煤与垃圾衍生燃料的混烧技术

简要分析了我国的城市垃圾处理现状 ,介绍了垃圾衍生燃料的种类、制作方法及国内外研究进展。鉴于我国城市垃圾热值低、灰分高的特点 ,建议将垃圾制成垃圾衍生燃料后掺混到现运行的燃煤锅炉中 ,以实现资源化利用。统计了该方法在国外的运行情况 ,并对我国采取该方法的可行性进行了分析。论证结果表明 ,该方法投资省、污染低 ,对我国的环境卫生建设和经济建设具有重要意义     

水泥窑用垃圾衍生燃料燃烧特性的TG-DTG研究

文中研究了水泥窑用垃圾衍生燃料燃烧特性TG-DTG热分析试验方法的影响因素,讨论了垃圾衍生燃料工业分析参数与燃烧特征参数之间的关系,采用燃烧特征参数对垃圾衍生燃料及煤的燃烧过程进行了评价,并讨论其对水泥窑系统热工参数的影响。研究结果表明,垃圾衍生燃料燃烧特性TG-DTG热分析试验的升温速率应为20℃/min,保护气氧气浓度为21%,流速为100m L/min。若垃圾衍生燃料灰分含量降低,挥发分含量升高,则着火温度将降低,燃尽时间也会相应延长。垃圾衍生燃料燃烧特性对水泥窑内工况稳定性具有重要影响,在水泥企业生产过程中应对其充分研究,严格控制替代燃料的比例,同时密切关注窑系统的热工参数。     

蜂窝形生活垃圾衍生燃料的开发

随着城市生活垃圾产量越来越大,垃圾焚烧技术迅猛发展,垃圾衍生燃料的开发也受到关注。本文介绍了蜂窝型垃圾衍生燃料的制备、燃烧,尾气的处理等,使生活垃圾变为可以无害化燃烧的垃圾衍生燃料。     

抑制焚烧衍生垃圾燃料过程中产生二(口恶)英的途径

通过对衍生垃圾燃料(RDF)焚烧过程中产生二噁英机制的分析,对国外目前抑制RDF焚烧过程中产生的二噁英所使用的抑制剂及焚烧炉运行条件进行了比较,指出了抑制的手段及控制的途径。     

垃圾衍生燃料技术及研究现状

本文简要介绍了垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)的分类、组成和特性，并重点介绍了RDF的制备、应用及研究现状。最后结合中国垃圾的具体特点，提出了中国发展RDF技术的思路。     

水泥窑协同处置垃圾衍生燃料对NOx和SO2生成转化的影响

利用水泥窑协同处置垃圾衍生燃料是目前发展趋势之一,但实际处置过程中存在着污染物排放不稳定的问题,因此本文以湖北某水泥厂处置的垃圾衍生燃料为研究对象,利用高温管式炉开展试验,研究了五种垃圾衍生燃料在500~900 ℃的燃烧环境下燃烧产物NO_x、SO₂的释放特点。试验结果表明:垃圾衍生燃料在不同温度下燃烧过程中NO_x的浓度峰值在低温下(500~600 ℃)受温度影响更大,且呈倍数增大,在高温下(700~900 ℃)NO_x的浓度峰值受温度影响较小;900 ℃时NO_x的转化率低、燃烧速率快,建议为垃圾衍生燃料投放温度;不同种类垃圾衍生燃料燃烧过程中NO_x的转化率随着燃烧温度的变化呈“倒V型”,而SO₂的转化率随着燃烧温度的变化呈“正V型”,NO_x和SO₂在生成过程中起相互抑制的作用。     

危险废物衍生燃料在水泥窑协同处置的应用分析

水泥行业在生活垃圾、危险废物等固体废物处理领域占有重要的位置。本文主要对危险废物衍生燃料在水泥窑利用的国内外现状进行了分析,通过对适用于制造衍生燃料的危险废物种类的总结和特性分析,为我国危险废物水泥窑的协同处置提供帮助。同时综合分析了危险废物衍生燃料处置工艺的优点和不足之处,并对我国适用于衍生燃料的危险废物的特征及现状进行了分析,充分说明建立危险废物衍生燃料加工对危险废物资源化利用是十分重要的。     

对“垃圾衍生燃料”RDF之探析

当前,我国水泥工业在可燃废弃物应用技术方面都还处于一家一户、自制自用、效率极低的初级阶段。发达国家的替代燃料:“垃圾衍生燃料”RDF、“固体回收燃料”SRF、“次煤”Subcoal和“纸塑垃圾衍生燃料”RPF制成的原材料都是可燃废弃物,只是处理工艺技术不同或者由垃圾中分拣出的可燃废弃物不同,制成颗粒状衍生燃料的品质不同,这些都可以替代部分甚或替代全部化石燃料在水泥窑炉中应用。我国大力发展“替代燃料”产业,有助于水泥工业消纳更多的“可燃废弃物”,为改善环境尤其是城镇环境和面貌,为我国的节能减排和绿色高质量发展发挥更大的作用。     

热重-红外联用技术在各个领域的应用

介绍热重-红外联用(TG-IR)技术的发展及应用情况,利用该技术对无机有机化合物、煤、植物纤维、合成垃圾衍生燃料、药物的热分解产物及机理进行分析研究,最后对未知物进行剖析,对影响分析结果的因素进行了探讨。     

垃圾衍生燃料RDF作为替代燃料在水泥窑中的应用探讨

<正>0引言RDF是指垃圾衍生燃料（Refuse Derived Fuel,简称RDF）。近段时间,广东东莞、佛山、梅州等地出现20多家以碎布条为主要原料的RDF生产厂家,为发电厂、水泥厂和造纸厂等生产固废替代燃料,垃圾衍生燃料RDF市场可以说是风起云涌。对于水泥行业来说,煤炭价格的高涨,双碳目标的确立和碳交易实施时间的临近迫使生产企业寻求节能减排之路,各大水泥厂开始探索替代燃料的应用。秸秆、桉树皮、废木材、蘑菇渣等生物质替代燃料以及碎布条、生活垃圾、RDF燃料棒、废旧轮胎胶等固废替代燃料的应用价值逐步展现出来。     

垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）处理技术及研究进展

生活垃圾的能源化作为环保与能源交叉领域的新兴科学技术,已逐渐引起发世界各国的重视,而焚烧是垃圾能源利用的最重要的手段之一。但由于垃圾直接焚烧存在二次污染,护内腐蚀等问题,大大影响了垃圾能利用的成本,在此背景下,垃圾衍生燃料（ＲＤＦ）作为垃圾能利用领域的新的生长点应运而生,并朝着大规模工业应用的方向发展,笔者就一有发展潜力的能源替代物的技术特点,现状及研究进展和简略介绍。     

垃圾焚烧系统换热表面的积灰生长与控制研究进展

焚烧是我国处理城市生活垃圾的重要方式，能够实现城市生活垃圾的减量化、无害化和资源化利用。由于城市生活垃圾水分高、盐分多、热值低，导致垃圾焚烧炉普遍面临严重的积灰问题，这不仅为垃圾焚烧炉的安全运行带来隐患，还严重影响垃圾焚烧发电厂的经济效益。本文综述了垃圾焚烧炉受热面积灰生长的研究现状，介绍了垃圾焚烧炉受热面积灰生长的机理，分析了飞灰粒径、烟气流速、烟气温度、换热面温度等对垃圾焚烧炉受热面积灰生长特性产生影响的因素。在燃煤锅炉和生物质炉积灰结渣的现有积灰模型基础上，需要结合垃圾炉的积灰实验数据发展可以预测垃圾焚烧炉积灰结渣问题的模型。针对垃圾焚烧炉受热面积灰严重的现象，本文提出了设备改进、工艺优化、使用添加剂和涂层技术抑制积灰生长的一系列方法。最后总结了当前的重点研究内容，提出了建立能够准确预测垃圾焚烧炉积灰生长的模型，开发新的有效减轻垃圾焚烧炉换热面积灰的涂层等今后开展研究的方向，为垃圾焚烧电厂的合理运行提供了参考建议。     

A particle scale model for municipal solid waste and refuse-derived fuels pyrolysis

The solid phase decomposition during pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) and refuse-derived fuels (RDF) is modelled on particle scale accounting for heat and mass transfer. Waste pyrolysis is expressed as a linear combination of pyrolysis of its components. The novel characterization method used expresses waste composition in terms of three reference species. The selected species are a mixture of cellulose and hemicellulose, a mixture of polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate, and a mixture of polyethylene and polypropylene. The pyrolysis kinetics models for these components are taken from the literature. The fractions of the components in the mixtures are optimized to fit the model to non-isothermal mass loss curves from selected experimental reports. The particle scale model has been evaluated against experimental transient temperature profiles at the centre of a large waste pellet during pyrolysis. The model is able to predict the main trend, but shows a more fluctuating temperature curve.     

Characterization of solid residues from municipal solid waste incinerator

In China, the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration solid residues is expected to increase significantly in the future. Because of ever-increasing generation rates and the concentrations of potentially hazardous heavy metals, which may endanger the ambient environment, these solid residues are of particular concern. Thus, such issues have necessitated the study of the characterization of these solid residues. A detailed characterization of five samples of different type of ashes, collected from two types of MSW incinerators located in Shenzhen (southern China), was carried out in terms of chemical composition, morphology, mineralogy and leaching behavior. Results of chemical analysis and leaching tests suggest that the MSW incineration fly ash must be classified as hazardous waste and should be properly managed. Therefore, the results of this characterization would contribute to the development of adequate waste management strategies.     

煤粉炉掺烧生活垃圾对灰渣特性的影响研究

利用小试规模煤粉炉,研究掺烧不同比例生活垃圾对燃煤灰渣特性的影响,主要包括飞灰元素组成、飞灰粒径分布、飞灰形貌、灰熔点和结渣特性等影响变化研究。结果表明,随着生活垃圾掺烧比例的增加,灰分中Ca、Fe、Cl和S元素含量增加,Al、Mg、K、Na、Ti和Si含量降低,飞灰球形颗粒分布减少,层状堆积结构增多;灰渣熔融特征温度呈平缓下降趋势,但变化范围小于2%,影响较小;掺烧量为25%时,飞灰表面发现少量褐色大颗粒。总之,生活垃圾掺烧对燃煤灰渣特性影响很小,该结果为实际煤粉炉开展掺烧生活垃圾试验提供了一定理论基础。     

广州城市生活垃圾资源利用现状与对策

简述了当今世界上采用的城市垃圾处理方法，分析其优缺点，并根据广州市城市垃圾的现状，推荐了相适宜的垃圾资源利用的综合处理方法。     

Fluidized bed combustion of refuse-derived fuel in presence of protective coal ash

Combustion of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) alone or together with other biomass leads to superheater fouling and corrosion in efficient power plants (with high steam values) due to vaporization and condensation of alkali chlorides. In this study, means were found to raise the portion of RDF to 40% enb without risk to boilers. This was done by co-firing RDF with coal and optimizing coal quality. Free aluminum silicate in coal captured alkalies from vaporized alkali chlorides preventing Cl condensation to superheaters. Strong fouling and corrosion were simultaneously averted. Results from 100 kW and 4 MW CFB reactors are reported.     

Fluidized bed combustion of refuse-derived fuel in presence of protective coal ash

Combustion of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) alone or together with other biomass leads to superheater fouling and corrosion in efficient power plants (with high steam values) due to vaporization and condensation of alkali chlorides. In this study, means were found to raise the portion of RDF to 40% enb without risk to boilers. This was done by co-firing RDF with coal and optimizing coal quality. Free aluminum silicate in coal captured alkalies from vaporized alkali chlorides preventing Cl condensation to superheaters. Strong fouling and corrosion were simultaneously averted. Results from 100 kW and 4 MW CFB reactors are reported.     

Pyrolysis of municipal solid waste

A state-of-the-art review describing the characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) and assessing the chemistry and technology of pyrolysis of municipal solid waste is presented. The economics of the pyrolysis process are outlined. Combustibles constitute on average about 60% of the weight of MSW and result in an average heating value (“as received” basis) of about 3,000 to 6,000 Btu/Ib. This makes MSW attractive for thermal treatment. Municipal solid waste can be converted to gas, liquid and solid products by pyrolysis. Due to the complexity in composition of MSW the exact mechanism of pyrolysis is not known. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions occur at the same time and both heat and mass transfer take place during the process. The relative yields of different products depends on the temperature of pyrolysis and the rate of heating. High pyrolysis temperatures and high heating rates favour the production of gases indicating high energies of activation for gasification reactions. At low temperatures, below 800°C, the pyrolysis process is reaction-rate controlled, while at high temperatures, above 1,200°C, the process is diffusion-rate controlled. Conditions of good heat and mass transfer are required for gasification of MSW. The residual char after pyrolysis can be gasified by further treatment with steam, hydrogen or carbon monoxide and water. The heat available from the products of pyrolysis is sufficient to sustain the process and yield some excess energy. Three types of reactor design have been generally used in the investigation of pyrolysis of MSW; fixed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor and rotary kiln reactor. The advantages and weak points of each of these are briefly discussed. The costs of disposal of MSW by pyrolysis appear to be competitive with incineration.