. The predicted temperature and geometry of the weld pool as well as the temperature of HAZ are found well in agreement to the experimental values with a deviation of the order of ±10% in case of the weld deposition of Al–Mg alloy and commercial aluminium especially at high mean current of the order of 180 A and beyond the transition current of the filler wire. However, prediction of weld pool temperature and weld geometry is relatively different at comparatively lower mean current of 150 A below the transient current of the filler wires is not up to the mark.     

Study on heat source model in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool

The heat input from arcs to weld pool in twin-arc gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with a common weld pool is investigated by high-speed photography. The characteristics of arc shapes and droplet transfer are studied and then the models for heat flux distribution on top surface of weld pool and enthalpy distribution of metal droplets transferred into weld pool are established. By using the model, 3-D geometries of weld pools in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool are predicted. Corresponding welding experiments on mild steel plates are carried out and the results indicate that the predicted shape of weld bead on cross section shows good agreement with measured one.     

熔透情况下三维TIG焊接熔池流场与热场的数值分析

建立了熔透情况下三维运动TIG焊接熔池中流体动力学状态及传热过程的数值分析模型。该模型考虑了试件全熔透情况下液态金属熔池表面的变形。采用贴体曲线坐标系处理熔池曲面,利用SIMPLER方法对不锈钢焊接试件熔池中的流场与热场进行了数值分析,并进行了焊接工艺试验对模型加以验证。结果表明,根据该模型得出的计算结果与实验值吻合情况良好。     

Investigation into arc constriction by active fluxes for tungsten inert gas welding

Abstract

Mechanisms by which active fluxes increase the penetration of conventional tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds (so called A-TIG welds) are reviewed. The most dominant mechanism for increased penetration is considered to be arc constriction rather than a change in the surface tension of the molten pool. An experimental programme of work was carried out using A-TIG flux in combination with a number of welding processes. The plasma process was investigated as it gives greater penetration than conventional TIG welding by increasing current density. The CO₂ laser and electron beam processes which do not rely on a current carrying arc as the heat source for welding were also investigated. Macrosections taken from the welds made by these processes showed that the A-TIG flux was only effective when the weld pool was produced by an arc or plasma. Where there was no arc or plasma present, the flux had little effect.     

铝/钢电弧辅助激光对接熔钎焊铺展特性

采用小功率TIG电弧辅助激光热源进行5A06铝合金和热镀锌ST04Z钢的预置粉末对接熔钎焊工艺试验,通过SEM,Photoshop来研究预留间隙、背面填涂钎剂、激光热输入、辅助电弧电流、热源中心间距、填加焊丝对熔钎焊接头铺展宽度的影响. 结果表明,预留小于0.5 mm的间隙与背面填涂钎剂均可增大铺展宽度;在未焊穿的前提下,随激光热输入和辅助电弧电流的增加,铺展宽度增大;随热源中心间距的增大,铺展宽度先增加后减小. 焊接熔池中填加Al-Si焊丝较未填加焊丝的铺展性更好,获得连续、美观的焊缝表面形貌.     

Three-dimensional turbulent weld pool convection in gas metal arc welding process

Abstract

A three-dimensional model has been developed to study turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer in a gas metal arc weld pool. The phase change process during melting and solidification is modelled using the enthalpy–porosity technique. Mass and energy transports by droplet transfer are considered through a thermal analysis of the electrode. The droplet heat addition into the molten pool is considered to be in the form of a volumetric heat source distributed in an imaginary cylindrical cavity within the weld pool ('cavity' model). A two-equation k-ε model capable of addressing turbulent weld pool convection, taking into account the morphology of the phase change, is presented. The weld pool dynamics and geometry (shape and size) in a moving gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process are studied and the effects of enhanced diffusivities on the turbulent weld pool are discussed. The predicted weld pool geometry using laminar and turbulent models is also compared with corresponding experimental post-weld sections.