一种检测用气敏传感器材料制备及应用效果

针对传统金属半导体气敏传感器在甲醛气体检测时灵敏度低和选择性差的问题,通过静电纺丝法制备基于复合纳米材料的气敏传感器,并对制备的材料及传感器性能进行验证。结果表明,本实验制备的复合纳米气敏材料呈现网状,且氧空位更多,同时含有Cd2+和In3+的特征峰;传感器性能测试表明,传感器的最佳响应温度为133℃;传感器的响应时间和恢复时间分别为7s和13s,明显少于单一材料的传感器响应时间;浓度特性测试可知,在不同甲醛浓度下气敏传感器的响应浓度表现出良好的线性关系,相关系数R2=0.9983;在性质接近的复杂气体环境测试中,本实验制备的传感器可准确的测量甲醛气体,而且不受干扰。由此可见,本实验制备的气敏材料及传感器具备较高的灵敏性和可选择性。     

In2O3纳米材料气敏传感器制备方法综述

氧化铟具有较宽的禁带宽度、较小的电阻率和较高的催化活性,是一种重要的n型半导体。氧化铟材料对氧化性气体和还原性气体都表现出良好的气敏性能,被广泛应用于半导体气体传感器。半导体气体传感器的性能,如灵敏度、选择性、稳定性、响应/恢复时间等,与气敏材料自身的理化性能、形貌、结构具有直接的关系。本文对近年来纳米结构的In_2O_3研究进展进行了综述,以In_2O_3纳米材料的制备方法以及所制备出的不同形貌结构进行分类介绍,对In_2O_3气敏传感器应用进行展望。     

Fe纳米线转化成铁氧化物半导体的制备方法及气敏性能研究

通过电沉积法制备出Fe纳米线,再将纳米线转化成空心的铁氧化物半导体纳米花,其大小均匀,粒径250 nm,具有气敏响应性能。在纳米花上掺杂Au纳米颗粒,气敏响应性能显著提高,具有较高的选择性、稳定性和灵敏度,是较理想的气敏传感器材料。     

基于金属氧化物的乙醇检测气敏材料的研究进展

金属氧化物型半导体气体传感器是目前常用的乙醇检测手段,深入研究和改进金属氧化物型半导体材料是提升传感器性能的重要方式。本文首先论述了气敏检测的机理和影响因素,并综述了近年来发展的主要金属氧化物型半导体气敏材料,重点介绍了不同微观结构的Co₃O₄、ZnO、SnO₂及掺杂金属氧化物材料、氧化物异质结等的研究和发展情况,对它们的合成方法、结构特点以及结构与乙醇气敏性能之间的关系进行了探讨。分析表明,减小材料颗粒尺寸、构建大比表面积多孔结构、掺杂和复合改性,是提升金属氧化物材料气敏性能的有效措施。此外,基于传感器微小化的趋势,以微机电系统（MEMS）工艺为基础的微型传感器成为气体传感器的发展趋势。然而,目前针对金属氧化物气敏材料的制备依然缺乏一定的理论指导,气体检测缺乏相应的机理研究,亟需物理、化学、材料等多学科的相互结合,促进乙醇等半导体气体传感器的进一步发展。     

SnO2纳米材料气敏性能的研究进展

近年来,金属氧化物半导体气敏传感器已经广泛地应用于人们的日常生活中,并成为传感器领域的重要分支。其中,SnO_2是最早被研究的一类气敏材料,属于典型的n型半导体金属氧化物,具有制备简单、成本低廉、性质稳定等优点。主要介绍了SnO_2纳米材料气敏性能的研究进展,详细描述了该材料的气敏机理、改性手段,并对其实用化的前景进行了展望。     

In2O3基纳米材料气敏性能研究综述

In2O3半导体纳米材料由于具有较高的响应灵敏度、较快的响应-恢复时间,是气敏领域的明星材料,得到了广大研究者的青睐。然而,In2O3气敏材料由于化学组份单一往往催化能力有限,气敏性能不太理想(灵敏度较低、相应的恢复时间较长、功耗较高),严重限制了其在日常生产生活中的应用。实验证明:对单一的气敏材料修饰改性可以有效提升材料的气敏性能。国内外广大研究者相继对In2O3进行了大量的研究工作并取得了显著的成果。综述了In2O3气体传感器最新的研究进展,对近几年In2O3半导体纳米材料发展存在的问题及改性方法进行概括,并对以后的发展进行了展望。     

导电聚合物气敏传感器研究进展

气敏传感器是利用材料的气敏特性实现目标气体浓度检测的电子元器件,在生产安全、环境监测、临床医学等领域均有广泛应用。气敏材料主要分为金属氧化物半导体材料、导电聚合物(CP)材料、金属有机框架材料。导电聚合物因其成本低、易于合成,在室温下对氨气等有害气体表现出良好的响应的特点而受到广泛关注。近年来导电聚合物复合物的研究也极大地提高了导电聚合物的气敏性能。分析了导电聚合物电阻调控机理,重点介绍了近年来对氨气、二氧化氮、硫化氢等气体的导电聚合物及其复合物的气敏传感器的研究进展,简要介绍了导电高分子在甲醇、三乙胺、一氧化碳等气体检测中的研究情况,最后展望了导电聚合物在气体传感领域的应用前景。     

H2S气敏材料研究进展

介绍了SnO2系、ZnO系、ZnS系、WO3系及复合氧化物半导体型H2S气敏材料的国内外研究现状;阐述了掺杂及制备方法对提高气敏材料的灵敏度、选择性以及降低工作温度和缩短响应－恢复时间等方面的影响;提出了气体传感器的发展方向。     

PdO表面催化改性WO_3纳米颗粒对丙酮的气敏性能

采用酸化法制备了WO_3纳米颗粒,利用丝网印刷技术制作了厚膜型气敏传感器件,并用动态配气法分析了低浓度丙酮气体的气敏响应特性。结果表明:酸化法制备的WO_3纳米颗粒为比表面积约10m~2/g的纳米片状结构,对低浓度的丙酮气体响应较弱。为提升其对丙酮的气敏响应能力,采用浸渍法在WO_3纳米颗粒表面负载了PdO。结果表明:PdO负载后的WO_3对丙酮气敏响应值提高了约5倍,对1.5×10~(-6)的丙酮气体的响应可达3.65,即少量的PdO负载(1.0%)会显著提高WO_3对丙酮的气敏特性。对丙酮气敏响应机理研究表明,表面吸附氧及由PdO表面催化修饰的晶格氧共同影响PdO-WO_3气敏传感器的性能。     

磁控溅射碳纳米管SnO2材料性能的研究

采用磁控溅射的方法制备薄膜型碳纳米管SnO2气敏元件,通过对气敏元件在不同气体中的响应进行分析,以及对气敏元件进行SEM和XRD实验,研究碳纳米管SnO2材料的气敏性能。实验表明：磁控溅射碳纳米管SnO2气敏元件对NO2气体有很高的灵敏度,对其他气体不敏感。     

聚丁二炔气敏传感应用的研究现状及展望

分析了聚丁二炔作为气敏传感材料的机理,总结了不同结构聚丁二炔衍生物作为气敏传感材料的研究现状。本文以聚氨酯、石墨烯、二硫化钼、纤维素纳米晶等增强材料为例,阐述了聚丁二炔复合材料的气敏增强原理、优点及存在的问题,介绍了如食物腐败的检测、便携腕式传感器等新型传感场合的应用研究。目前,聚丁二炔作为气敏传感材料还处于起步阶段,光学转变机理不明确、侧基改性工艺烦琐、官能团种类有限、易受环境影响失效等问题都亟待解决;未来应拓宽对增强材料的选择,调控复合材料的结构以实现对待测气体的高选择性和高灵敏度响应,更要发挥聚丁二炔复合材料成型工艺简单、与环境相容性好的优点,制备更具功能化的气敏材料。     

沸石及其复合物气体传感器的研究与应用

半导体金属氧化物是一种常见的气敏材料,以该类型材料作为敏感材料可以设计出具有不同传感原理的气体传感器,但选择性和灵敏度不佳却一直是该类气体传感器的不足。为了解决该问题,常将气敏材料与沸石进行复合,制备金属氧化物/沸石气体传感器,利用沸石独特的物理、化学特性来改善金属氧化物的气敏特性。近年来,许多研究者对金属氧化物/沸石气体传感器进行了研究,使该类传感器对目标气体的选择性与灵敏度均有了提升。为了更好地总结已有的研究内容,以气体传感器的检测原理为主线,对金属氧化物/沸石气体传感器进行了总结,结合沸石对气敏特性的改善进行归纳梳理,从传感器的制备方法、气敏特性和敏感机理等多方面进行了详细的整理和分析,为后续此类工作的开展提供基础。     

不同模式多功能柔性传感器研究进展

柔性传感器能够实现压力、应变、温度、湿度及气体等与人体健康相关信号多功能识别及监测,在可穿戴人工智能设备的开发中展现出巨大的应用前景。本文综述了具有多种模式监测功能的柔性电化学式传感器领域最新研究成果,包括双模式传感器、三模式传感器和多模式传感器;重点介绍了传感器实现多功能监测的途径和传感机理。研究表明,多模式传感性的实现方法主要包括结构设计和多功能材料制备两种。而基于先进功能材料(包括纳米金属、纳米碳及导电聚合物)和柔性基体材料(如水凝胶、气凝胶及弹性聚合物)所制造的柔性多功能复合材料可有效降低多模式传感器的复杂性。最后,对比并指出了不同类型的功能材料在制造多功能柔性传感器中的特点与优势,为多功能柔性传感器的研究提供借鉴意义。     

A supersensitive wearable sensor constructed with PDMS porous foam and multi-integrated conductive pathways structure

In recent years, wearable multifunctional strain sensors have attracted attention for their promising applications in wearable electronics and portable devices. To achieve a high-performance wearable strain sensor with a wide sensing range and high gauge factor (GF), wisely choosing appropriate conductive materials and a rational structural design is essential. Herein, we develop a supersensitive sensor that contains one-dimensional conductive material CNT and two-dimensional material MXene built on a PDMS porous foam that is made based on a sugar template. The one-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT) functionalizes as a conductive scale layer through solvent swelling and evaporation on the surface of the PDMS skeleton. The two-dimensional MXene is applied on top of the CNT layer to form final conductive pathways. The PDMS/CNT@MXene (PCM) sensor has a wide sensing range (150%), high sensitivity (GF = 26438), rapid response speed (response/recovery time of 60/71 ms), and exceptional durability (>1000 cycles) owing to its unique porous structure with scale layers and graded fracture of conductive pathways. Moreover, the PCM sensor is capable of monitoring subtle and significant human activities and is used for wireless sensing and medical diagnostics, even for solvent identification. The superior performance of the PCM sensor provides vast application potential in human movement, health monitoring, and warning devices.     

Zinc ferrite based gas sensors: A review

Flammable, explosive and toxic gases, such as hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and volatile organic compounds vapor, are major threats to the ecological environment safety and human health. Among the available technologies, gas sensing is a vital component, and has been widely studied in literature for early detection and warning. As a metal oxide semiconductor, zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) represents a kind of promising gas sensing material with a spinel structure, which also shows a fine gas sensing performance to reducing gases. Due to its great potentials and widespread applications, this article is intended to provide a review on the latest development in zinc ferrite based gas sensors. We first discuss the general gas sensing mechanism of ZnFe₂O₄ sensor. This is followed by a review of the recent progress about zinc ferrite based gas sensors from several aspects: different micro-morphology, element doping and heterostructure materials. In the end, we propose that combining ZnFe₂O₄ which provides unique microstructure (such as the multi-layer porous shells hollow structure), with the semiconductors such as graphene, which provide excellent physical properties. It is expected that the mentioned composites contribute to improving selectivity, long-term stability, and other sensing performance of sensors at room or low temperature.     

基于3D打印技术制造柔性传感器研究进展

与传统的涂覆、沉积等加工手段相比,使用3D打印技术可制造复杂立体功能结构的传感器,将3D打印与柔性传感技术结合可以促进未来生物医疗、人工智能等领域的发展。本文介绍了国内外基于3D打印技术制造柔性传感器的最新进展,其中包括聚酰亚胺等多种基底材料、纳米金属等多种打印传感材料;按照熔融沉积、黏弹性墨水沉积、粉末烧结熔化、还原光聚合和材料喷射的制造原理分别阐述了多种传感器的材料选择、成型特点,并对制造方法进行总结分析。虽然3D打印制造柔性传感器件存在着缺乏行业标准及多种类打印材料等问题,但经过不断创新与发展,3D打印将成为柔性传感领域极佳的制造手段。     

Recent progress of Ga2O3-based gas sensors

In recent years, gas sensors fabricated from gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) materials have aroused intense research interest due to the superior material properties of large dielectric constant, good thermal and chemical stability, excellent electrical properties, and good gas sensing. Over the past decades, Ga₂O₃-based gas sensors experienced rapid development. The long-term stable Ga₂O₃-based gas sensors for detecting oxygen and carbon monoxide have been commercialized and renowned with extremely good gas sensing characteristics. Recent pioneering studies also exhibit that the Ga₂O₃-based gas sensors possess great potentials in applications of detecting nitrogen oxides, hydrogen, volatile organic compounds and ammonia gases. This article presents recent advances in gas sensing mechanism, device performance parameters, influence factors, and applications of Ga₂O₃-based gas sensors. The impacts of influence factors, doping, material structure and device structure on the performance of gas sensors are discussed in detail. Finally, a brief overview of challenges and opportunities for the Ga₂O₃-based gas sensors is presented.     

Gas sensing properties of asymmetrically reduced Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3–based ceramics

We report the gas sensing properties of a type of new materials, Na_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃ (NBT)-based ceramics. After the NBT-based ceramics were asymmetrically reduced and coated with Au electrodes, the materials exhibit relatively large electrical responses when exposed to oxygen and some oxidizable gases at a relatively low temperature (≤300 °C). An electric voltage ～60 mV is measured in the mixture of O₂ and N₂ (1% O₂). In oxidizable gases, a negative response can be obtained. The measured voltages are ?45 mV and ?98 mV in the mixtures of H₂/air (1000 ppm H₂) and C₂H₅OH/air (1000 ppm C₂H₅OH), respectively. The electrical responses are proportional to the logarithm of the concentrations of the analyzed gases. Also, the electrical responses to oxygen and oxidizable gases have opposite signs, and the model of mixed-potential is proposed to explain the gas sensing phenomenon. This study provides a new material and a simple design for gas sensors. The proposed gas sensor comprises a reduced NBT-based ceramic wafer with the same electrodes on the opposite surfaces. Additional components in traditional gas sensors, such as sensing or reference electrode, are unnecessary.     

Effects of rare earth elements doping on gas sensing properties of ZnO nanowires

The effects of rare earth elements (Ce, Eu, and Er) doping on the microstructure and gas sensing properties of ZnO nanowires were investigated. The Ce, Eu, Er-doped ZnO nanowires and pristine ZnO nanowires were synthesized via a solvothermal route. The structure of the prepared samples was studied and compared by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron microscopy. The gas sensors were fabricated by coating the prepared samples on aluminum oxides tube-based Au sensing electrode, with Ni-Cr heating wire to control the operating temperature. The operating temperature of all sensors was determined to be 300 °C with consideration of ethanol response. At this temperature, all sensors showed good ethanol sensing performance, with the 1%Ce-doped ZnO nanowires-based sensor exhibited the highest ethanol response over the other sensors. The mechanism for the microstructure and gas sensing behavior difference of various samples was discussed.