GRIM-19及其靶基因产物STAT3在胃癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的:探讨维甲酸-干扰素诱导死亡相关基因-19(GRIM-19)及其靶基因产物STAT3在胃癌组织中的表达及其临床意义,阐明其在胃癌发生和发展过程中的作用.方法:应用 RT- PCR、免疫组织化学染色法和Western blotting法检测48例胃癌组织、癌旁组织及正常胃组织中GRIM-19和STAT3的mRNA及蛋白表达水平,并分析其蛋白的表达情况与临床病理特征的关系.结果:GRIM-19 mRNA及蛋白表达水平在胃癌及癌旁组织较正常胃组织表达减弱( P<0.01),且GRIM-19蛋白表达水平与胃癌分化程度和临床分期有关联(P<0.01);STAT3 mRNA及蛋白表达水平在胃癌及癌旁组织较正常胃组织表达增强( P<0.01),且STAT3蛋白表达水平与胃癌分化程度、淋巴结转移及临床分期有关联(P<0.01);GRIM-19与STAT3在胃癌组织中表达水平呈负相关关系(r=-0.396,P<0.01).结论:在胃癌组织中有STAT3持续高表达和GRIM-19低表达共存现象,可能与正常细胞发生恶性转化和异常增殖有关,促进了胃癌的发生和发展.     

IHC与FISH检测乳腺癌HER2状态一致性的对比研究及其临床意义

目的:对比研究免疫组织化学方法(IHC)检测乳腺癌HER2蛋白表达和荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测HER2基因状态的一致性,并评价其临床意义.方法:采用IHC法及FISH法分别检测77例乳腺癌患者术后石蜡包埋标本的HER2蛋白表达和HER2基因状态,并进行对比分析.结果:77例乳腺癌患者术后石蜡包埋标本用IHC检测HER2蛋白表达阳性者37例,占总数的48.05%(37/77);表达阴性者40例,占51.95%(40/77).FISH检测HER2基因扩增32例,占41.56%(32/77);基因非扩增45例,占58.44%(45/77).37例HER2蛋白为阳性的患者中,HER2基因扩增30例,符合率为81.08%(30/37);40例HER2蛋白为阴性的患者中,HER2基因非扩增38例,符合率为95.00%(38/40).两种方法检测结果比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.78,P=0.1824).Kappa检验结果,κ=0.7647,表明一致性较好.结论:IHC检测乳腺癌HER2蛋白与FISH检测HER2基因结果一致性较高.     

PDGF家族在原发性胃腺癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的:研究血小板衍生生长因子(PDGFs)家族在原发性胃腺癌组织中的表达,阐明其与原发性胃腺癌临床病理特征的关系.方法:选择手术切除并经病理证实的58例原发性胃腺癌癌组织及其对应的癌旁组织标本,采用RT-PCR方法检测组织中PDGF-A、B、C、D mRNA的表达情况,明确PDGF家族在mRNA水平的表达谱;免疫组织化学方法检测家族中重要成员PDGF-D蛋白的表达情况.结果:胃腺癌组织中PDGF-A、B、C、D mRNA阳性表达率分别为39.66%(23/58)、22.41%(13/58)、31.03%(18/58)和98.28%(57/58),与其相对应的癌旁组织的阳性表达率分别为12.07%(7/58)、10.34%(6/58)、17.24%(10/58)和72.41%(42/58),在胃腺癌组织中PDGF-D mRNA阳性表达率显著高于PDGF其他亚型(P<0.01),且PDGF-D mRNA的表达率显著高于癌旁正常组织(P<0.05);PDGF-D蛋白在胞膜/胞质均有表达;有淋巴结转移、远处转移及复发的胃腺癌组织PDGF-D mRNA的表达水平高于无转移或无复发组织(P<0.05).结论:PDGF-D是PDGF家族中最重要的与胃腺癌关系密切的因子,提示检测PDGF-D的表达可以作为判断胃腺癌转移和预后的指标之一.     

肾细胞癌组织中Notch信号途径蛋白表达水平的检测及其意义

目的:检测人肾细胞癌(RCC)组织中Notch信号途径相关蛋白的表达水平,探讨Notch信号途径分子与人RCC发生发展的关系.方法:手术方法获得6例经病理检查诊断为RCC组织标本,采用Western blotting法检测RCC组织和癌旁组织中Notch信号通路受体、配体蛋白表达水平.结果:与癌旁组织比较,RCC组织中Notch信号的受体Notch-1以及配体Jagged-1的表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05),受体Notch-2及配体Jagged-2表达水平均明显升高(P<0.05).结论:RCC中Notch信号途径蛋白表达水平发生了明显的变化,Notch信号途径可能参与了RCC的发生发展过程.     

鸡Mx蛋白在293T细胞中的表达及其抗病毒活性

[目的]研究鸡Mx 蛋白在293T 细胞中的表达并检测其抗病毒活性.[方法]将鸡的Mx基因克隆入pEGFP-C1栽体,经筛选鉴定后磷酸钙法转染293T 细胞,并对转染细胞进行荧光分析以及RT-PCR与Western blot鉴定,同时提取细胞蛋白质,微量细胞病变试验检测其抗新城疫病毒的活性.[结果]试验构建的pEGFP-C1-cMx真核表达栽体转染293T 细胞后,在胞浆中可检测到绿色荧光,RT-PCR与Western blot 结果进一步证实,pEGFP-C1-cMx可在293T细胞中表达,微量细胞病变试验显示,表达的融合蛋白可保护鸡胚成纤维细胞免受新城疫病毒感染.[结论]试验构建的pEGFP-C1-cMx 表达载体可在293T细胞中表达具有抗新城疫病毒活性的鸡Mx 蛋白.     

转录因子Ets1和Ets2在小鼠睾丸组织中的表达及其意义

目的:检测Ets家族转录因子Ets1和Ets2在小鼠睾丸组织中的表达,探讨其对小鼠睾丸发育的调控及其对精原干细胞(SSCs)增殖、分化的可能影响.方法:取生后第1、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、50和70天的小鼠睾丸组织,对成年小鼠进行白消安10 mg·kg-1腹腔注射,分别在注射后第0、3、5、8、10和18天取睾丸组织,用半定量RT-PCR方法对比内参β-actin在对应组织内的表达水平,分析Ets1、Ets2 mRNA在睾丸组织中的相对表达量.结果:Ets1的表达量在生后第1～30天显著高于出生后第35天(P<0.05或P<0.01),之后明显降低并保持稳定;Ets2在生后第1～25天表达量显著高于第35天(P<0.05或P<0.01),之后明显下降并保持稳定.白消安处理后,Ets1的表达量于第5天降至最低,随后逐渐恢复,第9天后基本达到处理前水平并保持相对稳定,其中第5、8天表达量均显著低于处理后第0天(P<0.05或P<0.01);Ets2的表达量在白消安处理后前期变化不明显,第10天时明显降低,与第0和18天比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),之后缓慢回升,第18天左右恢复至处理前水平.结论:转录因子Ets1和Ets2可能对睾丸早期发育、成年精子发生的维持及精原细胞的增殖、分化具有调节作用.     

p-Stat3、VEGF-C和MMP-2在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系

目的:检测非小细胞肺癌组织中磷酸化信号转导和转录激活子-3(p-Stat3)、血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)和基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)的表达情况,探讨p-Stat3与VEGF-C、MMP-2之间,以及这三者与临床病理指标之间的相关性.方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法,检测53例非小细胞肺癌组织和10例正常肺组织中p-Star3、VEGF-C和MMP-2的表达情况,并对p-Star3、VEGF-C和MMP-2的表达情况进行相关性分析.结果:在53例非小细胞肺癌病例中,P-Stat3、VEGF-C和MMP-2的阳性表达率分别为45.2%(24/53)、77.3%(41/53)和58.4%(31/53).其中,p-Stat3的表达在腺癌中最显著,阳性表达率为75%(9/12),且在低分化肺癌组织中的表达明显高于高分化肺癌组织(P<0.01),在有淋巴结转移的肺癌组织中高于无淋巴结转移的肺癌组织(P<0.05),而阳性表达率与患者的年龄、性别和肿瘤的大小无明显相关(P>0.05).VEGF-C和MMP-2在有淋巴结转移的非小细胞肺癌组织中的阳性表达率高于无淋巴结转移的肺癌组织(P<0.05),且VEGF-C、MMP-2的表达与p-Stat3的表达呈正相关(依次为r=0.427和0.345,P均<0.05).结论:在非小细胞肺癌组织中,p-Stat3、VEGF-C和MMP-2表达均上调,高表达的p-Stat3与肺癌的发生、发展及淋巴结转移密切相关,其机制可能与VEGF-C和MMP-2有关.     

联合检测Syk及nm23H1在大肠癌中的表达及其意义

目的:探讨候选抑癌基因脾酪氨酸激酶(spleen tyosine kinase,Syk)及转移抑制基因(metastasis suppressorgene,mn23H1)在大肠癌组织中的表达及其生物学行为之间的关系.方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法,分别检测60例大肠癌组织及30例癌旁正常组织中Syk及nm23H1蛋白的表达情况;并分析其与大肠癌病理特征及生物学行为之间的关系.结果:Syk及nm23H1蛋自在大肠癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为31.7%、53.3%,在癌旁组织中的阳性表达率分别为96.7%、93.3%,癌组织中的阳性表达率均较癌旁组织明显降低(p<0.05).单因素分析显示Syk及nm23H1蛋白分别与淋巴结转移、浸润深度、Dukes分期密切相关(p<0.05),但与患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、发生部位和肿瘤分化程度无明显关系(p>0.05).结论:大肠癌组织中Syk和nm23H1蛋白表达均明显低于癌旁正常组织,可能与大肠癌的发生发展及恶性程度相关.联合检测syk及nm23H1的表达对大肠癌的临床治疗和预后判断有一定价值.     

MMP-3在子宫内膜异位症患者血清及腹腔积液中表达及意义

目的:探讨子宫内膜异位症(内异症)患者腹腔积液和血清中基金属蛋白-3(MMP-3)的水平变化及临床意义.方法:应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测30例内异症患者血清及腹腔积液中MMP-3的含量,并与30例同期子宫肌瘤患者进行比较.结果:内异症组血清和腹腔积液中MMP-3含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);内异症组腹腔积液中MMP-3含量高于同组的血清含量,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);内异症组Ⅲ、Ⅳ期血清和腹腔积液中MMP-3含量均高于I、Ⅱ期的,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论:MMP-3在内异症发病中起重要作用,检测其含量变化有利于该病的诊断和治疗.     

巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α mRNA在人炎症牙髓组织中的表达及意义

目的:探讨炎症牙髓中巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α(MIP-1α)的表达,揭示MIP-1α在牙髓炎发生及发展中的可能作用.方法:选择正常牙髓组织及炎症牙髓组织各4例,采用HE染色观察正常牙髓组织及牙髓炎牙髓组织形态学改变,逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法检测正常牙髓组织及牙髓炎牙髓组织中MIP-1α的表达.结果:正常牙髓组织镜下可见成纤维细胞、胶原纤维、毛细血管及组织细胞;炎症牙髓组织可见血管扩张充血,淋巴细胞、浆细胞、巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞浸润,受损区可见毛细血管增生和胶原纤维的形成.正常牙髓组织中MIP- 1α mRNA表达率为0;而炎症牙髓组织中MIP-1α mRNA表达率为100%,各例相对表达量分别为1.07、1.11、1.21和0.96.经确切概率法分析,炎症牙髓与正常牙髓组织中MIP-1α mRNA水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论:MIP-1α在正常牙髓组织中无表达,而在炎症牙髓组织中有表达,MIP-1α参与了牙髓的炎症反应.     

ERBB2 oncogene in human breast cancer and its clinical significance

We reveiwed the relationships between ERBB2 amplification and/or overexpression in human breast cancer and the clinicopathological parameters described in the literature (97 studies involving 22,616 patients) in order to draw conclusions regarding its clinical interest. The mean of ERBB2 positivity (26%, ranging from 5 to 55%) is not dependent on the method used to evaluate ERBB2 amplification or overexpression. Despite the discrepancies observed between the different studies, several associations between ERBB2 positivity and the classical clinicopathological parameters were noted. There are clear relationships between ERBB2 positivity and the lack of steroid receptors, the histological subtypes of mammary tumours (ductal invasive and in situ), worse histological and nuclear grades, aneuploidy and high rate of proliferation. In univariate analyses, ERBB2 is strongly associated with poor prognosis. All these data indicate that ERBB2 is a marker of aggressiveness of the tumour. However, ERBB2 does not retain a clinical prognostic significance in multivariate analyses, since it is associated with several strong prognostic parameters. When considering the prognostic value of ERBB2 in relation to treatment, a significantly worse survival of the treated patients is noted in ERBB2 positive patients. This suggest that ERBB2 could be a marker of reduced response to chemotherapy and hormonal treatment. With respect to the tumour response to treatment, the results, provided as yet by pilot studies, remain controversial and further investigations are necessary to evaluate the predictive value of ERBB2. Finally, new therapeutic approaches targeting the cells overexpressing ERBB2 have been developed.     

Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 in normal mammary tissue and breast cancer cell lines and its regulation by epidermal growth factor

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional regulators of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. BMP-6 is involved in numerous developmental processes. We have demonstrated expression of BMP-6 in breast cancer cell lines by RT-PCR and immuno-histochemistry. The level of BMP-6 mRNA decreased upon serum starvation, whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment led to elevation of BMP-6 mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum at 50 ng/ml EGF under serum-free conditions in hormone-sensitive (MCF-7) and in hormone-insensitive (SK-BR-3) breast cancer cell lines. The EGF-like growth factors transforming growth factor-alpha, amphiregulin and betacellulin were also able to elevate the BMP-6 mRNA level after 24 hr. Inhibition of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase with tyrphostine AG 1517 repressed the inductive effect of these growth factors, indicating an EGF receptor-mediated regulation of BMP-6 mRNA. In addition, BMP-6 mRNA was detected in tumor samples from breast carcinoma patients. However, levels were reduced in 18/44 samples compared with tumor-free resection margins. In 12 of these 18 patients, at least a 10-fold reduction of EGF receptor mRNA levels in tumor samples vs. tumor-free samples was observed. This suggests a putative relationship between EGF receptor and BMP-6 mRNA levels in breast cancer.     

Expression of c-erbB3 protein in primary breast carcinomas

Expression of c-erbB3 protein was investigated in 104 primary breast carcinomas comprising nine comedo ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 91 invasive ductal carcinomas and four invasive lobular carcinomas using two monoclonal antibodies, RTJ1 and RTJ2. Of the 91 invasive ductal carcinomas, seven contained the comedo DCIS component adjacent to the invasive component. An immunohistochemical technique was used to evaluate the association between expression of c-erbB3 and clinical parameters and tumour markers such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-erbB2, cathepsin-D and p53 in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour tissues. Our results indicated that RTJ1 and RTJ2 gave identical staining patterns and concordant results. It was found that the overexpression of c-erbB3 protein was observed in 67% (6/9) of comedo DCIS, 52% (44/84) of invasive ductal carcinomas, 71% (5/7) of carcinomas containing both the in situ and invasive lesions and 25% (1/4) of invasive lobular carcinomas. A significant relationship (P < 0.05) was observed between strong immunoreactivity of c-erbB3 protein and histological grade, EGFR and cathepsin-D, but not with expression of c-erbB2, p53, oestrogen receptor status, lymph node metastases or age of patient. However, we noted that a high percentage of oestrogen receptor-negative tumours (59%), lymph node-positive tumours (63%) and c-erbB2 (63%) were strongly positive for c-erbB3 protein. We have also documented that a high percentage of EGFR (67%), c-erbB2 (67%), p53 (75%) and cathepsin-D-positive DCIS (60%) were strongly positive for c-erbB3. These observations suggest that overexpression of c-erbB3 protein could play an important role in tumour progression from non-invasive to invasive and, also, that it may have the potential to be used as a marker for poor prognosis of breast cancer.     

Aromatase expression and its localization in human breast cancer

Aromatization or in situ estrogen production by aromatase has been considered to play an important role in the development of human breast carcinoma. In the human breast, aromatase overexpression is observed in the stromal or interstitial cells of the carcinoma, especially at the sites of frank invasion and/or adipose tissue. Transplantation experiments in the nude mouse employing MCF-7 and/or SF-TY human fibroblast cell lines revealed that aromatase activity and expression were much higher in the tumour with MCF-7 and SF-TY than that with MCF-7 alone. Aromatase overexpression in human breast carcinoma tissue is considered to occur as a result of carcinoma-stromal cell interactions, i.e. paracrine communication between stromal and carcinoma cells. Aromatase overexpression is correlated with the malignant phenotype in the human breast, but not with stage, age, clinical stages, clinical course, or proliferative activity of breast carcinoma. Aromatase overexpression may be correlated with development, rather than the biological behaviour of breast malignancy. Aromatase overexpression is not necessarily correlated with expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, which converts estrone to estradiol and estrogen receptor. Different mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of expression of these two important estrogen-metabolizing enzymes and estrogen receptor in human breast cancer. Aromatase overexpression in intratumoral stromal cells was much more frequently detected in male breast cancer than in female counterparts, which confers a growth advantage on cancer cells in a male hormonal environment with low serum estrogen levels.     

Raf-1 protein expression in human breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND: The Raf-1 kinase, a 72-kDa cytoplasmic serine-threonine kinase, plays a central role as a second messenger in signal transduction. After ligand binding to a variety of transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors including epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, the 72-kDa kinase is activated through phosphorylation to a 74-kDa phosphoprotein. The Raf-1 kinase is constitutively activated in many transformed cells either directly, by mutations within its amino-terminus regulatory region, or indirectly, due to overstimulation by autocrine growth factors or activated proximal oncogenes. The role of Raf-1 kinase in breast cancer has not been studied. METHODS: To investigate the role of Raf-1 kinase expression and its activation in breast cancer, we studied three human breast cancer cell lines expressing varying amounts of EGF receptor to determine the level of Raf-1 protein and the proportion expressed in the higher molecular weight form. Effects of serum starvation and stimulation with EGF on the Raf-1 protein were studied in T47D, BT474, and MDA-MB231 cells by precipitation of cell lysates with an anti-Raf-1 antibody followed by immunoblotting. [3H]Thymidine incorporation by these cells after EGF stimulation was also determined as a measure of DNA synthesis. RESULTS: In all three breast cancer cell lines studied, the Raf-1 protein was identified in a 70- and a 74-kDa form. The level of Raf-1 was similar in all three cell lines and appeared unrelated to EGF receptor expression on the cell surface. The majority of the protein was found in the 74-kDa form even after serum starvation. A minor shift from the lower to higher molecular weight form of Raf-1 was apparent in cells treated with EGF, and increased [3H] thymidine incorporation could be demonstrated in two of the cell lines after EGF stimulation. CONCLUSION: Baseline expression of the 74-kDa or activated form of the Raf-1 kinase appeared to be elevated in the breast cancer cells studied, indicating constitutive activation. Further investigation into the role of Raf-1 protein in the pathogenesis of breast cancer is indicated.     

Identification of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase isozymes in tissue and in breast cancer cells

1. In the rat, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid metabolism, exists as at least two different isozymes (M(r) 265,000 and 280,000) that display distinct tissue-specific distribution and regulation. 2. Based on the study of human tissue and human-derived breast cancer cell lines by enzyme isolation and protein blotting techniques, we have now identified two human isoforms of M(r) 265,000 (HACC 265) and 275,000 (HACC 275), each of which is homologous to one of the rat isozymes. 3. Human breast carcinoma cell lines show variable expression of these two isoforms, mirrored in the estimation of ACC acetyl-CoA kinetics.     

Expression of P53 protein in laryngeal carcinoma and its clinical significance

Using the monoclonal antibody DO-7, the expressions of P53 protein in 38 cases of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and 29 cases of laryngeal benign neoplasms (LBN) were studied immunohistochemically. The results showed that: (1) 25 of 38 (66%) LSCCs, but only 2 of 29 (7%) LBNs showed expression of mutant-type P53 protein. The high rate of P53 protein expression was related to the occurrence of laryngeal carcinoma, and is valuable in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma; (2) in some LSCCs, the mutant-type P53 protein was also expressed in dysplastic epithelium near the cancer tissues. These epithelial cells near the tumor in which P53 gene has been altered, probably are the source or portent of tumor recurrence; (3) the five year survival rate of mutant-type P53 protein negative LSCC patients was higher than that of positive LSCC patients. The expression of mutant-type P53 protein might be related to LSCC prognosis.     

Molecular pathology of breast cancer and its application to clinical management

Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women in many parts of the world. Breast carcinomas are heterogenous in their biological and clinical behaviour and a greater understanding of how they develop and progress could lead to more directed forms of screening and therapy. It is important to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the natural history of breast cancer. Developments in the techniques for molecular analysis have meant that they can now be applied to a large range of clinical material such as cytological preparations and fixed, embedded material, so increasing the potential for relating any molecular alterations to clinical behaviour and response to therapy. In this review we consider recent developments in three areas of importance to breast cancer; genetic analysis-oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, loss of heterozygosity, microsatellite instability, familial breast cancer; steroid receptors, oestrogen regulated proteins, epidermal growth factor receptor, growth factors particularly transforming growth factor beta; and cell adhesion, invasion and metastasis-E-cadherin, integrins, proteases. These are discussed in relation to potential for screening, prognosis and treatment.     

Tenascin expression in cancer cells and stroma of human breast cancer and its prognostic significance

Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 210 human breast cancers were immunohistochemically examined using the mAb against human tenascin (TN) RCB1. Immunoreactive TN was detected in the breast cancer stroma in 77 (36.7%) cases, whereas the remaining 133 (63.3%) were negative. Of the 77, 12 (5.7%) cases also showed positive staining in the carcinoma cell cytoplasm. The positive cells were often observed in the margin of the cancer nests at the site adjacent to the stroma. According to the staining pattern of TN, the breast cancer cases were classified into the three groups of cancer cell TN(+)/stromal TN(+), cancer cell(-)/stromal TN(+), and cancer cell(-)/stromal TN(-). Analysis of the relationship of these TN patterns with various clinicopathological characteristics of the tumors and the patient outcome revealed that, in comparison to the cancer cell(-)/stromal TN(-) group, the cancer cell TN(+)/stromal TN(+) group exhibited increased frequency of lymph node metastasis and exceptionally poor outcome, and the cancer cell(-)/stromal TN(+) group also showed more frequent metastasis and poorer outcome. Most of the cancer cell TN(+)/stromal TN(+) cases were c-erbB-2 positive and estrogen receptor negative. Furthermore, in situ hybridization of freshly obtained breast cancer tissues demonstrated that both cancer cells and stromal cells express TN mRNA. These results indicate that the TN in breast cancer is produced by cancer epithelial cells as well as by stromal mesenchymal cells, and that cancer cell TN might be involved in cancer spreading, resulting in unfavorable patient prognosis.