3D-Printed Broadband Dielectric Tube Terahertz Waveguide with Anti-Reflection Structure

We demonstrate broadband, low loss, and close-to-zero dispersion guidance of terahertz (THz) radiation in a dielectric tube with an anti-reflection structure (AR-tube waveguide) in the frequency range from 0.2 to 1.0 THz. The anti-reflection structure (ARS) consists of close-packed cones in a hexagonal lattice arranged on the outer surface of the tube cladding. The feature size of the ARS is in the order of the wavelength between 0.2 and 1.0 THz. The waveguides are fabricated with the versatile and cost efficient 3D-printing method. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) measurements as well as 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations (FDTD) are performed to extensively characterize the AR-tube waveguides. Spectrograms, attenuation spectra, effective phase refractive indices, and the group-velocity dispersion parameters β ₂ of the AR-tube waveguides are presented. Both the experimental and numerical results confirm the extended bandwidth and smaller group-velocity dispersion of the AR-tube waveguide compared to a low loss plain dielectric tube THz waveguide. The AR-tube waveguide prototypes show an attenuation spectrum close to the theoretical limit given by the infinite cladding tube waveguide.     

Analysis of optically controlled planar dielectric waveguidesoperating in the millimeter-wave band using FDTD

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique is applied to the analysis of planar dielectric waveguides controlled by means of an optical beam. This beam, with an appropriate energy, induces a nonuniform plasma in a semiconductor layer deposited on the waveguide core. The resulting effects are analyzed through the phase dispersion characteristics. Due to the complexity of the problem, the FDTD formulation does not allow the calculation of the attenuation characteristic, particularly when the plasma presents an intermediate density, which causes a strong interaction with the guided mode. The simulations shown here suggest that the light beam may have an effective control of the phase response of a single waveguide and of the coupling between two parallel coupled waveguides     

Analysis of electromagnetic radiation from shaped-end radiatorsusing the finite difference time domain method

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is a popular method for analyzing electromagnetic scattering, radiation, and penetration problems. Several authors have recently applied the FDTD method to antenna radiation problems. To date, the antenna structures considered have been wire and conical monopole antennas, rectangular waveguides, pyramidal horn antennas, and microstrip antennas. Results from these analysis have been in the form of normalized field patterns and no results showing absolute gain have been presented. The article demonstrates the first staircased application of the FDTD method to the analysis of radiation from circular waveguides and other shaped-end radiators. Results of absolute gain versus angle are shown for a straight-cut circular waveguide and for two different shaped-end radiators. All FDTD analyses are full three-dimensional computations and are compared in each case with measured data     

Implementation of transparent sources in FDTD simulations

Sources can be embedded in a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) grid in any one of several ways. Depending on the particular implementation, the embedded source corresponds physically to a hard field source (applied field), a transparent current source (impressed current), a finite-impedance voltage source, or some other physical excitation. While the implementation of any of these sources is a straightforward procedure in FDTD simulations, ensuring an accurate correspondence between the physical source and its numerical implementation is challenging. We describe the implementation of a new field source, referred to as a transparent field source, that couples the same fields into the FDTD grid as a hard field source. Unlike the hard field source, however, the transparent source does not scatter energy, i.e., the usual FDTD update equation applies to the source node. The implementation is described both in terms of a single node and in terms of an array of nodes. The latter is discussed in the context of parallel-plate waveguide excitation     

High-density integrated optics

This paper presents two dimensional (2-D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations of low-loss right-angle waveguide bends, T-junctions and crossings, based on high index-contrast waveguides. Such structures are essential for the dense integration of optical components. Excellent performance characteristics are obtained by designing the waveguide intersection regions as low-Q resonant cavities with certain symmetries and small radiation loss. A simple analysis, based on coupled mode theory in time, is used to explain the operation principles and agrees qualitatively with the numerical results     

Luminescence enhancement from Si-based materials by introducing a photonic crystal double-heterostructure slot waveguide microcavity

We demonstrate a novel SOI-based photonic crystal(PC) double-heterostructure slot waveguide microcavity constructed by cascading three PC slot waveguides with different slot widths,and simulate the luminescence enhancement of sol-gel Er-doped SiO2 filled in the microcavity by finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method.The calculated results indicate that a unique sharp resonant peak dominates in the spectrum at the expected telecommunication wavelength of 1.5509 mm,with very high normalized peak intensity o...     

硅基槽型微环谐振器及其调谐特性研究

仿真和实验研究了含槽型(slot)光波导的反馈波导型微环谐振器的特性,将槽型光波导集成到Si基微环谐振器中,丰富Si基光波导的功能,为新型光电子器件的实现提供途径。通过锥形波导结构实现从传统波导到槽型波导的模式转换,减小传输损耗,采用时域有限差分法(FDTD)研究了光功率的分布和模式转换过程。结果显示,光功率逐渐转移到锥形结构两侧的槽型波导中并最终形成槽型波导中的传输模式,通过优化锥形结构能实现较高的模式转换效率,可以达到90%以上。采用电子束刻写技术和等离子刻蚀技术制备了反馈波导型槽型微环谐振器。实验显示,锥形波导能够实现模式的转换,光传输过程良好。通过在槽型波导中填充电光聚合物来改变槽型光波导的折射率,测量结果显示,传输谱谐振峰发生了明显移动,移动幅度达到5.6nm,器件具备很好的可调谐性。     

Orthogonal Hybrid Waveguides: An Approach to Low Crosstalk and Wideband Photonic Crystal Intersections Design

A low crosstalk and wideband photonic crystal (PC) waveguide intersection design based on two orthogonal hybrid waveguides in a crossbar configuration is proposed. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and coupled-mode theory (CMT) methods are used to simulate the hybrid waveguides of square lattice. The bandwidth (BW) and crosstalk of the intersection are investigated for various radii of the coupled cavities. It is shown that simultaneous crossing of the lightwave signals through the intersection with negligible interference is possible. The transmission of a 200-fs pulse at 1550 nm is simulated by using the FDTD method, and the transmitted pulse shows negligible crosstalk and very little distortion.     

弯曲光波导模拟优化研究

用时域有限元差分（FDTD）方法弯曲光波导的优化仿真，减小弯曲光波导损耗。采用OPTIFDTD软件在曲率半径增大到一定的情况下，弯曲损耗在各种损耗中不占优势。在半径一定的条件下，适当选择波导的各个参数进行优化，可以使弯曲损耗达到最低，模拟了弯曲光波导中光的传播，得到了弯曲损耗的变化规律，波导参数不同，弯曲损耗不同，其中有一最佳参数点，由此得到弯曲光波导的参数优化设计值。     

圆波导结构中TM0和TE0模式传输特性的时域分析法

本文提出了一种适合于求解各类复杂圆波导结构ＴＥ０和ＴＭ０模式的截止频率和色散曲线的ＦＤＴＤ分析方法，并可在一维空间中加以处理，大大提高了计算效率和减少了存贮量。本文对圆波导中ＴＥ０和ＴＭ０模式的截止频率和色散曲线进行了计算和分析，同时分析了网络剖分对计算结果精度的影响，并与已知的理论结果进行了比较，证实了这一方法的可靠性。作为实例，计算和分析了表面波圆波导结构的色散曲线，所得结果与实验结果和其它数     

条形和脊型SOI 波导微环结构传感性能研究

使用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法研究了基于SOI微环谐振腔结构的条形和脊型波导,探究了微环谐振腔应用于生物传感的理论。分析了结构的几何尺寸对生物传感器灵敏度的影响。通过分析条形和脊型波导的模场分布图,解释了条形波导的灵敏度明显高于脊型波导的原因,且随着波导宽度的增加其灵敏度系数的变化遵循相同的趋势。并且,当条形波导取得最高的灵敏度系数时,其横截面是方形的,然而脊型波导的最大灵敏度值对应的却是不完全对称的几何结构。当条形波导的横截面全对称时,灵敏度达到最大值172.3 nm/RIU。     

Dispersionless and slow unidirectional air waveguide

Unidirectional waveguides and slow light waveguides both play the key roles in the modern communication system. The unidirectional waveguides do not support slow light. The traditional slow light waveguides are always limited to the group velocity dispersion. To combine both the functionalities of unidirectional transmission and slow light into one waveguide, we add a surface defect into unidirectional waveguide to modulate the odd mode dispersion. Through a structure optimizing, a dispersionless and slow unidirectional waveguide is obtained. The waveguide with compound functionalities is confirmed through the frequency-domain and time-domain simulations.     

FDTD编程模拟光波导光场分布的数值不对称的校正方法

以条形光波导为例,研究了用时域有限差分(FDTD)法编程模拟波导光场分布时的数值不对称性,及其对模拟计算造成的影响,提出了两种合理的解决方法,成功消除了数值不对称现象对正常模拟的干扰,通过在波导光场FDTD模拟中的实际应用,分析了每种方法的特点及欠缺,分别论证了它们在数值模拟中的应用价值,并阐明这两种方法对于任意形状光波导光场的FDTD模拟是普遍适用的。     

A revised formulation of modal absorbing and matched modal sourceboundary conditions for the efficient FDTD analysis of waveguidestructures

A revised formulation of modal absorbing and matched modal source boundary condition is proposed for the efficient analysis of a waveguide circuit with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The formulation is based on a suitable translation operator modeling, in time domain, the propagation in a uniform hollow waveguide. By applying this operator, a multimodal absorbing boundary condition is obtained. Moreover, a source algorithm is developed that generates a given incident wave, while absorbing each modal component reflected from a discontinuity. The source is capable of separating incident and reflected waves without requiring any presimulation of long uniform waveguides. The validity and effectiveness of the formulation is verified by means of three numerical experiments. The first two refer to waveguide discontinuities. In these cases, the FDTD results are compared to mode-matching results. The third example is a transition from waveguide to printed circuit transmission line. The numerical simulation is compared with published experimental results. The presented examples show that the generalized scattering matrix of a waveguide circuit can be evaluated accurately in the smallest computational space allowed by the structure     

含随机介质的光子晶体波导特性

提出了一种光子晶体波导与随机介质相结合的特殊型波导的设计方法。基于光子晶体波导模型,建立了ZnO随机介质作为线缺陷的光子晶体波导模型,采用时域有限差分(FDTD)法分析了ZnO随机介质的加入对光子晶体波导系统的频率特性、时域特性及增益特性的影响,并且与纯随机介质系统和含有线缺陷的光子晶体波导系统进行对比。分析结果表明,当在光子晶体波导的缺陷层引入ZnO随机介质时,随机介质使得光在缺陷处振荡并得到放大,局域化程度比纯随机介质系统和纯光子晶体波导系统更高;且光与随机介质的相互作用使得光在波导中时间延长,激光阈值降低。这种光子晶体波导可用于制备可嵌入到集成光路领域和低阈值的微型激光器。     

Design and fabrication of silicon photonic crystal optical waveguides

We have designed and fabricated waveguides that incorporate two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystal geometry for lateral confinement of light, and total internal reflection for vertical confinement. Both square and triangular photonic crystal lattices were analyzed. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis was used to find design parameters of the photonic crystal and to calculate dispersion relations for the guided modes in the waveguide structure. We have developed a new fabrication technique to define these waveguides into silicon-on-insulator material. The waveguides are suspended in air in order to improve confinement in the vertical direction and symmetry properties of the structure. High-resolution fabrication allowed us to include different types of bends and optical cavities within the waveguides.     

圆形金属波导传输特性的2-D频域有限差分法分析

时域有限差分(FDTD)法和频域有限差分(FDFD)法用于处理传输系统的本征值问题非常有效。本文首先基于二维频域有限差分(2 -DFDFD)法,导出圆柱坐标系中2- DFDFD的一般分析公式,并提供了圆波导中不规则划分网格的相应场量表达式;然后将导出的2- DFDFD分析公式应用于圆波导的传播特性的分析。数值计算结果和理论结果吻合很好,从而证明本文分析思路的正确性。同时,所编制的2- DFDFD程序具有通用性,只要调整边界条件的设置同样适于分析其他柱形金属波导结构。     

太赫兹Si/SiGe量子级联激光器波导模拟

波导层结构设计是制备太赫兹(THz)量子级联激光器的关键问题之一.本文基于德鲁得(Drude)模型,利用时域有限差分(FDTD)法,对Si/SiGe量子级联激光器的波导层进行优化设计,从理论上对传统的递变折射率波导、单面金属波导、双面金属波导以及金属/金属硅化物波导横磁模(TM模)的模式损耗和光场限制因子进行了对比分析.结果表明,金属/金属硅化物波导不但可以减小波导损耗,而且有很高的光学限制因子,同时其工艺也比双面金属波导容易实现,为Si/SiGe太赫兹量子级联激光器波导层的设计提供了一定的理论指导.     

Utilization of Anisotropic Metamaterial Layers in Waveguide Miniaturization and Transitions

We introduce a new approach which enables a waveguide to support propagation of electromagnetic waves below the cutoff frequency, as well as which avoids undesirable reflections in a waveguide. These are achieved through the usage of an anisotropic metamaterial layer by employing the concept of coordinate transformation. The proposed method can be utilized for the fabrication of miniaturized waveguides, and for the elimination of discontinuities in abrupt waveguide transitions. We demonstrate some numerical experiments for finite element simulations of parallel-plate and dielectric slab waveguides.     

太赫兹Si/SiGe量子级联激光器波导模拟

波导层结构设计是制备太赫兹(THz)量子级联激光器的关键问题之一.本文基于德鲁得(Drude)模型,利用时域有限差分(FDTD)法,对Si/SiGe量子级联激光器的波导层进行优化设计,从理论上对传统的递变折射率波导、单面金属波导、双面金属波导以及金属/金属硅化物波导横磁模(TM模)的模式损耗和光场限制因子进行了对比分析.结果表明,金属/金属硅化物波导不但可以减小波导损耗,而且有很高的光学限制因子,同时其工艺也比双面金属波导容易实现,为Si/SiGe太赫兹量子级联激光器波导层的设计提供了一定的理论指导.