精密滚珠丝杠磨削加工中热变形的计算分析

对精密滚珠丝杠磨削过程中形成的温度场进行理论分析和计算,给出了丝杠内部温度场的有限元计算方法,并对丝杠的热变形规律进行了分析总结。     

滚珠丝杠振动时效可行性分析

1.概述 滚珠丝杠属于精密细长轴类工件,要求有很好的尺寸精度稳定性。在机械加工时,滚珠丝杠要多次产生加工残余应力,导致变形,现在国内对于滚珠丝杠应力的去除通常采用加热办法。一根丝杠的     

实心/空心高速滚珠丝杠轴承副热变形研究

随着机床滚珠丝杠进给系统速度的提高,滚珠丝杠轴承副摩擦产生的热量传递到丝杠,并引起了滚珠丝杠的热变形。通过分析轴承发热原理及理论计算方法,以及实例计算轴承副生热,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS仿真,得到实心滚珠丝杠和空心滚珠丝杠的温度分布和热变形,并分析热变形对滚珠丝杠变形的影响,得出通有冷却液的空心滚珠丝杠可以有效的抑制滚珠丝杠温升并减小热变形的理论,为空心滚珠丝杠热特性研究提出理论依据。     

压缩机焊接变形的三维数值模拟

采用三维热弹塑性有限无法对压缩机的圆筒和轴承焊接后的残余变形和应力进行了分析。为提高计算精度引入了局部坐标系统和缩减积分法。计算了各种不同焊接条件下轴承的偏心和圆筒端部的径向变形。计算结果与实测值十分符合。本模拟方法可预测各种参数对焊接变形的影响，从而控制压缩机的制造精度。分析还表明在焊缝周围的热影响区存在着相当高的残余应力。     

高速空心/实心滚珠丝杠螺母副热特性分析

滚珠丝杠作为机床伺服进给系统的重要部件,由螺母副摩擦热而引起的滚珠丝杠热变形降低了伺服进给系统的定位精度,在机床高速化发展的过程中,滚珠丝杠热变形成为其发展的瓶颈,采用通有冷却油的空心滚珠丝杠为解决这一问题提供了方法。通过理论计算螺母副摩擦热及热边界条件,运用ANSYS有限元分析软件将计算结果加载到同刚度的空心/实心滚珠丝杠上进行分析:首先对滚珠丝杠温升与载荷、温升与转速的关系进行分析,然后分析了冷却油的流速对滚珠丝杠温升的影响,最后对空心/实心滚珠丝杠变形进行了比较分析。分析表明:空心滚珠丝杠温升受到载荷和转速的影响更小;增加冷却油的流速增强对丝杠的冷却效果但却是有限的;空心滚珠丝杠有效的减小了螺母副摩擦热和热变形。     

实心/空心滚珠丝杠动态、静态的热特性分析计算

通过对滚珠丝杠系统的热源、热边界条件的确定和计算,分别建立实心/空心滚珠丝杠系统的热稳态仿真分析模型,利用有限元的方法,得到滚珠丝杠系统的热稳态温度场分布,进而利用多场耦合对滚珠丝杠系统进行热结构耦合分析得到实心滚珠丝杠和空心滚珠丝杠的热变形情况,并分析热变形对滚珠丝杠系统的影响;然后分别对实心/空心滚珠丝杠系统进行模态分析和静态分析,分析滚珠丝杠中空后动静态特性的变化和影响,为立式加工中心的优化和改进提供理论依据。     

螺母副摩擦热对高速空心滚珠丝杠热特性影响分析

滚珠丝杠作为机床伺服进给系统的重要功能部件,其热变形会降低伺服进给系统的定位精度,在机床高速化发展的过程中,滚珠丝杠热变形成为其发展的瓶颈。其中螺母副摩擦热是影响滚珠丝杠热变形的主要因素。采用通有冷却介质的空心滚珠丝杠为解决此问题提供了一种方法。将通过计算得到的螺母副摩擦热加载到空心滚珠丝杠滚道内,分析空心滚珠滚珠丝杠温度受轴向载荷、转速、通入空心滚珠丝杠的冷却介质的种类、冷却介质流速以及空心滚珠丝杠内孔的大小的影响及内孔大小对空心滚珠丝杠变形的影响。通过分析,结果表明:轴向载荷和转速对空心滚珠丝杠温度影响较小;专业冷却油更适合用于空心滚珠丝杠的冷却,合理控制其温升和热变形;热变形和热-结构耦合的分析,给出了最佳内孔直径。为空心滚珠丝杠的设计及研究提供理论依据。     

表层残余应力对轴径热变形误差计算的影响

在机械零件几何量精密测量中,传统上由温度引起的热变形误差大多数情况下需要修正(是基于材料线膨胀公式计算的).然而,对于由机械加工获得的金属机械零件,必须考虑零件内存在的残余应力对热变形误差的影响.基于轴类零件,对表层残余应力引起的径向热变形误差计算进行了理论分析,其结果对径向热变形的精确计算具有重要意义.     

精密长丝杠磨削过程中工件热变形的分析

对丝杠磨削过程中磨削热的热源强度进行了分析与计算,给出了丝杠内部温度场的计算方法,对丝杠的热变形规律进行了分析,通过一个计算实例,对丝杠磨削过程中的一些热现象进行了总结。     

精密滚珠丝杠磨削加工中的热变形控制

分析了精密丝杠磨削过程中引起工件热变形的主要因素，提出了通过控制磨削温度来减小和控制工件热变形的方法和途径。     

Improved analytical model for residual stress prediction in orthogonal cutting

The analytical model of residual stress in orthogonal cutting proposed by Jiann is an important tool for residual stress prediction in orthogonal cutting. In application of the model, a problem of low precision of the surface residual stress prediction is found. By theoretical analysis, several shortages of Jiann’s model are picked out, including: inappropriate boundary conditions, unreasonable calculation method of thermal stress, ignorance of stress constraint and cyclic loading algorithm. These shortages may directly lead to the low precision of the surface residual stress prediction. To eliminate these shortages and make the prediction more accurate, an improved model is proposed. In this model, a new contact boundary condition between tool and workpiece is used to make it in accord with the real cutting process; an improved calculation method of thermal stress is adopted; a stress constraint is added according to the volume-constancy of plastic deformation; and the accumulative effect of the stresses during cyclic loading is considered. At last, an experiment for measuring residual stress in cutting AISI 1045 steel is conducted. Also, Jiann’s model and the improved model are simulated under the same conditions with cutting experiment. The comparisons show that the surface residual stresses predicted by the improved model is closer to the experimental results than the results predicted by Jiann’s model.     

Thermal deformation analysis and compensation of the direct-drive five-axis CNC milling head

The machining precision of the milling head is primarily affected by the thermal errors that originated from the thermal deformation. Thermal error compensation is an economical and efficient method to overcome these thermal errors. The milling head’s heat source is analyzed to calculate the thermal boundary load based on component parameters of the milling head. The milling head’s thermal deformation is then simulated using ANSYS software to achieve the milling head’s temperature distribution and the amount of thermal deformation. Through the design and construction of the milling head temperature and thermal deformation experiment platform, the thermal deformation experiment of the milling head is performed. Accordingly, the measuring point temperature and the tooltip offset are obtained. Finally, a thermal error compensation method is proposed based on the homogeneous transformation. The research results give a theoretical reference and technical support for the thermal error compensation, optimized design, and development of milling heads.

     

Research on thermal deformation of large-scale computer numerical control gear hobbing machines

Research on thermal deformation of large-scale computer numerical control (CNC) hobbing machines is on the purpose of obtaining the law of thermal deformation of gear hobbing machines to improve machining precision. According to the structure characteristics of hobbing machines, this paper presents a novel computing model of thermal deformation based on the theory of the thermal expansion deformation of metallic materials, the extensional beam theory, non-uniform temperature distribution of the Euler-Bernoulli beam and Kirchhoff theory of plane-section assumption. Then, the coupling theory of axial and bending deformation of hobbing machines based on the deformation element and equilibrium element method is proposed. The experimental measurement system and platform for thermal deformation of gear hobbing machines is established. The temperature and displacement data of thermal deformation of a certain type gear hobbing machine is analyzed, which has demonstrated the law of thermal deformation of hobbing machines. The locus curves for overall displacement error of cutting points and teeth trace error are obtained. Comparing deformation theory and experimental data, the relative error is lower than 5%, which verifies the computing model proposed by this paper, and shows the research method has great significance for structural optimization, local temperature control, and prediction and compensation for thermal deformation error of gear hobbing machines.     

Thermal Error Compensation of the Wear-Depth Real-Time Detecting of Self-Lubricating Spherical Plain Bearings

The spherical plain bearing test bench is a necessary detecting equipment in the research process of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings. The varying environmental temperatures cause the thermal deformation of the wear-depth detecting system of bearing test benches and then affect the accuracy of the wear-depth detecting data. However, few researches about the spherical plain bearing test benches can be found with the implementation of the detecting error compensation. Based on the self-made modular spherical plain bearing test bench, two main causes of thermal errors, the friction heat of bearings and the environmental temperature variation, are analysed. The thermal errors caused by the friction heat of bearings are calculated, and the thermal deformation of the wear-depth detecting system caused by the varying environmental temperatures is detected. In view of the above results, the environmental temperature variation is the main cause of the two error factors. When the environmental temperatures rise is 10.3 °C, the thermal deformation is approximately 0.01 mm. In addition, the comprehensive compensating model of the thermal error of the wear-depth detecting system is built by multiple linear regression (MLR) and time series analysis. Compared with the detecting data of the thermal errors, the comprehensive compensating model has higher fitting precision, and the maximum residual is only 1 μm. A comprehensive compensating model of the thermal error of the wear-depth detecting system is proposed, which provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of the real-time wear-depth detecting precision of the spherical plain bearing test bench.     

放宽长度量精密测量环境温度条件的探讨

在长度精密测量中,测量环境温度因素引起的热变形误差,在仪器总误差中占很大比重,必须加以修正。在传统的方法中,一般是提出较为严格苛刻的测量环境温度控制条件来减轻或消除温度误差的影响。但这在很大程度上局限了仪器的使用范围,给用户很多不便。近几年国外很多精密测长仪器都将测量环境温度放宽到+15℃～+25℃、+15℃～+35℃甚至+10℃～+40℃。文中探讨温度误差修正的理论依据,提出一套在特定条件下可行的环境温度控制条件及温度误差修正方法。     

用小孔释放法测量焊接高残余应力时孔边塑性变形对测量精度的影响及修正方法

研究了用小孔释放法测量焊接残余应力时孔边的塑性变形对测量精度的影响。根据弹塑性理论分析了孔边屈服的条件，并据此得到了孔边屈服后应变释放系数的修正公式，使小孔释放法测量焊接残余应力的精度得到提高，并且扩大了应力值的测量范围。对平板对接埋弧焊焊接接头残余应力的实测表明，修正后的残余应力分布更趋于合理。     

侧挂式主轴系统热特性仿真分析

以昆明机床股份有限公司某型精密卧式加工中心的主轴及主轴箱为研究对象,采用有限元方法对不同工况下主轴及主轴箱的瞬态温度场和热变形进行了仿真计算,得到了相应的热误差,并分析了主轴转速和镗杆伸出长度对主轴系统热误差的影响。     

Récents développements de la mesure des contraintes résiduelles par méthode ultrasonore. Les principales sources d'erreurs

Recent developments in measurements of the residual stresses by ultrasonic method. The main sources of errors. . Welding causes deformation of welded joints leading to the occurrence of residual stresses. Now, it is possible to evaluate the field of residual stresses, whether experimentally, or by calculation. The knowledge of the distribution and level of the residual stresses in welded components is an important factor, particularly for predicting the damaging and ruin phenomena of these components. This paper presents recent advances obtained in the field of an ultrasonic method for stress measurements. This method is potentially advantageous because it is nondestructive, easy and fast to use in situ. In the paper are presented the results obtained with ultrasonics on steel welded plate, and comparison is made with stress measurements obtained by incremental step-by-step hole drilling method. These results are also discussed after offset and “microstructure” corrections. The paper discusses also the influence of the principal sources of errors and the precision obtained.     

Investigation of the coupled distribution of initial and machining-induced residual stress on the surface of thin-walled parts

Residual stress on the machined surface and the subsurface is known to influence the distortion of thin-walled parts. Therefore, it is essential to predict the distribution of surface residual stress accurately. In this paper, the coupled distribution law of initial residual stress and machining-induced residual stress is investigated. Firstly, a model with initial residual stress is established and incorporated into thermal mechanical coupled finite element model of 2-D cutting. Then, a tensile fixture is designed to impose initial stress into a thin-walled part of Al-6061, and cutting experiments are carried out. The residual stress distribution is measured by X-ray diffraction/electropolishing method. The results of experiments and simulation show that in the plastic deformation zone, the initial residual stress has no significant influence on the distribution of the machining-induced residual stress. In the elastic deformation zone, the stress that linear grows along depth from zero to initial residual stress is superimposed on machining-induced residual stress. The mathematical model of stress coupling distribution on the surface of thin-walled parts is established by numerical method. Finally, it is found that the effect of coupled stress distribution on distortion is more significant with the decrease of thickness (from 3 to 0.5 mm) of the thin-walled parts.     

精密数控车床主轴热误差建模

开展了精密数控车床主轴系统热误差补偿的实验与建模方法的研究。建立了精密数控车床主轴系统轴向与径向偏转热误差补偿模型以增强其误差补偿能力,并提高机床加工精度。构建了主轴系统热误差测试平台,应用五点法测试主轴系统热误差,使用热电偶与红外热像仪测量主轴系统温升关键点温度变化数据,应用灰色综合关联分析法实现温度敏感测点辨识。构建了基于粒子滤波重采样粒子群算法的热误差预测模型,对模型预测效果进行评价。结果表明:基于粒子滤波重采样粒子群热误差补偿模型得到的轴向热误差预测残差为-1.29μm~1.55μm,建模精度为95.04%;y向热偏转误差预测残差为-4.68×10~(-6°)~9.66×10~(-6°),建模精度为91.26%;z向热偏转误差预测残差为-5.83×10~(-6°)~8.59×10~(-6°),建模精度为93.24%。实验结果证明该热误差补偿模型具有较高的预测精度,具有较强的工程应用价值。