The Impact of Milling and Thermal Processing on Phenolic Compounds in Cereal Grains

Consumption of wholegrain foods has been recommended for healthy diets. The beneficial health properties of wholegrain products have been associated with the presence of higher amounts of dietary fiber and antioxidants and lower calories as compared to their respective refined ones. Phenolic compounds are mainly attributed to antioxidant properties of wholegrain foods. This review article provides a single comprehensive source that describes effects of milling and thermal processing on phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties in cereals. In general, milling and pearling processes affect the distribution of phenolic, compounds and thus antioxidant properties vary among the milling fractions. Thermal processes such as baking and extrusion could cause negative or positive effects on phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of the end product subject to grain type and processing conditions. Thus factors that enhance health benefits of wholegrain cereal products have been discussed.     

Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Portuguese Honeys

The present study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of 13 commercial honeys from diverse floral origin, produced in Portugal. The values of electrical conductivity of cardoon and pennyroyal honeys were superior to the maximum limits defined by European legislation. Citrus, strawberry tree, and 1 sample of lavender honeys had values of diastase activity below those determined by European legislation. Strawberry tree, pennyroyal, and cardoon honeys had the highest amounts of potassium that coincided with the highest electrical conductivity. Strawberry tree honey was the most effective as antioxidant along with cardoon and heather honeys. This ability was strongly correlated with the amounts of phenols and flavonoids and not with the levels of vitamin C or proline.     

油炸过程中淡水小龙虾理化性质与品质变化

研究分析油炸工艺（油炸温度（140、160、180、200 ℃）和油炸时间（15、30、45、60 s））对淡水小龙虾（虾壳、虾肉、虾黄）理化性质及品质的影响。测定淡水小龙虾中心温度、油炸损失率、色泽、质构特性、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值以及菌落总数（total plate count,TPC）的变化。结果表明：油炸温度对虾肉中心温度影响不显著,而油炸时间对虾肉中心温度影响显著（P＜0.05）;油炸温度180 ℃、油炸45 s时,虾肉中心温度可达到肌肉熟制标准温度;随着油炸温度升高及油炸时间延长,小龙虾油炸损失率显著上升（P＜0.05）;虾壳、虾肉、虾黄亮度值、红度值均呈上升趋势,而黄度值呈下降趋势;虾肉硬度、回复性、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性均显著增加（P＜0.05）;油炸过程中,虾肉TVB-N含量显著增加（P＜0.05）,但均低于10 mg/100 g,表明虾肉油炸后保持较好的新鲜度;虾肉TBARs值随油炸温度升高、油炸时间延长而增加,其中油炸时间对TBARs值影响较明显;新鲜虾肉初始带菌量非常高,油炸处理后虾肉TPC显著降低（P＜0.05）,油炸时间对虾肉TPC影响不明显。     

Farm to Consumer: Factors Affecting the Organoleptic Characteristics of Coffee. II: Postharvest Processing Factors

The production and consumption of coffee are increasing despite the roadblocks to its agriculture and global trade. The unique, refreshing, and stimulating final cupping quality of coffee is the only reason for this rising production and consumption. Coffee quality is a multifaceted trait and is inevitably influenced by the way it is successively processed after harvesting. Reportedly, 60% of the quality attributes of coffee are governed by postharvest processing. The current review elaborates and establishes for the first time the relationship between different methods of postharvest processing of coffee and its varying organoleptic and sensory quality attributes. In view of the proven significance of each processing step, this review has been subdivided into three sections, secondary processing, primary processing, and postprocessing variables. Secondary processing addresses the immediate processing steps on the farm after harvest and storage before roasting. The primary processing section adheres specifically to roasting, grinding and brewing/extraction, topics which have been technically addressed more than any others in the literature and by industry. The postprocessing attribute section deals generally with interaction of the consumer with products of different visual appearance. Finally, there are still some bottlenecks which need to be addressed, not only to completely understand the relationship of varying postharvest processing methods with varying in‐cup quality attributes, but also to devise the next generation of coffee processing technologies.     

Survey of Molds in California Processing Tomatoes

From 2009 to 2011, freshly harvested processing tomatoes from California commercial fields were surveyed for mold species present in the mature fruit. Molds were recovered from the majority of fruit that had visual symptoms of black mold and other decays and from about a quarter of randomly sampled, asymptomatic fruit. Alternaria, Fusarium, and Geotrichum spp. were the most commonly recovered fungi in both symptomatic and random samples. Based on pairwise statistical analysis, the frequencies of 2 different fungal genera in a composite 11 kg‐sample were, in general, statistically independent events, with the exception of a weak association between the incidence of Geotrichum with Alternaria, Cladosporium, or Stemphylium. The mold genera distribution data in this study provide the processing tomato industry with a valuable informational resource that can be used in the management of fungal infection in both the crop and in the final thermally processed finished product. Because of the relative abundance of these fungi, this survey supported the development of genera‐specific immunochromatographic diagnostic assays to detect and quantify mold occurrence in Californian processing tomatoes as a potential alternative to the current subjective visual methods, which are characterized by imprecision and nonuniform species sensitivity. A simulation of 1 million 11 kg‐composite samples based upon the distributional survey data projected that a multiantibody immunochromatographic assay using monoclonal antibodies for Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Geotrichum could successfully detect the presence of mold in 94% of moldy processing tomato samples collected randomly at harvest.     

Influence of Genotypic Variations on Antioxidant Properties in Different Fractions of Tomato

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant potential of phytochemicals present in 15 commercially important tomato genotypes specifically developed for growing in different geographical regions (high altitude and plain). Antioxidant components of tomatoes, namely lycopene, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, quenching capacity of free radicals, and titratable acidity were analyzed in skin, pulp and seed fractions of the tomato fruits. Results of our study revealed that the antioxidant potency of tomato fruit fractions were in the order of Skin>Pulp>Seeds. Lycopene, anthocyanin content and free radical quenching ability was higher in the high altitude cultivars, whereas total phenolics, ascorbic acid and titratable acidity were seen higher in the plain region cultivars. In general, the outcome of this study showed that, the high altitude cultivars (Sindhu and Shalimar) were superior in antioxidant capacities. In conclusion, with this study it could be established that genetic factors play an important role in determining the antioxidants level and activity of the tomato genotypes and hence it is very important to select the right genotype to get the maximum health benefit. Practical Application: Phytochemicals present in the tomatoes are the major determinants of antioxidant potency of the fruits. To study the effect of genotype, it is necessary to grow the cultivars in ideal condition to assess the antioxidants level and activity, to select the right genotype for human consumption that gives better physiological benefit to the consumer.     

加工和贮藏对果蔬营养成分变化及抗氧化活性影响的研究进展

水果和蔬菜是维生素、非维生素植物化学物质和抗氧化活性的重要来源,因此膳食指南推荐人们摄入足够多的水果和蔬菜,但是这里并没有区分是新鲜果蔬还是加工过的果蔬。然而,人们消费的大部分果蔬都是加工过的,与同样的新鲜果蔬相比,它们的营养物质、功能性成分和抗氧化活性或许不同。讨论了不同罐装、烹调、常温和低温贮藏以及冻藏等贮藏和加工方式对果蔬中维生素、非维生素植物化学物质和抗氧化活性的影响。大量研究表明,加工和贮藏造成了大多数种类果蔬植物化学物质和抗氧化活性的损失。这些信息将有助于指导人们使用贮藏和加工过的水果和蔬菜。     

牛蒡根及其精深加工研究进展

牛蒡是一种膳食与营养价值极佳的植物,俗称"东洋参"。牛蒡根富含菊糖、膳食纤维、绿原酸等活性物质,具有降血脂、降血糖、抗癌、抑菌、抗炎、护肝等生理功能。本文综述其活性成分、营养功效及精深加工现状,以期为其功效成分的精准加工提供科学依据,为进一步开发和利用牛蒡资源提供理论支持。此外,对其今后研究方向和应用前景进行展望,为肥胖、高血脂、二型糖尿病、结肠炎等慢性非传染性疾病的早期预防提供新思路。     

油茶籽油精炼过程中主要营养成分的变化

研究了碱炼、脱色、脱臭、冬化4道加工工序对油茶籽油中的α-生育酚、甾醇、角鲨烯含量的影响.结果表明:在4道加工工序中,脱臭对油茶籽油中α-生育酚、甾醇、角鲨烯的含量影响最大.分别损失了52.1%、34.5%、55.4%,而相应脱臭馏出物中3种活性物质含量最高,分别为750.90、2 463.58、8 887.47 mg/kg;脱色对油茶籽油中α-生育酚、甾醇、角鲨烯的含量影响次之,分别损失了11.5%、9.5%、8.5%.脱色和脱臭是影响油茶籽油中活性物质含量的重要环节,碱炼和冬化对油茶籽油脂肪酸组成有很大的影响.     

栀子果油的生物活性成分及抗氧化活性评价

以正己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醇3种溶剂并结合超声辅助提取栀子果油,对所获得的3种粗油和乙醇提取的副产物的得率、油脂组成、生物活性成分以及自由基清除能力进行分析。在固液比(1:8)、温度(40℃)、时间(20 min)、超声强度(200 W)的条件下,乙醇提取得油率为13.26%,略低于正己烷14.86%和乙酸乙酯13.84%,副产物乙醇胶体相是乙醇提油后4℃静置分层得到的,得率为9.68%。乙醇提取栀子果油相中总生育酚含量为1.62μg/mg,是正己烷提取粗油的1.27倍;总甾醇含量为22.63μg/mg,是乙酸乙酯提取粗油的1.29倍。挥发性香草酸、丁香酸、丁香醇为乙醇提取粗油中的主要芳香成分。副产物醇溶性胶体相中检出了γ-亚麻酸(1.50%)和反式亚油酸(1.14%),而在粗油中并未检出;醇溶性胶体相DPPH、ABTS清除率的IC50值分别为0.61mg/m L和0.40 mg/mL,极显著小于粗油中的检验结果(7.60~10.3 mg/mL);通过UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS在醇溶性胶体相中初步鉴定出西红花酸及8种带糖衍生物。实验证明,用乙醇提取栀子果油气味芳香,Omega-6型油脂种类及含量丰富,生育酚、甾醇等活性物质含量更高,此外副产物中的西红花及其衍生物有很强的自由基清除能力,因此具有更高的经济价值。     

鲜切果蔬活性氧产生和抗氧化体系代谢的研究进展

新鲜果蔬经切割后,诱导组织产生O2―?、H2O2和?OH等,均可破坏植物组织中正常的活性氧代谢平衡。但是,鲜切处理同时诱导果蔬启动抗氧化系统而主动防御。本文就鲜切果蔬O2―?、H2O2等的产生,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化关键酶活性以及抗坏血酸、多酚化合物、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)等抗氧化物质的研究进展进行综述,以期为鲜切果蔬针对机械伤害的响应机制方面的研究提供一定的参考。     

刺梨果实发育过程中主要活性物质含量及其抗氧化性分析

为了解刺梨果实中活性物质含量变化及其对抗氧化性能的贡献,本研究测定‘贵农5号’刺梨果实发育过程中总酚、总黄酮、总三萜、VC及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）5 类主要活性物质含量,同时采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼、2,2’-联氮基-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐和铁离子还原体系分析体外抗氧化能力,并比较活性物质与抗氧化能力之间的相关性。结果显示,不同发育时期的刺梨果实中各活性物质的变化趋势不尽相同：VC含量随果实发育持续增加,花后100?d达到最大值;总酚、总黄酮和总三萜含量变化基本一致,均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,即幼果（花后20～40?d）和成熟果实中具有更高含量;而花后40～60?d的果实中SOD活性更强。总体上,3?种抗氧化能力表现与总酚含量变化一致,相关性分析显示它们之间呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。主成分分析显示5种活性物质对抗氧化能力贡献的顺序依次为总酚、总黄酮＞VC＞总三萜＞SOD,其中前3 种物质的累计贡献率达到80%以上。以上结果表明,刺梨果实的抗氧化能力是几类物质协同作用的结果,但其中总酚、总黄酮和VC起着决定性作用。     

基因工程在果蔬生产加工中的应用

基因工程技术给果蔬加工业带来了新的革命,本文综述了基因工程在果蔬加工诸多方面的应用,并对基因工程在果蔬加工中的应用前景作了展望。     

赋形剂对冻干西番莲果粉理化特性及抗氧化活性的影响

针对西番莲果浆在真空冷冻干燥过程中物料营养物质损失及终产品易吸湿潮解等技术难点,通过添加赋型剂麦芽糊精(MD)、阿拉伯胶(AG)、乳清分离蛋白(WPI)和大豆分离蛋白(SPI),研究西番莲果粉在制备过程中吸湿性、水分含量、维生素C保留率、DPPH自由基清除率的变化规律,并对果粉的玻璃化转变温度和形貌特点进行分析。研究表明,添加麦芽糊精使得果粉的玻璃化转变温度从62.30 ℃增加到89.87 ℃,并有效降低其吸湿性至10.69%;添加阿拉伯胶（15%）可以有效降低果粉终产品的水分含量,从4.15%降低至1.56%;而添加乳清分离蛋白使得果粉的维生素C保留率由54.16%提高至91.85%,DPPH自由基清除率由36.81%提高至61.89%。添加赋形剂有助于西番莲果浆在冻干过程中保持疏松多孔结构,且在果粉的表面可能形成类似包覆层的保护膜或类似微胶囊的包埋结构,防止果粉中的糖类结块粘连,保护产品的品质。     

Physical Properties, Sensory Attributes, and Consumer Preference of Pear Fruit Leather

ABSTRACT: Pear fruit leathers were prepared by drying a mixture of pear juice concentrate, pectin, corn syrup, and water at 70°C for 8 h. The effects of ingredients on texture, color, microbial growth, moisture content (MC), water activity (a_w), glass transition temperature (T_g), and sensory attributes were investigated. Pectin was the most significant independent variable that affected the properties of interest. This was followed by initial moisture content and corn syrup. Glass transition temperature (T_g) was not useful for predicting microbiological attributes but had strong correlations with instrumental and sensory hardness and chewiness. The results from partial least squares analysis (PLS) indicate instrumental hardness, chewiness, and cohesiveness could be used to predict their corresponding sensory attributes. The consumer liking of pear fruit leather could be increased by raising their fruit aroma, sweetness, tartness, and shininess.     

Antioxidant peptides: Overview of production,properties, and applications in food systems

In recent years, several studies have reported the beneficial effects of antioxidant peptides in delaying oxidation reactions. Thus, a growing number of food proteins have been investigated as suitable sources for obtaining these antioxidant peptides. In this study, some of the most critical developments in the discovery of peptidic antioxidants are discussed. Initially, the primary methods to release, purify, and identify these antioxidant peptides from various food-derived sources are reviewed. Then, computer-based screening methods of the available peptides are summarized, and methods to interpret their structure–activity relationship are illustrated. Finally, approaches to the large-scale production of these bioactive peptides are described. In addition, the applications of these antioxidants in food systems are discussed, and gaps, future challenges, and opportunities in this field are highlighted. In conclusion, various food items can be considered promising sources to obtain these novel antioxidant peptides, which present various opportunities for food applications in addition to health promotion. The lack of in-depth data on the link between the structure and activity of these antioxidants, which is critical for the prediction of possible bioactive amino acid sequences and their potency in food systems and in vivo conditions (rather than in vitro systems), requires further attention. Consequently, future collaborative research activities between the industry and academia are required to realize the commercialization objectives of these novel antioxidant peptides.     

膜技术及其在果蔬加工中的应用

对我国膜技术研究进展及膜技术在果蔬保鲜 ,果蔬汁预浓缩 ,果蔬汁的澄清 ,果蔬加工废液的处理和天然色素提取中的应用进行了综述 ,指出了膜技术在果蔬加工中的发展前景。